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Background: Radiology virtual teaching sessions utilize live video conferencing to promote collaborative learning and engagement by discussing radiology cases. Because of its convenience and flexibility, this mode of education has gained popularity, particularly after the corona virus disease 2019 pandemic. Objective: We describe our experience in organizing a series of "Global Health Imaging Case Competitions" for trainees in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These competitions provide the trainees with an opportunity to present unique radiology cases, network with radiologists, learn about various radiology topics, win prizes and potentially publish their case reports in a peer-reviewed journal. Materials and methods: Planning and execution of the competition involves several steps. First, trainees are invited to participate and submit abstracts discussing unique cases. The organizing committee grades these abstracts; the authors of the 20 abstracts with the highest scores are asked to submit a video presentation of their cases to be presented during the live webinar. During this webinar, presentations are displayed and graded to select winners. Additionally, the audience votes to choose a participant as the people's favorite. We have completed four cycles (Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East and Asia) and will continue in the same order of rotation. Results: Attendance totalled 2,510 participants from 50 countries. Pediatric cases represented the majority of cases among finalists. Feedback was positive; 26 out of 29 (90%) participants surveyed indicated that the webinar was "very good" to "excellent" with well-organized and challenging cases. Diversity of participating countries was noted. Limitations included technology barriers such as internet connectivity. Conclusion: This innovative approach emphasizing audience participation engaged trainees from LMICs and fostered locoregional collegiality and mentoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric radiology education for pediatric and radiology trainees and practicing professionals must be adapted to the target audience. In efforts to narrow the gaps in global pediatric radiology education, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's radiology department's Global Outreach and Education Program has designed specific interventions and curricula according to different levels of training and desired expertise. Our initiatives include an online "Introduction to Pediatric Imaging" lecture series for pediatrics residents in Botswana, Ethiopia and Vietnam; access to a learning management system (Outreach RADIAL) for radiology residents; case-based review sessions for pediatric radiology fellows; and in-person seminars for professionals from Eastern Europe and Africa. Here, we highlight our global education efforts to encourage other departments to take a similar systematic approach to outreach activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008, a partnership between the academic pediatric radiology department at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in the USA and the radiology department at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Ethiopia, was established. The partnership aims to support pediatric radiology education during radiology residency and to establish pediatric radiology subspeciality training in Ethiopia. In this paper, we review the needs that elicit this type of partnership, its structure, achievements, challenges and future state as a successful roadmap to the establishment of a high-impact subspeciality program in a bilateral partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case report aims to increase awareness that pulmonary artery aneurysms may occur as a complication of neglected patent ductus arteriosus and should be sought in children with ill‐treated congenital heart diseases. Pulmonary artery aneurysm is a rare anomaly with an autopsy prevalence of 1:14,000. These aneurysms can arise secondary to various etiologies, with congenital causes identified in 25% of cases and congenital heart diseases (CHD) responsible for more than half of these cases. A 12‐year‐old boy with CHD in the form of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and irregular clinical follow‐up presented with new onset fatigue of 3 months duration. A physical examination revealed anterior chest wall bulging and a continuous murmur. A chest radiograph showed a smooth left hilar region opacity that has a close relation with the left cardiac border. Transthoracic echocardiogram shows no progression from the previous one; there was a large PDA and pulmonary hypertension, but no further information was available. Computed tomography angiography revealed a giant aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery (PA), with a maximum diameter of 8.6 cm, and dilatation of its branches of 3.4 and 2.9 cm for the right and left PA, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND፡ The thyroid, along with the breast, lung, and bone marrow, is among the most radiosensitive organs. This study aims to assess the rate of unnecessary radiation exposure to the thyroid gland in patients who had chest Computed Tomography (CT) at a large teaching hospital. METHOD: Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study on 1,306 patients who underwent chest CT from July 2018 to January 2019. Thyroid gland inclusion along with the CT dose of the studies was evaluated. Data was collected by evaluating chest CT scans from Picture Archive and Communication System (MedWeb). RESULT: Out of 1306 patients, who had Chest CT scans intravenous iodinated contrast media was used in 95.4% of the CT scans. The thyroid was included in 99.8% of the scans, out of which 76.9% included the whole thyroid gland. Among the patients who had previous CT scans, 75.3% had one previous scan and 24.7% had two previous scans. DLP (Dose Length Product) in mGycm was lower in females (360.33±32) compared to males (426.45±378.4). The lowest DLP value was observed in the pediatric patients in the age range of 1-5 years which was 146.83, while the highest was observed among those above 18 years of age with mean DLP of 418.31. CONCLUSION: The majority of chest CT scans unnecessarily include the whole thyroid gland, which is one of the most sensitive organs for radiation-induced effects. Authors recommend optimized technique for chest scans to avoid future impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chest radiographs (CXR) for tuberculosis (TB) screening in children are valuable in high-burden settings. However, less certain in low prevalence contexts. In the United States, positive PPD is sufficient to treat for "latent" TB, or TB infection in asymptomatic patients. We sought to determine frequency of abnormal CXR findings after a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test at a tertiary pediatric center in the United States. A retrospective evaluation was conducted of patients (0–18 years) with a CXR after a positive PPD (e.g., known exposure, employment, migratory requirements or before immunosuppression) between 2011 and 2021. Clinical information, demographics, and reason for PPD were recorded from health record. CXRs were evaluated using initial report and by a pediatric radiologist with special interest in TB and 8 years of experience. Of 485 patients, median [interquartile range (IQR)] age 8.5[3.3–14.4], abnormal CXRs were described in 5 (1%). Most common reasons for PPD included: close contact with someone with TB or with high risk for TB. Most patients 373 (76.9%) received treatment for latent TB, and 111 (22.9%) no treatment. One patient (0.2%) received treatment for active disease. Radiographic findings included isolated lymphadenopathy (n = 2), consolidation (n = 1), pleural fluid/thickening (n = 1) and a patient with lymphadenopathy and a calcified nodule (n = 1). In our experience, prevalence of chest radiographs findings for patients with positive PPD was very low. Moreover, no cases of severe disease were seen and those with abnormal findings would not merit treatment change under current WHO guidelines. • A retrospective assessment was conducted of chest radiographs performed on patients who had a positive PPD from 2011 to 2021 at our institution. • In our experience in a tertiary urban hospital within the United States, the prevalence of chest radiograph findings for patients with positive PPD in a low-prevalence area was very low. • We found that chest radiographs of children with positive PPD in our experience only seldomly showed any pathologic findings (1%), and findings were not suggestive of severe disease.While we recognize that our findings are not comparable with settings of different endemicity or resources, chest radiograph in our experience did not determine the decisions for treatment regime in any patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the changes in the role of chest radiographs in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in children younger than 15 years, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in their 2022 consolidated guidelines. Topics include use of chest radiographs to differentiate between non-severe and severe forms of pulmonary disease and provide shorter drug courses; and identify chest radiography as a critical tool to evaluate the severity of intrathoracic disease.

BACKGROUND: Typhlitis, (neutropenic enterocolitis), is a necrotizing enteropathy of the right colon, and is characterized by the clinical triad of fever, abdominal pain, neutropenia and imaging findings of right-side colonic inflammation. It is seen in the setting of severe neutropenia in immune suppressed patients who undergo treatment for malignancies, in those who have organ transplant(s) or congenital or other acquired immunosuppression. We report the clinical and imaging findings of typhlitis in pediatric cancer patients who had received chemotherapy in the largest tertiary center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia over a period of 20 months. METHODS: The medical records of hospitalized cancer patients on treatment and with suspected typhlitis and with ultrasound reports were screened (November 2018-July 2020). Retrospective analysis of the clinical and sonographic data of those with typhlitis was done. RESULTS: Typhlitis was identified in 4.2% (12/286) of the patients on chemotherapy. 11 (91.7%) had hematologic malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma), one had a solid tumor (Head and neck embryonal RMS). Most (83.3%) had abdominal pain, diarrhea and neutropenia. Fever was identified in 67.7%. All had ultrasound evidence of typhlitis. and treated with IV antibiotics. Neither complications requiring surgical intervention nor death were seen. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of disease was comparable to what had previously been reported in other studies. While the presence of clinical a triad should prompt suspicion for the diagnosis, sonography can be used for confirmation and follow up obviating radiation, with good access in a resource limited setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]