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This essay argues that the artisanal problems of the "practical antiquary" shaped William Blake's physiological aesthetics and his experience of "fourfold vision." As a draftsman and engraver, Blake captured three-dimensional sepulchral monuments on the flat surface of the page, offering different perspectives on the sculptural object from changing points of view—from above, from the side, in horizontal orientation, or in vertical orientation. In his time as an apprentice to James Basire, Blake produced drawings of the disinterment of Edward I (1774) and funerary monuments at Westminster for Richard Gough's Sepulchral Monuments (1786) and volume 2 of Vetusta Monumenta (1789). Building on Abigail Zitin's and Ruth Mack's work on practical aesthetics, I will trace how the technical gaze of the draftsman resurfaces in Blake's writings, from the "couches of the dead" seen through the "eternal gates" of The Book of Thel (1789) to the visionary contemplations around the death couches in The Four Zoas (ca. 1796–1807) and Milton (1804–11). As an engraver-poet who invented a medium for self-publication, Blake sidestepped the division of labor between the empirical field worker and the gentleman author that Noah Heringman finds among the knowledge workers of antiquity. Yet the technical ways of seeing that Blake practiced during his antiquarian apprenticeship can be traced through his visionary contemplations. Thinking through technique, Blake crossed the threshold between engraver and poet and embraced a prophetic physiological aesthetics of "fourfold vision." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-compliance with requests from the International Criminal Court (ICC) for cooperation — mainly arrest warrants and orders for surrender of persons — appears to be an increasing concern. The author illustrates the cooperation model underlying the ICC Statute and highlights the limitations of what he describes as the ‘harmony approach’ which the drafters had in mind. He then shows a number of perplexing issues in the Court’s case law on non-compliance, and emphasizes distinctions to be made between political, administrative and judicial aspects of non-cooperation proceedings. Finally, he argues in favour of a more robust role for the Assembly of States Parties (ASP) and suggests a system of reactions to non-cooperation which the ASP should adopt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of parties contractually to limit their right to seek injunctive relief has not often been judicially discussed. An interesting case from Singapore now appears to suggest that this is much more than a theoretical possibility. Some arguments can, however, be made to demonstrate that this is perhaps not the vista of opportunity over which some contract draughtsmen might rejoice, and care should be taken to ascertain the boundaries of the law, as explained in this note. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law and language are interwoven. Law is a tool for the regulation of social order. Its efficiency relies on the use of appropriate language to communicate its principles. If the rule of law is to be respected as the bedrock of justice law itself has to be relevant to everyday life and accessible to all within its territorial reach, whether on a national or an international plane. Reform of the law is a necessary and continuing process. It is about keeping the law up-to-date, ensuring that its underlying purpose is transmitted in as effective a manner as possible. As social attitudes and economic circumstances change, as technology advances, as cultural norms develop, law across a multitude of disciplines is challenged to keep pace with the needs of the communities it serves. Language is the vehicle by which law is delivered. Words and phrases, even concepts, used fifty or a hundred years ago may not be apposite for the needs of the present. Today there is greater demand for law to be less obscure, where practicable less complex and over-elaborate, for it to be written in plain terms, and for those who practise it to be less elitist. Law needs to be more accessible to citizens at large. In this linguistics has a growing role to play. The study of language and how it is constructed and employed has lessons for statutory drafters (as creators of law) at one end of the legal spectrum and for lawyer-advisers and courts (as interpreters of law) at the other. Law-makers and law-users need law to be coherent and presented in a manner which minimises misunderstanding and misapplication. Systematic review and focussed codification are steps in that legislative process. It helps parliamentarians, policy makers and practitioners to help the people who matter - us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wolfenbüttel Musterbuch (Cod. Guelf. 61.2 Aug. 8° fols. 75-94, Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, Germany) is considered a crucial example of a medieval modelbook. The collection of drawings contained within its pages has long been identified as key evidence for the transmission of artistic motifs between Byzantium and western Europe in the thirteenth century. Offering an in-depth analysis of the drawings and the quire that contains them, the present article suggests that the drawings were made with the purpose of working through visual representations that the draftsman found intriguing and that he sketched in order to train his own hand, memory and imagination. This hypothesis challenges some of the assumptions behind the category of medieval modelbooks as a means of faithfully reproducing images so that they can be further copied in another context. If the main goal of the drawings in Wolfenbüttel was that of enriching the draftsman's visual memory and exploring imaginative possibilities, their value as reproductions might have been marginal, but their role as means of cross-cultural encounter was decisive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the historic 2011 Missouri River flood, Missouri River Basin (MRB) state representatives and governors criticize the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) for operating the Missouri River Mainstem Reservoir System (System) in support of the multiple, often conflicting, purposes outlined in the Flood Control Act of 1944. These officials envision entering into an interstate compact to divest the Corps of some of its operational authority and to broaden their role in managing water resources. Similarly, MRB tribal leaders argue that the Corps fails to operate its System in a manner that respects the interrelated issues of Indian reserved water rights and tribal sovereignty. As States and Tribes contemplate a rebalancing of power in the MRB, it is essential that any water resources management solution provide a forum in which affected States, Tribes, and the Federal government might work together in pursuit of interconnected interests. Accordingly, it is time for stakeholders to think beyond the dualistic "federal-interstate" compact arrangement and seriously consider a pluralistic "federal-interstate-tribal" approach - even if Indian reserved water rights are not yet quantified. Although such a tripartite approach is a departure from traditional compacting practice, the great weight of Indian reserved water rights warrants tribal representation on any commission charged with implementing a twenty-first century MRB water resources compact. Further, it would be unrealistic to expect a federal commissioner to represent tribal interests until such time as rights are quantified, given the Federal government's conflict of interest in operating the System for other consumptive users. This Article concludes that the Federal government's interests in flood protection, navigation, and national security, and the Tribes' interests in protecting reserved water rights and tribal sovereignty, warrant an inter-sovereign approach whereby power is shared equally among signatories to this compact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews in detail the history of capital punishment, and the United States' constitutional proscription of "cruel and unusual" punishment. Examined are the Magna Carta of 1215, English Bill of Rights of 1689, and various bills of rights of the early American colonies, as they were critical to the Drafters' enlightened understanding of corporal punishment, which eschewed the barbaric and inhumane and culminated in the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of "cruel and unusual" punishment. Included, also, is an examination of the early cases alleging Eighth Amendment violations, for they developed the judiciary's determination of whether certain methods of capital punishment, such as the firing squad and the electric chair, were too "cruel" or "unusual" to pass constitutional muster. This article further exposes the great societal costs engendered by the United States' enlightened approach to capital punishment. Specifically discussed are the enormous expenses beget by the death penalty process, and how these expenses deplete local state economies, distort economic decisions, and render capital punishment anti-productive. This article then particularly examines the litigation concerning lethal injections, and the recent inclusion of pentobarbital into the death-producing cocktail. The ultimate question posed is thus: considering the recent turn of economic events, can the United States continue to maintain the death penalty when life imprisonment without parole may prove to be more cost-efficient? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binding, pre-dispute arbitration imposed on the weaker party in an adhesion contract-so-called "mandatory arbitration "-should be recognized for what it truly is: claim-suppressing arbitration. Arguments that such arbitration processes promote access to dispute resolution have been refuted and should not continue to be made without credible empirical support. Drafters of such arbitration clauses are motivated to reduce their liability exposure and, in particular, to eliminate class claims against themselves. Furthermore, claim-suppressing arbitration violates two fundamental principles of due process: it allows one party to the dispute to make the disputing rules; and it gives the adjudicative role to a decision maker with a financial stake in the outcome of key jurisdictional decisions-that is to say, arbitrators have authority to decide their own power to decide the merits-a question in which they have a financial stake. The Supreme Court has facilitated this doctrine through a series of poorly reasoned decisions in which the Court's liberal wing has been particularly inept at seeing the stakes for consumer and employee plaintWs. Exploiting Justice Breyer's incoherent line of majority opinions attempting to identiy "gateway" issues, the conservative Court majority has recently insulated all questions of enforceability of arbitration clauses from judicial review and is on the verge of allowing corporate defendants to immunize themselves from class actions through the use of arbitration clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard form contracts in consumer transactions are usually not read by consumers. This ‘unreadness’ of contracts creates opportunities for drafters to engage in unfair trade practices. Various doctrines of contracts and consumer protection law address this concern. One of the prominent solutions coming out of recent proposals for reform is to give individuals a more substantial opportunity to read the contract before manifesting assent. With the greater opportunity to read, more transactors will actually read the terms and assent to the boilerplate will be more ‘robust’. This Essay argues that solutions that focus on providing consumers an opportunity to read are useless, and can potentially be harmful. Most likely, greater opportunity to read would not produce greater readership of contracts – not the type that can help people make informed decisions – and the purpose of this solution would not be achieved, and could have unintended consequences. Even if the compliance with the requirement of opportunity-to-read is fairly cheap (eg, giving consumers access to the boilerplate in advance), making this a central feature of the legal regulation of standard form contracts makes little sense. The paper ends by proposing non-legal approaches to making the contract terms more transparent, by building on market devices such as ratings and labeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overshadowed by the influences of architectural academicism, a drafting culture grounded in the manual training movement of the nineteenth century significantly shaped the vocational base of the profession. In turn, that culture offered a path of upward mobility to ambitious would-be architectural draftsmen arising from the working classes even while subordinating them to the social identity of an aspiring professional elite. A document of drafting culture and a precursor of Architectural Graphic Standards, the drafting textbook Architectural Details, published in 1924, demonstrates how manual training in the drafting vocation became intertwined with the draftsman's—and architect's—social construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the allegorical architecture of draftsman Achilles G. Rizzoli. Details on Rizzoli's collection of architectural drawings; Description of Rizzoli's work; Information on Rizzoli's creative process.

The article features Pieter Johannes Uylenbroek, a Dutch-born poet and draftsman who designs vignettes and decorative headpieces as an added compliments to his literary works. His passion for literature led him to open a book trading shop in Amsterdam and it became a meeting place for writers and poets. His wide collections of literary works made him compile six volumes of books which were published in Amsterdam after his death. Uylenbroek became acquainted with a known poet in the Dutch Romanticism, Willem Bilderdijk, who eventually hired him as an editor and publisher to the collections of poems he had written. He illustrated the cover design of the books of Bilderdijk which many regarded as a representation of a font of iconography that can easily be adapted.

The article presents information on the design of Escorial, the famous monastery-palace, by Juan de Herrera. In 1563, Herrera started his career as a draughtsman in the drawing office for the royal buildings, responsible for making measured plans, elevations and sections. According to the author, the attributions of Escorial designs to Herrera must be regarded as more or less doubtful conjectures. Those attributions based on anonymous drawings are doubly problematical because of the uncertainty of Herrera's authorship and because non if his authorship of a drawing is accepted there remains uncertainty on whether he was both designer and draughtsman or draughtsman only.

The article reports that drafting is a great career, which allows one to take a design from an idea in mind into a three-dimensional rendering utilizing computer-aided software. Drafters work with architects, builders, and engineers to create technical drawings that are utilized to then build structures and buildings like your school.

Presents corrections to the articles 'Canonizing Kannon: The Ninth-Century Esoteric Buddhist Altar at Kanshinji' and 'Pieter Bruegel the Elder: The Draftsman Revealed.'