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The article explores the historical context and current challenges surrounding the American military's transition to an all-volunteer force (AVF) in 1973 and the enduring debate over the draft. It discusses the feasibility and desirability of the AVF, the current recruitment crisis facing the military, and the potential implications of returning to a national draft, highlighting concerns about a growing civil-military divide and the impact on American foreign policy decisions.

The article presents the discussion on sharing drafts and fragments of performance work, to a series of curated performance evenings. Topics include co-established the storied Bay Area company Taylor and Ng bringing artist-designed homewares, manufactured in Asia, into the kitchen of middle-class Californians; and people quite naturally started offering more complex and unexpected contributions and collaborations.

Wilde's The Chatterton Notebook is a manuscript of cut-and-paste composition, snippets from printed books interspersed with marginal notations, uncited quotations, and original observations. Many see this document as damning evidence of Wilde's plagiarism. Joseph Bristow and Rebecca N. Mitchell argue that it is not evidence of plagiarism but a commonplace book, its cut-and-paste form note taking, not an effort to construct a unified work. This article provides an alternative to this account, delving into The Chatterton Notebook's history and thematic unity. It is not plagiarism or a collection of research: it is an experimental patchwork draft of an essay/lecture dealing with the complex legacy of aesthetic influence and forgery in the Romantic tradition. For Wilde, Chatterton was an icon of the unity of imagination and deception. [126 words] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses and complicates the dating of the early first draft of the English play "Hamlet," by William Shakespeare, referred to as "Q1 Hamlet," to 1588-1589. It comments on "Hamlet's" relationship with the play "The Spanish Tragedy," by Thomas Kyd and "Every Man in His Humor," by Ben Jonson.

Throughout this article, we will present three unpublished poems of Miguel de Unamuno. Due to their unfinished and private nature, we will support our work on the new methodology of Genetic Criticism. Even though they were not conceived for their publication, we insist on the importance of studying these documents, because the metaliterary discourse is represented as a primary thread to all of them, and we can consider them as part of his metapoetic poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the creative evolution of Fedor Dostoevskii's drafts and novel "Brothers Karamazov" and the erasure of the poem "Silentium!" by Fedor Tiutchev from Dostoevskii's works. It comments on Dostoevskii's engagement with "Silentium!" in a draft for "The Adolescent" and how he felt he'd given it imperfect expression. It talks about the use of silence in "Brothers Karamazov" and allusions to "Silentium!" in his character Dmitrii.

The author characterizes the manuscript works of English romantic poet William Wordsworth in notebooks where he wrote unfinished and unpublished parts of his "The Recluse" project in the late 1790s to the early 1800s. Topics discussed include publication of his work "The Prelude" in connection to Recluse, boundaries between one poem and another, between neat and messy drafts when the notebook was in active use, and the characteristics of his unpublished poetry.

An Interview with Grant Hardy, doctrate in History and Religious Studies is presented. He discussed several issues including reading drafts made for evaluation of narratives, understanding based on continual discussion over personal perspectives, acknowledgement on front cover of book, and biblical scholarships.

This paper describes the winning solution of team National Taiwan University for track 1 of KDD Cup 2013. The track 1 in KDD Cup 2013 considers the paper-author identification problem, which is to identify whether a paper is truly written by an author. First, we conduct feature engineering to transform the various types of provided text information into 97 features. Second, we train classification and ranking models using these features. Last, we combine our individual models to boost the performance by using results on the internal validation set and the official Valid set. Some effective post-processing techniques have also been proposed. Our solution achieves 0.98259 MAP score and ranks the first place on the private leaderboard of the Test set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers feedback in the context of modularised programmes in higher education in the UK. It is argued that the self-contained nature of modular assessment may limit feedback dialogue between staff and students to assignment-specific issues, and may impede student progress towards holistic programme-level aims and outcomes. A feedback profiling tool was developed to categorise feedback on draft and final work. The analysis of feedback on 63 samples of draft work and 154 samples of final work showed different patterns. There were more feedback comments on draft work, and the feedback comments were dominated by advice and critique, while the feedback comments on the final work were overwhelmingly dominated by praise. This pattern of feedback is problematised in terms of feed forward from one module to the next, as students work towards the development of programme-level outcomes. Ipsative feedback (on progress) and feed forward in terms of disciplinary-specific skills and programme-level outcomes are recommended to enable students to act on feedback on end-of-module work, and develop students’ capacity to recontextualise disciplinary-specific skills throughout a programme. Some developmental applications for the feedback profiling tool are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this paper is the presentation, description and analysis of an unknown autograph manuscript of Ramón del Valle-Inclán. This manuscript has been preserved in the archives of the Valle-Inclán Alsina family. Entitled 'La Real Falúa', it belongs to the unfinished historical narrative series El Ruedo Ibérico. This paper attempts to clarify its position in the narrative plan sketched by the writer and explain the working phases of this draft, something that could shed light on the complex genesis of the series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism is presented on the books "Invisible Man," by the African American author Ralph Ellison and "Three Days Before the Shooting: The Unfinished Second Novel," by Ellison and edited by John F. Callahan and Adam Bradley. Particular focus is Ellison's use of writings from the drafts of the "Invisible Man" to create "Three Days Before the Shooting: The Unfinished Second Novel." The latter book's depiction of an African American assassination of a fictional U.S. senator, including in regard to the impact of antifascism on Ellison's writing, is discussed.

The research described here investigated the quality and characteristics of peer feedback given on a draft piece of writing in the context of an undergraduate summative assignment. It also investigated whether the recipients made use of the feedback, with the aim of discovering whether some types of feedback were used in preference to others. The peer feedback was characterised in various ways, and then a comparison with the feedback subsequently given on the polished piece of writing by the tutor was used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the peer feedback. Although the peers’ feedback had some different characteristics from that of the tutors, it was nevertheless of good quality. The examination of the use the recipients made of the feedback showed that much feedback was ignored. The use recipients made of the feedback depended very little on the characteristics of the feedback received, but did vary strongly across the recipients. The ability level of the recipients was not found to be a factor in this variation. The results of this research suggest that future work needs to focus more on students using feedback than on students giving feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article focuses on how Swedish lower secondary-level students can improve their writing ability by acting as peer reviewers. It is based on an empirical study carried out in a Swedish EFL classroom, and it addresses the implementation of a teaching unit which included negotiations of a joint criteria list, feedback training, group peer reviewing, and the production of first and final drafts of the written task. Findings suggest that the peer reviewers increased their awareness of audience and genre, and that the content of the reviewed reply letters inspired subsequent revision changes affecting writing at the macro-level in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on drafts which were made by poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti during the creation of poems "On Mary's Portrait" and "The Portrait". Topics discussed include manuscripts of drafts "The Portrait in the Library I", "The Portrait I" and "The Portrait in the Library", views of bibliophile T. J. Wise on the first manuscript, and the book "The Works of Dante Gabriel Rossetti" which is considered as redraft of earlier poems.

The article discusses the composing and drafts of the U.S. Declaration of Independence document in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in July 1776. An overview of the use of capitalization on the document, including in regard to the U.S. Founding Father and future President Thomas Jefferson's use of capital letters, is provided. The role that the printer John Dunlap played in the printing of the Declaration of Independence is discussed.

Providing feedback on draft essays is an accepted means of enacting a social-constructivist approach to assessment, aligning with current views on the value of formative feedback and assessment for learning (AFL). However, the use of this process as a means of improving not only content but also students' academic writing skills has not been widely studied, despite a widespread perception that there is scope for intervention at university level. This article explores the developmental potential of a drafting/tutor feedback/redrafting process on a first-year undergraduate course for trainee English language teachers at a UK university. The aims of this small-scale, largely qualitative study were to ascertain students' perceptions of the process and to determine the extent to which the process could contribute to the development of students' academic writing. Data are derived from first and second draft essay marks and questionnaires administered to 32 students. Findings suggest that feedback on drafts is acted on and can contribute to improved work when it is timely and detailed and when it raises students' metacognitive awareness, as was the case in this project. Also noteworthy, however, are the students' perceptions that redrafting is cognitively challenging and time-consuming. Comments from a less academically confident student with regard to the quantity of feedback and its detrimental impact are of particular concern. Questions are raised regarding the use of tutor reformulation, the sustainability of AFL and the provision of feedback to – and its interpretation by – weaker students. Finally, some key indicators for improved future practice are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Online supervision mainly focuses on written communication and electronic drafts, while offline supervision comprises physical and social clues, verbal communication, and drafts of texts. This article focuses on supervisors' written online communication about drafts of undergraduate student dissertations. Theoretically, these utterances form part of the communicative exchanges performed in the practice of supervision. This means that supervision is an emergent phenomenon that relates to its past, current, and future states. The setting was a dissertation course within a bachelor programme in behavioural science. The data consists of 423 utterances from four supervisors. The utterances were analysed and categorised, and the results show different qualities and degrees of identifications in the supervisors' communicated utterances. The study shows that the quality of supervisors' utterances embraces the difference between the application of comments, points of view, instructions, and questions. This implicates the importance of supervisors' awareness of the nature and the combination of their utterances if they want to increase the student autonomy when supervising online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early drafts of the constitution of 1979 have represented a crucial moment in the creation of the post-revolutionary Iranian state. This article makes use of primary sources of the time and recently revealed material in order to provide a systematic analysis of the events which led to the production of the key versions of the draft constitution and the reaction to them by the multitude of political movements which were then active. The aim of this study is to clarify events and processes which have been left unexplored by the existing academic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A literary criticism is presented which discusses the discovery and importance of the poem "An Essay on Slavery, with Submission to Divine Providence, Knowing That God Rules over All Things" by poet and slave Jupiter Hammon. The author explains the staunch antislavery stance of the poem, as well as the way in which the copy discovered at Yale University likely acted as a working draft. Words and phrases used in this poem are compared to those used in Hammon's other works as well.

Adam Arenson shares his first enthusiastic draft opening and his plan to shape a history of Civil War St. Louis around a series of one-night encounters narrated by a street barker – and why, upon further reflection, he cut out this writing he had loved. He discusses its value as an artifact of the writing and editing process that led to his first book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity manifests itself in many areas of translation. Addressing the concept of creativity in legal language seems to be a real challenge that few translation theorists have taken up. Creativity in legal language has drawn the attention of scholarly research since the profile of the legal translator has also incorporated the role of a text producer and respectively that of a co-drafter. The paper is limited to how creativity can be put to work in a single area of the legal language, namely the syntax. It focuses on the basic alterations in the syntax that a legal translator can operate without affecting the substance of legal texts. The purpose of such a 'creative intervention' is to achieve clarity, simplicity, conciseness and emphasis, in a word to honor the principle of 'language consistency.' Since the area where legal translators can be creative is limited to the nonstandardized legal texts, the practical examples and illustrations chosen belong to persuasive legal language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Pennsylvania's Right-to-Know Law. It mentions that the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania has created a layer of protection for government entities from the Right-to-Know Law. It states the duties of open-records officer which includes receiving any requests and passing them to the appropriate individuals. It discusses a list of thirty exceptions denying access to certain documents including a trade secret, a draft of a bill and unpublished manuscripts.

The article focuses on the draft lectures of professor Dumitru Isac on the history of aesthetics. It states that the draft left by Isac after his death was undated but it is believed to be written and conceived during 1950s. It mentions that the drafts were probably developed to support and initiate numbers of lectures which treats distinguished authors, epoch, or a historical event.

The article presents the author's views on time taken to pass the U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 involving several bills, compromise drafts and appointment of staffs and members; and discusses elimination of legal barriers for cable companies to help them in entering telephone business.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses development into full drafts on Themed Section on ‘History during the Anthropocene' which were submitted early in 2021.

The article presents the discussion on drafts presenting at the symposium "Cultural and Linguistic Interactions Across East Asia: Past and Present." Topics include featuring synchronous Sino-Japanese social interactions; and focusing the concepts between ethnicity, language, and between family and homeland in migrants' identity-making.

The author discusses sentimentality among college students in his creative writing course and their reactions to poetry. He provided information on a teaching method designed to help students develop their reactions to poetry and literature and also help them create my specific and involved responses. Information is provided on a classroom experiment which revealed students' preference for simple poetry that is considered easier to understand and interpret. Other topics covered include studying drafts of poetry, language, and song lyrics as poetry.

The article looks at a draft fragment of the poem "To Ianthe" by George Gordon Byron which contains a draft of the poem's second stanza and which is housed in the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków, Poland. Particular focus is given to the fragment's provenance. It was originally passed from Byron to his friend John Cam Hobhouse and later came into the possession of the Royal Library at Berlin, Germany, from which it was transferred to present-day Poland during World War II.

El artículo discurre sobre el proceso de la escritura de textos en el entorno empresarial. La autora comenta sobre la importancia de la comunicación en las empresas y ofrece consejos sobre cómo escribir borradores y cómo preparar la versión final de un texto. También se consideran los métodos para la incorporación de varias ideas en el texto.