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Maintaining a power balance between generation and demand is generally acknowledged as being essential to maintaining a system frequency within reasonable bounds. This is especially important for linked renewable-based hybrid power systems (HPS), where disruptions are more likely to occur. This paper suggests a prominent modified “Fractional order-proportional-integral with double derivative (FOPIDD2) controller” as an innovative HPS controller in order to navigate these obstacles. The recommended control approach has been validated in power systems including wind, reheat thermal, solar, and hydro generating, as well as capacitive energy storage and electric vehicle. The improved controller’s performance is evaluated by comparing it to regular FOPID, PID, and PIDD2 controllers. Furthermore, the gains of the newly structured FOPIDD2 controller are optimized using a newly intended algorithm terms as squid game optimizer (SGO). The controller’s performance is compared to benchmarks such as the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and jellyfish search optimization. By comparing performance characteristics such as maximum frequency undershoot/overshoot, and steadying time, the SGO-FOPIDD2 controller outperforms the other techniques. The suggested SGO optimized FOPIDD2 controller was analyzed and validated for its ability to withstand the influence of power system parameter uncertainties under various loading scenarios and situations. Without any complicated design, the results show that the new controller can work steadily and regulate frequency with an appropriate controller coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To sustain a system frequency within acceptable limits, it is widely conceded that retaining a power balance between generation and demand is necessary. In order to regulate the frequency of power systems (PSs) this article proposes a novel cascaded based fractional-order controller termed as fractional-order integer- (FOI-) fractional-order proportional integral with double derivative (FOPIDD2). In addition to redox flow batteries and capacitive energy storage, the recommended control strategy has been validated with gas, thermal reheat, hydro, and nuclear power systems. Additionally, a newly designed algorithm known as squid game optimizer (SGO) optimizes the gains of the new FOI-FOPIDD2 controller. The squid game optimizer technique is inspired by the fundamental principles of a conventional Korean sport. It employs a population of candidate solutions and iteratively adjusts the control parameters to discover the optimal set that reduces frequency abnormalities and improves system stability. A comparison is also made between the controller's performance and benchmarks, including the jellyfish search algorithm, the firefly algorithm, the grey wolf optimizer, and the particle swarm algorithm. The proposed algorithms reduced peak overshoot as compared to grey wolf optimizer algorithm by 35.34%, 46.78%, and 76.89%; jellyfish search optimization algorithm by 34.76%, 77.22%, and 82.56%; and firefly algorithm by 82.67%, 89.23%, and 29.67% for frequency variations in area 1, area 2 and tie line power, respectively. Furthermore, SGO-FOI-FOPIDD2 controllers under different loading circumstances and conditions were evaluated and endorsed for their ability to withstand uncertainties in power system parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand of Power electronics converter is increased due to the rapid increase of green re-sources. The distributed nature of uncontrolled renewable energy resources are connected with the grid via power electronics converter. DC-DC converters are high-frequency current conversion circuits that use transformers, inductors, and capacitors to smooth switching noise into regulated DC voltages. In this study, a comparative performance analysis of Proportional integral Derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for DC-DC Boost Converter is presented. PID-based controller for dynamic boosting of DC-DC boost converter was replaced by Fuzzy Inference system (FIS) to study the system behavior. Five different membership functions were performed to observe the response of the system for DC -DC boost converter with FIS controller. The performances of FIS-based controller and PID-based controller for DC-DC boost converter were compared in detail. Also, the proposed techniques for the switching mode of DC-DC converter have been applied. The performance analysis of both PID and fuzzy controller was simulated using MAT LAB. The results of FIS based approach are better than PID based controller in terms of transient responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing microwave filters with high selectivity and sharp roll-off between the stop and pass bands can be challenging due to the complex nature of the R.F. signals and the requirements for achieving high performance in a limited physical space. To achieve a high selectivity and sharp roll-off rate, this paper presents a compact filter with a triple passband response. The two different passbands at 1.57 GHz and 3.5 GHz are achieved using a step impedance resonator (SIR) with metallic slots perturbation added to the lower corner of the high impedance section of the SIRs, which helps to enhance the filter's selectivity and size reduction greatly. The embedded L-shaped structure originates a third passband at 4.23 GHz, resulting in a triband response with eight transmission zeros below and above the passbands at 1.22/1.42/1.98/3.18/3.82/3.98/4.38/4.53 GHz, respectively. The prototype has low signal attenuation of <1.2 dB and high signal reflection of >25 dB for the three passbands. The fractional bandwidths achieved are 2.54%, 4.2%, and 1.65% at 1.57/3.57/4.23 GHz, respectively, with rejection levels in the stopband greater than 15 dB. Lastly, the structure is fabricated on RO-4350B PCB and observed good matching between experimental and measured results. This demonstrates that the prototype can be successfully implemented in real-world applications such as GPS, WiMAX, and Satellite systems. The area occupied by the filter on a substrate or in a circuit is 0.31 λg × 0.24 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength of the material calculated at the lowest frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work provides an enhanced novel cascaded controller-based frequency stabilization of a two-region interconnected power system incorporating electric vehicles. The proposed controller combines a cascade structure comprising a fractional-order proportional integrator and a proportional derivative with a filter term to handle the frequency regulation challenges of a hybrid power system integrated with renewable energy sources. Driver training-based optimization, an advanced stochastic meta-heuristic method based on human learning, is employed to optimize the gains of the proposed cascaded controller. The performance of the proposed novel controller was compared to that of other control methods. In addition, the results of driver training-based optimization are compared to those of other recent meta-heuristic algorithms, such as the imperialist competitive algorithm and jellyfish swarm optimization. The suggested controller and design technique have been evaluated and validated under a variety of loading circumstances and scenarios, as well as their resistance to power system parameter uncertainties. The results indicate the new controller's steady operation and frequency regulation capability with an optimal controller coefficient and without the prerequisite for a complex layout procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting the range defined by the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) in 2002 for ultra-passband bandpass filters, i.e., 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, this article presents a simple compact multipoles ultra-wideband bandpass filter (range starting from 2.9 GHz and end at 11.5 GHz with central frequency 7.2 GHz) using parallel coupled microstrip line and multimode resonator with controllable double narrow notched bands at 3.5 GHz and 7.5 GHz by embedded a spur line structure and rectangular stub resonator coupled to the middle section of the multimode resonator to eliminate the interference with the existing radio signals falls in the range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, respectively. After optimization of the proposed filter, some attractive features were obtained, i.e., a compact size 21 mm × 5.2 mm, simple topology, good reflection coefficient lower than −18 dB, good passband transmission coefficient –1.1 dB over the entire fractional bandwidth of about 119.4%, and four transmission poles at 3.4 GHz, 4.6 GHz, 6.5 GHz, and 10 GHz, respectively, can be seen which improves the performance of the filter. Finally, the fabricated filter was tested, and the results obtained demonstrated an excellent agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a fractional-order proportional-integral-differential (FOPID) controller and its modified structure, called a MFOPID controller, are presented. To guarantee optimal system performance, the gains of the proposed FOPID and MFOPID controllers are well-tuned, employing the Jellyfish Search Optimizer (JSO), a novel and highly effective bioinspired metaheuristic approach. The proposed controllers are assessed in a hybrid system with two domains, where each domain contains a hybrid of conventional (gas, reheat, and hydro) and renewable generation sources (solar and wind). For a more realistic analysis, the presented system model includes practical limitations with nonlinear characteristics, such as governor dead zone/band (GDZ/GDB), boiler dynamics, generation rate limitation/constraint (GRL/GRC), system uncertainties, communication time delay (CTD), and load changes. The suggested methodology outperforms some newly developed heuristic techniques, including fitness-dependent optimizer (FDO), sine-cosine algorithm (SCA), and firefly algorithm (FA), for the interconnected power system (PS) of two regions with multiple generating units. Furthermore, the proposed MFOPID controller is compared with JSO-tuned PID/FOPID and PI controllers to ascertain its superiority. The results signify that the presented control method and its parametric optimization significantly outperforms the other control strategies with respect to minimum undershoot and peak overshoot, settling times, and ITSE in the system's dynamic response. The sensitivity analysis outcomes imply that the proposed JSO-MFOPID control method is very reliable and can effectively stabilize the load frequency and interconnection line in a multi-area network with interconnected PS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions by dipping the use of traditional sources of energy in marine power grids, as well as the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources (RESs), were the driving forces behind the incorporation of RESs in maritime microgrid systems and enquiry of the ensuing prevalent control mechanism. The frequency stability of a Marine Microgrid System (MMGS) is a critical aspect that directly affects its reliable and efficient operation. This study describes a method for frequency stabilization in independent maritime microgrids consists of diverse renewable energy resources including wind turbine generators, sea wave energy/tidal power generation, solar generation, bio-diesel generator and energy storage systems. This paper aims to develop a new optimal cascaded order proportional integral based proportional derivative for marine load frequency control. Due to the fact that the performance of the controller is highly dependent on the parameters of the controller, optimizing these coefficients can have a significant impact on the output performance of the LFC control. In light of this, this paper presents the sewing training-based optimization (STBO), a new human-based metaheuristic algorithm to optimize the coefficient of the suggested controller. The essential stimulation of STBO is the teaching procedure of sewing to beginner tailors. By utilizing a population of candidate solutions, the algorithm iteratively refines the control parameters to find the optimal set that minimizes frequency deviations and enhances system stability. The responses of the cascaded PI-PD controller are linked to those of the PID and PI controllers in order to demonstrate its superiority. To evaluate the efficiency of STBO, it is compared to well-established recent techniques such as fitness dependent optimization, grey wolf optimization and Jellyfish search optimization. From the results, it is observed that our proposed approach improved the settling time by 25.35%, 45.89%, and 29.35%, reduced peak overshoot by 78.34%, 67.71%, and 78.23%, and similarly reduced undershoot by 81.56%, 56.22% and 76.56% as compared to FDO, GWO and JSO techniques respectively. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is performed under ±50% load variation and ± 40% power system parameters to prove the robustness of the proposed controller. • A diverse renewable energy resources including renewable energy resources and energy storage systems (ESS,s) incorporating with battery energy storage, capacitive energy storage, and flywheel energy storage system has been considered for marine microgrid. • A novel cascaded order PI-PD controller has been designed and implemented for the suggested distinct renewable and energy storage based maritime microgrid. • The coefficient of the proposed controller is optimized with a new human-based meta-heuristic algorithm known as sewing training-based optimization (STBO). • Multi objective functions including integral time absolute error (ITAE), integral time square error (ITSE) and integral square error (ISE) are formulated for the proposed power system. • Finally, sensitivity testing of the STBO adjusted PI-PD controller under uncertain parameters such as turbine gain variation (K CE), droop factor (R), and inertia constant (M) is performed to prove the robustness of the proposed frequency control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modified form of the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller known as the Integral- Proportional Derivative (I-PD) controller is developed for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of the two-area multi-source Interconnected Power System (IPS). Fitness Dependent Optimizer (FDO) algorithm is employed for the optimization of proposed controller with various performance criteria including Integral of Absolute Error (IAE), Integral of Time multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral of Time multiplied Square Error (ITSE), and Integral Square Error (ISE). The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been assessed on a two-area network with individual source including gas, hydro and reheat thermal unit and then collectively with all three sources. Further, to validate the efficacy of the proposed FDO based PID and I-PD controllers, comprehensive comparative performance is carried and compared with other controllers including Differential Evolution based PID (DE-PID) controller and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) hybridized with Local Unimodal Sampling (LUS-PID) controller. The comparison of outcomes reveal that the proposed FDO based I-PD (FDO-I-PD) controller provides a significant improvement in respect of Overshoot (Osh), Settling time (Ts), and Undershoot (Ush). The robustness of an I-PD controller is also verified by varying parameter of the system and load variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long short-term memory (LSTM) has been effectively used to represent sequential data in recent years. However, LSTM still struggles with capturing the long-term temporal dependencies. In this paper, we propose an hourglass-shaped LSTM that is able to capture long-term temporal correlations by reducing the feature resolutions without data loss. We have used skip connections in non-adjacent layers to avoid gradient decay. In addition, an attention process is incorporated into skip connections to emphasize the essential spectral features and spectral regions. The proposed LSTM model is applied to speech enhancement and recognition applications. The proposed LSTM model uses no future information, resulting in a causal system suitable for real-time processing. The combined spectral feature sets are used to train the LSTM model for improved performance. Using the proposed model, the ideal ratio mask (IRM) is estimated as a training objective. The experimental evaluations using short-time objective intelligibility (STOI) and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) have demonstrated that the proposed model with robust feature representation obtained higher speech intelligibility and perceptual quality. With the TIMIT, LibriSpeech, and VoiceBank datasets, the proposed model improved STOI by 16.21%, 16.41%, and 18.33% over noisy speech, whereas PESQ is improved by 31.1%, 32.9%, and 32%. In seen and unseen noisy situations, the proposed model outperformed existing deep neural networks (DNNs), including baseline LSTM, feedforward neural network (FDNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), and generative adversarial network (GAN). With the Kaldi toolkit for automated speech recognition (ASR), the proposed model significantly reduced the word error rates (WERs) and reached an average WER of 15.13% in noisy backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing interconnected power systems (IPSs) are being overloaded by the expansion of the industrial and residential sectors together with the incorporation of renewable energy sources, which cause serious fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and tie-line power. The automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and load frequency control (LFC) loops provide high quality power to all consumers with nominal frequency, voltage, and tie-line power deviation, ensuring the stability and security of IPS in these conditions. In this paper, a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is investigated for the effective control of a four-area IPS. Each IPS area has five generating units including gas, thermal reheat, hydro, and two renewable energy sources, namely wind and solar photovoltaic plants. The PID controller was tuned by a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as a gradient-based optimizer (GBO). The integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE) was utilized as an error criterion for the evaluation of the fitness function. The voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses of GBO-PID were evaluated and compared with integral–proportional derivative (GBO-I-PD), tilt integral derivative (GBO-TID), and integral–proportional (GBO-I-P) controllers with 5% step load perturbation (SLP) provided in each of the four areas. Comprehensive comparisons between GBO-PID and other control methodologies revealed that the proposed GBO-PID controller provides superior voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses in each area. The reliability and efficacy of GBO-PID methodology were further validated with variations in the turbine time constant and speed regulation over a range of  ± 25%. It is evident from the outcomes of the sensitivity analysis that the proposed GBO-PID control methodology is very reliable and can successfully stabilize the deviations in terminal voltage, load frequency, and tie-line power with a shorter settling time in a four-area IPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency, voltage, and power flow between different control zones in an interconnected power system are used to determine the standard quality of power. Therefore, the voltage and frequency control in an IPS is of vital importance to maintaining real and reactive power balance under varying load conditions. In this paper, a dandelion optimizer (DO)-based proportional-integral-proportional-derivative (PI-PD) controller is investigated for a realistic multi-area, multi-source, realistic IPS with nonlinearities. The output responses of the DO-based PI-PD were compared with the hybrid approach using artificial electric field-based fuzzy PID algorithm (HAEFA), Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA)-based PI-PD, learning performance-based behavior optimization (LPBO)-based PI-PD and modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO)-based PI-PD control schemes in a two-area network with 10% step load perturbation (SLP). The proposed strategy was also investigated in a two- and three-area IPS in the presence of different nonlinearities and SLPs. The simulation results and the comprehensive comparison between the different control schemes clearly confirm that the proposed DO-based PI-PD is very effective for realistic, multi-area multi-source IPS with nonlinearities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic Generation Control (AGC) delivers a high quality electrical energy to energy consumers using efficient and intelligent control systems ensuring nominal operating frequency and organized tie-line power deviation. Subsequently, for the AGC analysis of a two-area interconnected hydro-gas-thermal-wind generating unit, a novel Fractional Order Integral-Tilt Derivative (FOI-TD) controller is proposed that is fine-tuned by a powerful meta-heuristic optimization technique referred as Improved-Fitness Dependent Optimizer (I-FDO) algorithm. For more realistic analysis, various constraints, such as Boiler Dynamics (BD), Time Delay (TD), Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), and Governor Dead Zone (GDZ) having non-linear features are incorporated in the specified system model. Moreover, a comparative analysis of I-FDO algorithm is performed with state-of-the-art approaches, such as FDO, teaching learning based optimization, and particle swarm optimization algorithms. Further, the proposed I-FDO tuned controller is compared with Fractional Order Tilt Integral Derivative (FOTID), PID, and Integral-Tilt Derivative (I-TD) controllers. The performance analysis demonstrates that proposed FOI-TD controller provides better performance and show strong robustness by changing system parameters and load condition in the range of  ± 50%, compared to other controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose two different control strategies for the position control of the ball of the ball and beam system (BBS). The first control strategy uses the proportional integral derivative-second derivative with a proportional integrator PIDD2-PI. The second control strategy uses the tilt integral derivative with filter (TID-F). The designed controllers employ two distinct metaheuristic computation techniques: grey wolf optimization (GWO) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) for the parameter tuning. We evaluated the dynamic and steady-state performance of the proposed control strategies using four performance indices. In addition, to analyze the robustness of proposed control strategies, a comprehensive comparison has been performed with a variety of controllers, including tilt integral-derivative (TID), fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID), integral–proportional derivative (I-PD), proportional integral-derivative (PI-D), and proportional integral proportional derivative (PI-PD). By comparing different test cases, including the variation in the parameters of the BBS with disturbance, we examine step response, set point tracking, disturbance rejection analysis, and robustness of proposed control strategies. The comprehensive comparison of results shows that WOA-PIDD2-PI-ISE and GWO-TID-F- ISE perform superior. Moreover, the proposed control strategies yield oscillation-free, stable, and quick response, which confirms the robustness of the proposed control strategies to the disturbance, parameter variation of BBS, and tracking performance. The practical implementation of the proposed controllers can be in the field of under actuated mechanical systems (UMS), robotics and industrial automation. The proposed control strategies are successfully tested in MATLAB simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we design constant modulus waveforms for dual-function radar-communication (DFRC) systems based on a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) configuration of sensors for a far-field scenario. At first, we formulate a non-convex optimization problem subject to waveform synthesis for minimizing the interference power while maintaining a constant modulus constraint. Next, we solve this non-convex problem, iteratively, using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. Importantly, the designed waveforms approximate a desired beampattern in terms of a high-gain radar beam and a slightly high gain communication beam while maintaining a desired low sidelobe level. The designed waveforms ensure an improved detection probability and an improved bit error rate (BER) for radar and communications parts, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a hybrid frequency shift keying and frequency division multiplexing (i.e., FSK–FDM) approach for information embedding in dual-function radar and communication (DFRC) design to achieve an improved communication data rate. Since most of the existing works focus on merely two-bit transmission in each pulse repetition interval (PRI) using different amplitude modulation (AM)- and phased modulation (PM)-based techniques, this paper proposes a new technique that doubles the data rate by using a hybrid FSK–FDM technique. Note that the AM-based techniques are used when the communication receiver resides in the side lobe region of the radar. In contrast, the PM-based techniques perform better if the communication receiver is in the main lobe region. However, the proposed design facilitates the delivery of information bits to the communication receivers with an improved bit rate (BR) and bit error rate (BER) regardless of their locations in the radar's main lobe or side lobe regions. That is, the proposed scheme enables information encoding according to the transmitted waveforms and frequencies using FSK modulation. Next, the modulated symbols are added together to achieve a double data rate using the FDM technique. Finally, each transmitted composite symbol contains multiple FSK-modulated symbols, resulting in an increased data rate for the communication receiver. Numerous simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, eight elements multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) antenna for satellite communication with neutralize block, parasitic elements and Defective ground structure (DGS) is proposed. The proposed design is printed on FR4 low cost material with the size of 60 mm × 60 mm × 1.6 mm. The presented MIMO antenna contain four unit cells, four parasitic elements and DGS; each unit cell contain two radiating elements and neutralize block. Parasitic elements, DGS and neutralize block are used to minimize mutual coupling, neutralize block and parasitic elements are used on front side and DGS is on back side of the design. The reflection coefficient <−10 dB in the range of 14 GHz–18 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz and isolation >25 dB in the given bandwidth. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) < 0.008, diversity gain (DG) > 9.96 dB and peak gain is equal to 6.32dBi. Furthermore the fabricated prototype was tested in anechoic chamber; measured results was analyzed and found similar to simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]