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Objective: Evaluation of the biomarkers and their relations with sleep in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is important for understanding the impairments in cognitive functioning. In this study, we aimed to investigate the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and sialic acid (Sia) levels, and their possible relations with chronotypes in ADHD. Methods: The study included 100 drug‐naive children with ADHD and 74 healthy children as controls. Conners' Parent Rating Scale‐Revised (CPRS‐R) scores were used for the severity assessment. Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was used to determine the chronotypes of participants. ELISA kits were used for the assessment of BDNF and Sia plasma levels. Results: Levels of BDNF and Sia were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group compared to healthy children (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). BDNF and Sia levels were found to be higher in the ADHD group with eveningness chronotype (p = 0.045, p = 0.038). The binary logistic regression model was statistically significant (p = 0.033), higher BDNF and Sia levels were assessed as predictive factors for the diagnosis of ADHD. Also, eveningness chronotype was found as a predictive factor of BDNF and Sia levels in ADHD. Conclusion: The results indicate that BDNF and Sia levels, which are related to cognitive functions and sleep, increase with the age of ADHD. Eveningness chronotype, connected with the severity of ADHD, is related to BDNF and Sia levels. There is a need for further studies to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) continues to be an important problem in adolescents, and it was aimed to investigate the relationship between suicide probability, cyberbullying, impulsivity, and aggression with NSSI history in the adolescent clinical population on the basis of gender. 267 adolescents with a history of NSSI and 210 without were included. They filled the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS), Cyberbullying and Online Aggression Screening Scale (COASS), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11-Short Form (BIS-11-SF). Four subscales and total scores of SPS, BPAQ, BIS-11-SF total scores were found to be significantly higher in males with a history of NSSI. BPAQ, BIS-11-SF motor, and attention impulsiveness, BIS-11-SF total scores, four subscales, and total scores of SPS were found to be significantly higher in females with a history of NSSI. Lower BIS-11-SF non-planning impulsivity, higher SPS/suicide ideation and hostility scores, and lower father's education level were found to be the best predictive factors for ISAS total scores in males. In females, experience cyberbullying, lower age, higher SPS/suicide ideation and total scores were the best predictors. Knowing the factors associated with NSSI and the differences between genders will be effective in both preventing NSSI and shaping treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pathways associated with glutamate receptors are known to play a role in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP), and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), all of which are biomarkers involved in neurodevelopmental processes closely related to glutamatergic pathways, have not previously been studied in patients with ADHD. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of CDK5, MAP2, GKAP, and PSD95 in children with ADHD and investigate whether these markers have a role in the etiology of ADHD. Methods: Ninety-six children with ADHD between 6 and 15 years of age and 72 healthy controls were included in the study. Five milliliters of blood samples were taken from all participants. The samples were stored at −80°C until analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: Statistically significantly lower CDK5 levels were observed in children with ADHD than in healthy controls (p = 0.037). The MAP2, GKAP, and PSD95 levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group than in healthy controls (p = 0.012, p = 0.009, and p = 0.024, respectively). According to binary regression analysis, CDK5 and MAP2 levels were found to be predictors of ADHD. Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that a close relationship existed between ADHD and glutamatergic pathways, and low levels of CDK5 and high levels of MAP2 and GKAP played a role in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet addiction (IA), one of the behavioral addictions, is also related to impulsivity. Although studies on its etiology and risks continue, the number of studies is limited. In this study, we aimed to assess the roles of behavioral systems, emotional regulation (ER), and impulsivity in the development of IA in adolescents and also to assess the relationship between all these clinical parameters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Forty-two adolescents with IA and 30 healthy controls (ages 12 –17) were included in the study. Self-reported measures included the Internet Addiction Scale. (IAS), Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BAS/BIS), Barratt. Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16) were used for the assessment of the participants. The levels of plasma brain BDNF and NPY were evaluated with the ELISA method. BAS/BIS subscale scores, BIS-11, and DERS-16 scale total scores were found to be statistically significantly higher, while BDNF and NPY levels were found to be lower in adolescents with IA compared to the healthy controls. IA severity was not found to correlate with both BDNF and NPY. IA was found to be more related to BIS than to BAS. There is a need for further studies evaluating developmental features and possible diagnostic biomarkers that may be associated with IA in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comorbidity of Internet addiction (IA) with sleep disruptions is common in adolescents. There is evidence that the levels of brain injury markers could be affected by sleep disruptions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and these biomarkers within the framework of the relationship between IA and sleep disruptions. A total of 65 drug-free adolescents with newly diagnosed IA, aged 12 to 18 years, were included in the study, and they were divided into two groups considering the comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and social anxiety. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children. The participants were asked to complete the Young Internet Addiction Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. Blood samples were taken between 8 and 9 am to analyze S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma S100B and NSE levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the IA with ADHD and the IA with anxiety groups than in healthy controls. NSE and S100B levels were found to be correlated with PSQI scores in both the IA groups. Also, there was a positive correlation between these biomarkers and IA severity. Decreased sleep quality and daily sleep duration in IA might cause brain injury, resulting in an increase in the severity of the addiction. Prospective studies with large samples are needed to better explain the IA-sleep-brain injury relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect physical health as well as mental health in children and adolescents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the state, trait, separation anxiety, and sleep disturbances in the children of health professionals in the first and third waves of the pandemic. Method: 33 children of health professionals and 42 children whose parents were not health professionals were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Separation Anxiety Assessment Scale- Child Version (SAAS-C), The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) were used for assessment each for the first and third waves of the pandemic. Results: The state, trait anxiety, and SAAS-C scores of the children of health professionals were higher than the control group in the first wave of the pandemic, state anxiety and SAAS-C scores were still higher than controls in the third wave. Positive correlations were found between the STAI and SAAS-C scores with the working hours of mothers in the pandemic. State anxiety, and SAAS-C scores were higher in children of healthcare workers with a history of COVID-19. Discussion: STAI and SAAS-C scores were found to be higher in the children of health professionals compared to the control group in the first and third wave of the pandemic. There was no effect being children of healthcare workers on SDSC scores. Anxiety levels were related to the time the mother worked during the pandemic and the parent's history of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although several genes have previously been studied about the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the number of studies investigating the effects of genes on atomoxetine (ATX) treatment is very limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of CYP2C19 polymorphisms, which have a role in ATX biotransformation, on the treatment response and also to assess whether there is a relationship between BDNF and treatment response in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: One hundred children with ADHD and 100 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. The treatment response was assessed 2 months after the start of the ATX treatment. DNA samples from peripheral venous blood were replicated using PCR and analyzed using the ILLUMINA next-generation sequencing method. The resulting fastqs were analyzed using Basespace's Variant Interpreter Program. Plasma BDNF levels were evaluated with ELISA kits. Results: Treatment response was found to be lower in both heterozygous and homozygous carriers of the c.681G > A (CYP2C19*2) polymorphism. When the BDNF level was compared, it was found to be significantly higher in the ADHD group compared to HCs. Also, BDNF has a stronger predictive value for assessing resistance to ATX treatment. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the effects of CYP2C19 polymorphisms and BDNF levels together on ATX treatment in children. Further studies with an extensive population are needed to better understand the effects of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on treatment and side effects, as well as the effects of BDNF levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood, and there are many factors in their etiology. In recent years, many biomarkers have been studied to elucidate the etiology of these disorders. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability (ID). Methods: The study included 74 children with NDDs (the number of patients in ADHD, ASD and ID groups were 24, 25 and 25 respectively) and 30 healthy controls (HCs). Serum NGF and ACE2 levels were studied with ELISA kits, also complete blood count (CBC), levels of fasting glucose and serum lipids were assessed. Results: ACE2 levels were found to be lower in NDD group than HCs in girls. In boys with ASD, triglyceride levels were significantly higher than other groups. Also a positive correlation was found between ACE2 and NGF levels when all sample assessed together. Conclusions: This study is a premise for investigating ACE2 and NGF in NDDs. The role of these markers in ADHD, ASD, ID and other NDDs and their associations with gender should be assessed by studies in which both larger sample groups and more disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a complex etiology and genetic, environmental and biological factors are considered to play a role in the etiology of ADHD by mutually interacting. Recent studies have emphasized that inflammation may be present in the etiology of ADHD. This study aims to investigate the possible role of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α molecules in the etiology of ADHD. Methods: The study included 60 patients and 20 healthy controls between the ages of 6-18. Serum visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits at a biochemistry laboratory. Results: The study showed no statistically significant difference between children with ADHD and healthy controls in terms of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels. When ADHD subgroups (combined and predominantly inattentive types) and the control group were compared in terms of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, no statistically significant difference was recorded. Conclusion: Data on the relationship between ADHD and IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in this study are in compliance with the literature. However, no study was found on visfatin in ADHD. This study is the first one evaluating the ADHD-Visfatin relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin and is characterized by reading and/or spelling problems affecting the development of language-related skills. The aim of this study is to reveal functional markers based on dyslexia by examining the functions of brain regions in resting state and reading tasks and to analyze the effects of special education given during the treatment process of dyslexia. A total of 43 children, aged between 7 and 12, whose native language was Turkish, participated in the study in three groups including those diagnosed with dyslexia for the first time, those receiving special education for dyslexia, and healthy children. Independent component analysis method was employed to analyze functional connectivity variations among three groups both at rest and during the continuous reading task. A whole-brain scanning during task fulfillment and resting states revealed that there were significant differences in the regions including lateral visual, default mode, left frontoparietal, ventral attention, orbitofrontal and lateral motor network. Our results revealed the necessity of adding motor coordination exercises to the training of dyslexic participants and showed that training led to functional connectivity in some brain regions similar to the healthy group. Additionally, our findings confirmed that impulsivity is associated with motor coordination and visuality, and that the dyslexic group has weaknesses in brain connectivity related to these conditions. According to our preliminary results, the differences obtained between children with dyslexia, group of dyslexia with special education and healthy children has revealed the effect of education on brain functions as well as enabling a comprehensive examination of dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sialic acid (Sia) is an essential nutrient for brain development, learning, memory and cognition and plays a role in neurodevelopment of infants. The aim of this study was to determine whether Sia levels are significantly associated with the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Forty-six ASD children and 30 typically developing children aged 3 to 10 years were included in the study. Behavioral symptoms in ASD children was assessed by the Autism Behavior Checklist (AuBC), the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). After the collection of saliva samples, the supernatant was separated. All the samples kept at −80°C until Sia analysis was done. Results: Sia level was found to be significantly lower in the ASD group when compared to healthy controls (p = 0.013). There was no correlation between severity of ASD and salivary Sia levels. We found a negative correlation between AuBC scores and Sia levels and a negative correlation in both ABC Stereotypic Behavior and Hyperactivity/Noncompliance subscales with Sia levels in ASD group. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that Sia levels could have an effect on autism-like behaviors, particularly on stereotypes and hyperactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Celiac disease is a chronic disorder which is among common causes of malabsorption at childhood and can affect children and adults lifelong. Celiac disease negatively affects psychosocial development of children and adolescents and impairs health-related quality of life. In this study, it was aimed to assess levels of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents with Celiac disease, relationship between these parameters and quality of life in the patients and their mothers. Method: Forty children and adolescents with Celiac disease (aged 8-18 years) who were followed in Pediatric Gastroenterology Department of Erciyes University, Medicine School for at least 6 months and their mothers were included to the study. Forty age- and sex-matched subjects and their mothers were employed as control group. In all children and adolescents, it was asked to complete 'Depression Scale for Children, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory'. All mothers were asked to complete 'Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale and Quality of Life Inventory'. Results: Each group consisted of 17 males (42.5%) and 23 females (57.5%). In each groups, there are 22 (55%) individuals in the 8-12 age group and 18 (45%) individuals in the 13-18 age group. No significant difference was detected in depression scale scores between children and adolescents with Celiac disease and controls. Anxiety levels were found to be higher in pediatric age group when compared to controls while no significant difference was detected between adolescents and controls. No significant difference was detected in perception of quality of life in children and adolescents and their mothers in both groups. Post-traumatic stress level was found to be higher in mothers of children and adolescents with Celiac disease when compared to those in mothers of controls. Conclusion: There was an increase in anxiety levels in children with celiac diagnoses and an increase in trauma symptoms in their mothers and no difference in quality of life was found. It was concluded that Celiac disease affecting children and their family with many problems and impaired quality of life in children and adolescents, but many factors play role in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the plasma levels of neuropeptide-Y (NPY), leptin and ghrelin and in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and investigate the neurobiological mechanisms beneath side effects of methylphenidate such as lack of appetite, weight loss and/or decrease in weight gain. Methods: Thirty children diagnosed as ADHD with DSM-5 and 21 healthy children similar to study group with age and gender were included in the study. All subjects are evaluated with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). All parents filled sociodemographic data form, also parents of the chil-dren with ADHD filled Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS). ADHD group evaluated with Barkley Stimulant Side Effect Evaluation Form after two months of extended release methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) therapy. Plasma NPY, leptin and ghrelin levels were evaluated in control group for once and in ADHD group for twice, before and 2 months after treatment with enzyme-like immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results: In our study, when plasma leptin, ghrelin and NPY levels of healthy controls and ADHD group were compared; NPY level was lower in the ADHD group. Compared with healthy controls, post-treatment ADHD group leptin level was observed to be lower. In the ADHD group, only NPY level was found to be higher after treatment than before treatment. Conclusion: It was observed that NPY levels were found to be lower in the ADHD group than in the healthy group, and plasma levels increased after treatment. In addition, leptin and ghrelin levels not changed after treatment. Thus, further studies with larger study groups are needed whether these changes will be more meaningful when the treatment duration is prolonged. New studies may reveal neurobiological mechanisms beneath loss of appetite and/or weight loss associated with methylphenidate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the etiology ofattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is unknown, it is thought that endocrine disruptors may be involved in the etiopathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation-ship between ADHD development and exposure to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phtha-late (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA). Methods: The study included 44 children who were diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM IV-TR diagnostic criteria and 51 healthy children as controls. In all subjects, serum MEHP, DEHP, and BPA were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Serum MEHP and BPA levels were found to be significantly higher in the ADHD group (0.47±0.22 μg/ml, 1.48±0.28 ng/ml) than the controls (0.31±0.13 μg/ml, 0.91±0.23 ng/ml). There was no difference in the level of DEHP between the ADHD group and healthy controls (2.17±0.69 μg/ml, 2.26±0.56 μg/ml). Conclusion: Our results could be accepted as an evidence to support an association between BPA, MEHPlevels and ADHD. However, further studies are needed to clarify the linkage between ADHD and endocrine disruptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. Behavioral disinhibition, poor neurocognitive skills and immediate reward preference in children with ADHD have been suggested as risk factors for Internet addiction (IA). The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the relationship between IA and depression, anxiety, and self‐esteem in adolescents with ADHD, and to identify the features of Internet use that predict IA. Methods: We studied 111 patients with ADHD aged 12–18 years, and 108 healthy controls. The ADHD patients and controls were asked to complete a sociodemographic data form, the Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), Children's Depression Inventory, Childhood Screening Scale for Anxiety in Children, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. Results: IAS total score in the adolescents with ADHD was significantly higher than in the control group. Compared with the control group, the ADHD group depression scale score was significantly higher, and self‐esteem score significantly lower (P < 0.05 for both). There was no difference between the groups in anxiety score. IAS score had a positive correlation with depression and anxiety scores, and a negative correlation with self‐esteem score. Conclusion: The relationship between IA scale score and depression, anxiety and self‐esteem scale scores were similar in the ADHD and the control group. In addition, IAS subscale and total scores were significantly higher in the ADHD group than the control group, even after controlling for the effects of self‐esteem, depression and anxiety scores. Thus, ADHD is thought to be an independent risk factor for depression, anxiety and self‐esteem, and, hence, for IA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: To investigate the frequency domain effects and changes in electroencephalography (EEG) signals in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Patients and methods: The study contains 40 children. All children were between the ages of 7 and 12 years. Participants were classified into four groups which were ADHD (n=20), ADHD-I (ADHDInattentive type) (n=10), ADHD-C (ADHD-Combined type) (n=10), and control (n=20) groups. In this study, the frequency domain of EEG signals for ADHD, subtypes and control groups were analyzed and compared using Matlab software. The mean age of the ADHD children's group was 8.7 years and the control group 9.1 years. Results: Spectral analysis of mean power (µV²) and relative-mean power (%) was carried out for four different frequency bands: delta (0-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-32 Hz). The ADHD and subtypes of ADHD-I, and ADHD-C groups had higher average power value of delta and theta band than that of control group. However, this is not the case for alpha and beta bands. Increases in delta/beta ratio and statistical significance were found only between ADHD-I and control group, and in delta/beta, theta/delta ratio statistical significance values were found to exist between ADHD-C and control group. Conclusion: EEG analyzes can be used as an alternative method when ADHD subgroups are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders. It is known that epileptic children have more psychiatric diseases than normal population and children with other chronic diseases. The present study was aimed to identify the psychopathology of children with epilepsy, their life quality and the psychopathology of their parents. METHODS: 48 children with epilepsy, 48 children for control group and their parents were included in this study. We used Ankara Development Screening Inventory (ADSI), Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), Early Childhood Inventory-Parent Scale (ECI-4), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) for assessments. RESULTS: There was no difference between the epilepsy and the control groups in BITSEA scores for 1-3 years. In the ECI-4 assessment for 4-6 years, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SP), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dysthymic disorders and elimination disorder (ED) were found higher in the children with epilepsy. In the mothers of the children with epilepsy, psychiatric symptoms were found higher than the controls. There was no difference in quality of life scores between the children with epilepsy and the control groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In the present study, no psychopathology was detected in the children with epilepsy 1-3 years of age, while frequency of psychopathology was increased in those 4-6 years of age. Also, it was found that the frequency of psychiatric symptoms was increased in the mothers of the children with epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Here we aimed to determine the relationship between oxytocin levels and impulsivity, which is an important aspect at Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) clinics. Methods: The study population comprised 40 ADHD patients diagnosed based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version, without other psychiatric disorders and chronic diseases aged between 8 and l5 years. The control group comprised 40 healthy, age-matched, male children and adolescents who voluntarily participated in the study. Patients and controls filled the Barratt impulsivity scale-II (BIS-II). Ten cubic centimeters of blood was collected at 8 am for determining serum oxytocin levels. ELISA kits were used to measure serum oxytocin levels in a biochemistry laboratory. The obtained data were evaluated using appropriate statistical methods. Results: In this study, compared with the control group, the impulsivity scores were significantly higher and serum oxytocin levels were lower in the ADHD group (52.5±18.1 and 37.62±9.0, respectively, p<0.00l). Serum oxytocin levels showed a negative correlation with impulsivity and attention subscale scores of BIS-II in the ADHD group. Conclusion: ADHD and impulsivity, which comprise an aspect of ADHD, may be associated with oxytocin. Serum oxytocin levels may contribute to inattention subtypes of impulsivity observed in ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sydenham's chorea is the most common cause of acute onset chorea in childhood; psychiatric signs and symptoms are often accompanied its clinic. After the clinical motor and cardiac symptoms, patients with Sydenham's chorea have also been presented with the obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, depression, attention problems and emotional lability. However, in the literature, it could not be reached on a case with the suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts. In addition, although there is not enough data on how to treat the signs and symptoms that accompany psychiatric clinic, the drugs used in the treatment are known to increase the risk of psychiatric signs and symptoms. In this case, 9-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of acute Sydenham Korea whose psychiatric signs and symptoms increased with treatment, who had attempted suicide, is going to be presented and we aimed to draw attention and to discuss these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric disorders are seen more frequently in patients with epilepsy than in the general population. Personality changes, psychosis, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and mood or anxiety disorders can occur in association with epilepsy. Anxiety disorders and depression are most common psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy. Lafora disease (LD) is a treatment resistant epilepsy with onset at the teenage period, followed by progressively worsening myoclonus, seizures, visual hallucinations and cognitive decline, leading to a vegetative state in status myoclonus and death. Different neuropsychiatric symptoms can be seen in patients with LD during the course of the disease. There are as yet no reports on how often patients with epilepsy, such as LD, presented with psychiatric symptoms to clinics at the first disease onset. No case of LD presenting with an anxiety disorder before seizures was reported in the literature. Herein, the case of a 14-year-old female adolescent who presented with acute severe anxiety before seizures, would be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric disorders can be observed in children and adolescents following an earthquake, with both risk factors and protective factors influencing the development of these disorders. This review aims to compile studies examining the relationship between earthquakes and resilience in children and adolescents after the earthquake disaster in Türkiye. 113 articles were identified using the PubMed database and relevant keywords. After excluding irrelevant studies, 24 that were related to the topic were included in the review. 66.6% of the studies were conducted in China, with 41.6% of total studies having a longitudinal design. In our country, no study was found in this context. Resilience levels were lower in females than males. Resilience was found to be protective against depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and was positively correlated with social support. High resilience was also associated with significant posttraumatic growth. However, it is not conclusive that all therapy and intervention programs related to resilience are effective. Protecting the mental health of children and adolescents, who are vulnerable and exposed to dangers following an earthquake, is crucial. Identifying protective factors for mental health, particularly resilience, and developing intervention methods for routine and field use to enhance resilience are vital to prevent the development of mental illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive and executive dysfunctions, social dysfunctions are seen in children and adolescents with ADHD. Lower 2D: 4D finger ratio is associated with ADHD. In this study, we aimed to determinate the relationship between aggression, empathy and 2D:4D ratio, in male children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Child and Adolescent Pscyhiatry. Study population consists of 40 ADHD patients without any other psychiatric disorder between 8-15 age interval. Control group was consist of 40 healthy, age matched, voluntarily children and adolescents. Patients and control groups filled Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, KA-Sİ Empathic Tendency Scale for Children and Adolescents. 2D:4D ratios were measured in both of control and ADHD groups. Results: In our study, when compared with control group, ADHD group aggression scores were significantly higher, empathy forms scores were statistically lower. ADHD group right hand 2D:4D ratios were statistically lower compared to controls and also lower 2D:4D ratios had association with high agression scores. Conclusions: High agression and lower empathy skills which were affecting social disfunctions are seen in children and adolescents with ADHD. Also aggression is associated with low 2D:4D ratios . Further researchs with a large sample are needed in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this research letter was to describe the use of N-carbamoyl-l-glutamate as first-line treatment of hyperammonemia in a 4-month-old female patient with propionic acidemia (PA). Methods: A 4-month-old female patient weighing 3.9 kg presented with decompensation with PA and initial hyperammonemia of 451 μg/dL. The patient was receiving a protein-restricted diet supplemented with l-carnitine at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/d during 2 consecutive months. Treatment with N-carbamoyl-l-glutamate was administered during 4 days on an outpatient basis at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/d, representing a dosage of 200 mg BID. The patient''s hyperammonemia was monitored for 1 week. Results: The patient''s ammonia concentration started to decrease on the first day of the initiation of the treatment with N-carbamoyl-l-glutamate, from 451 to 68 μg/dL (normal range, 10-80 μg/dL) at day 6 of follow-up. The patient did not require intravenous fluids, invasive procedures, or hospitalization. Conclusion: N-carbamoyl-l-glutamate, combined with a protein-restricted diet and l-carnitine supplementation, was apparently effective as first-line treatment of hyperammonemia in this infant with PA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Angioedema can be occur a drug adverse reaction. Drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antihypertensive drugs, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, fibrinolytic agents, estrogens, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and psychotropic drugs (such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors-SSRIs) can induce this reaction. In the literature, there are few case reports about angioedema induced by SSRIs and there is no case report related to atomoxetine. Herein we report a case of angioedema which occurred after initiation of atomoxetine in a 9-yearold girl being treated for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; the side effect disappeared after discontinuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incest, which is considered as a special topic in child abuse, is one of the most traumatic forms of sexual abuse. In incest cases, notification rates are relatively low, especially the sexual abuse between siblings remains hidden much more than other sexual abuses. In this case report, which appears in a random manner, 12-year-old male patient, who was abused by his sister, will be discussed. Our incest case has a big importance because of having a sister as an abuser, since incest abusers often considered to be fathers or brothers. At this point, the possibility of having the abuse carried out by anyone from children's social environment including each family members should be kept in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The etiology of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivite Disorder (ADHD) is still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the relationship among anti-ganglioside antibodies, anti-glutamate receptor antibodies, and anti-glutamic acit decarboksilaz (anti-GAD) antibodies, which are believed to be involved in the etiology of ADHD. Materials and Methods: The study included 36 children who were diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM IV diagnostic criteria and 21 healthy children as the control group. In all subjects, anti-ganglioside antibodies, anti-glutamate receptor antibodies, and anti-GAD antibodies were studied in the Microbiology Laboratory of Erciyes University, Medical School. Results: The mean age was 9.34 years in the ADHD group, which consisted of 5 girls and 31 boys. The mean age was 7.8 years in the control group, which consisted of 8 girls and 13 boys. No significant differences were observed in the levels of antiganglioside antibodies, anti-glutamate receptor antibodies, and anti-GAD antibodies between the ADHD and control groups. Conclusion: Although the etiology is unknown in ADHD, it is believed that autoimmune factors may be involved in the etiopathogenesis according to currently available information. However, there is a need for further studies with larger sample size to clarify the linkage between ADHD and anti-neuronal antibody levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslexia is a learning disability in acquiring reading skills, even though the individual has the appropriate learning opportunity, adequate education, and appropriate sociocultural environment. Dyslexia negatively affects children's educational development; hence, early detection is highly important. Electrooculogram (EOG) signals are one of the most frequently used physiological signals in human-computer interfaces applications. EOG is a method based on the examination of the electrical potential of eye movements. The advantages of EOG-based systems are non-invasive, affordable, easy to record, and can be processed in real time. In this paper, a novel 1D CNN approach using EOG signals is proposed for the diagnosis of dyslexia. The proposed approach aims to diagnose dyslexia using EOG signals that are recorded simultaneously during reading texts, which are prepared in different typefaces and fonts. EOG signals were recorded from both horizontal and vertical channels, thus comparing the success of vertical and horizontal EOG signals in detecting dyslexia. The proposed approach provided an effective classification without requiring any hand-crafted feature extraction techniques. The proposed method achieved classifier accuracy of 98.70% and 80.94% for horizontal and vertical channel EOG signals, respectively. The results show that the EOG signals-based approach gives successful results for the diagnosis of dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide and is recognized as a significant public health concern because of its negative consequences on individuals mental and physical health, social relationships, academic performance and overall well-being. While research on IGD has gained significant momentum in the past decade, the neural substrates underlying this disorder remains unclear. This study aims to investigate resting-state cortical activation in male subjects with IGD using a concurrent functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) hybrid system. Twenty-two male individuals with IGD (18–23 years old) and twenty-two male healthy, age-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Mean oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and whole head neural activity were measured using fNIRS and EEG respectively, during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions at the resting state. EEG signals were decomposed into distinct frequency sub-bands with wavelet transform, followed by the analysis of the power spectral density within each band. Mean oxygenation of PFC is measured using a multichannel fNIRS system. Results revealed that the individuals with IGD had significantly higher beta power in the frontal region compared to the control group. Individuals with IGD showed significantly increased PFC oxygenation compared to healthy controls. Additionally, both frontal beta power and PFC oxygenation were significantly correlated with IGD severity. However, there were no significant correlations observed between oxygenation and beta powers. This study is the first to examine resting-state cortical activation using multimodal EEG-fNIRS system in young adults with IGD. Moreover, it provides an important contribution to the understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms of IGD and offer new insights for the diagnosis and intervention of the disorder using multimodal EEG-fNIRS system. Further studies should aim to replicate the findings of this study using a larger and more culturally diverse sample to support the neurophysiological basis of IGD. • This is the first study to combine EEG and fNIRS in investigating neural correlates of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). • Resting-state EEG beta power and fNIRS prefrontal cortex oxygenation are potential biomarkers for identifying IGD. • Higher beta powers and increased oxygenation in the frontal region were significantly correlated with IGD severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of 25-year old male with double syndrome such as austism spectrum disorder and phenylketonuria. It mentions autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication and the presence of repetitive behavior. It highlights that there was improvement in patient with intake of phenylalanine in diet.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), which may be a missed diagnosis in children, is seen at an important frequency. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with RLS and to show the effect of RLS on school success. Forty-three patients with RLS and 43 healthy volunteers were included to the study. Blood samples were taken to measure ferritin. The averages of school exam scores were recorded. The patient group was classified as mild, moderate, severe, and very severe according to the RLS rating scale. The daytime sleepiness was measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The "Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S)" was completed by parents, and patients' inattention, and hyperactivity-impulsivity scores were compared with the control group. According to the RLS rating scale scores 25.6% (n:11) were evaluated as mild, 60.5% (n:26) were moderate and 14% (n:6) were severe. The mean ferritin level was significantly lower in the patient group. The mean score of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity in the patient group to be significantly higher than the control. The mathematics and science course mean grades were significantly lower in the patient group than the controls (66.7±17.7 vs 74.2±11.7). ESS scores were found to be significantly higher in the patient group. In this study, RLS has been found associated with ADHD and iron deficiency, similar to previous studies. There are not many studies on the effects of RLS in children on daily life and this study has objectively shown that RLS reduces patients' school achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widespread neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood and has negative consequences throughout adult life. The etiology and pathogenesis of ADHD are still unclear. Tau protein is a soluble microtubule-related protein expressed by neurons and localized in the cytoplasm as well as axons. Tau protein provides stability of microtubule in two ways: phosphorylation and isoforms. The excessive phosphorylation of Tau separates the protein from the microtubule, thus making it unstable. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between serum Tau protein and phospho Tau (p-Tau181) levels and ADHD occurrence. Materials and methods: This study included 26 male children aged 7–12 years with newly diagnosed ADHD, who had previously not used any medication for ADHD, and 26 male healthy children. Serum Tau and p-Tau181 concentrations were performed by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: In patients, the Tau levels were not significantly different from those of the controls; the p-Tau181 levels were significantly higher than those of the controls. Conclusion: We concluded that high p-Tau181 might be associated with the progression of ADHD and cognitive changes in ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); it is a group of neuropsychiatric diseases that start in childhood, lasting lifelong and have no effective treatment yet. Autism is a common subtype of ASD. It has repetitive behaviors, lack of social interaction and communication. The prevalence of autism is increasing day by day. The etiology of autism, which is extremely complex with its genetic background and clinical features, is not yet known. Genetic and environmental factors have been shown to play a basic role in the development of the disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression in transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Abnormalities in the translational control of multiple miRNA targets directed by each miRNA may lead to phenotype differences observed in ASDs. The aim of this study is to determine the expression of the genes POGZ and PTEN that are targeted to miRNAs and shown as candidate genes in autism. Methods: RNA was isolated from 50 patients with ASD and 50 healthy controls by Trizol method. The obtained RNAs were converted into cDNA and the expression of the genes (POGZ and PTEN) which were targeted by miRNAs (miR-3613-3p, miR-19a-3p) and shown as a candidate gene in autism were determined by Real-Time PCR method. Results: The POGZ gene was found to be more exaggerated in patients than in controls, and expression of this gene was found to be significant in males (p=0.0002). PTEN gene expression was found to be less in patients than controls and statistically insignificant (p=0.7513). Conclusion: As a result, we recommend that investigate the number of other possible candidate genes, which may be the target of miRNAs in a larger number of patients, and compare the results with different clinical manifestations. This study was supported by Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (TYL-2017-5789). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) could be diagnosed in both sexes. Testosterone levels are normal in males and increased exposure to androgen from the prenatal period has observed in girls with CAH. It is also known that the effects of androgens on brain development may lead to differences in emotional, cognitive and language development between the two genders, given the hormonal differences between sexes. In this study, it was aimed to determine whether there was an increase in the incidence of psychopathology in girls with CAH compared to healthy controls. Material and Method: Twenty-one child and adolescents with CAH diagnosed between ages 6-17 were included in the study. The control group consisted of 21 female age-matched healthy child and adolescent. Parents of the children and adolescents included in the study were provided to fill the Turgay Disruptive Behavior Disorders Screening Parent Form according to DSM-IV (T-DSM-IV-S) and the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). The Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview Schedule for the School-age Children-Now and Lifelong Version Turkish Adaptation (KDSADS-TR) were conducted to the all cases who were included in the study, in order to assess psychopathology. The obtained data were evaluated by appropriate statistical methods. Results: The scores of ABC, T-DSM-IV-S impulsivity and inattention sub scores were significantly higher in the CAH group than healthy controls (p=0.043, p=0.026, p=0.037, respectively). Compared with healthy controls, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and depression in female patients with CAH. Conclusion: According to the results of our study, it can be stated that the incidence of psychopathology is increased in female patients with CAH. Further research with a large sample are needed in this field in order to better define these relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood, is increasing all over the world and brings a series of physical, emotional, and social problems. In this study, we aimed to observe the effects of active expressionist art therapy techniques on depression, anxiety, quality of life and diabetes management in adolescents with Type 1 DM. Materials and Methods: This study included 21 volunteer adolescents with Type 1 DM between the ages of 13-18. All adolescents were evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Quality of Life Scale for Children (PedsQL). Then, the program of art therapy techniques was carried out for 12 weeks for 90 minutes a day for every week. Pre-test scales were repeated after the application. HbA1c levels were compared before and after the art therapy techniques program without classification. Results: In this study, 13 girls (61.9%), 8 boys (38.1%) were included. When the BDI, BAI and PedsQL scores were compared before and after the art therapy techniques in Type 1 DM adolescents, a statistically significant difference was found in all scales (p=0.003, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in HbA1c averages before and after the application (p=0.108). Conclusion: In this study, after the application of arts therapy techniques, there was a significant decrease in depression and anxiety levels. After the application, improvement in the quality of life scores was found. With this study, it was pointed out that art therapy techniques can be used for diabetic adolescents to self-expression, reduce negative thoughts, express emotions and increase self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is a psychiatric disorder characterized by excessive worry frequently encountered within society. Given the prevalence of anxiety and the limitations of current subjective assessment methods, the quantitative determination of this disorder gains significance. In pursuit of this objective, the study employed the 4-point likert-type Beck Anxiety Scale alongside essential clinical evaluations. As a result of the assessment, two participant groups were formed: one consisting of individuals with anxiety disorder and the other serving as the control group. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were obtained from the participants during resting states, followed by the computation of entropy and Hjorth (mobility, complexity) parameters from the EEG signals. The computed features were then classified using machine learning algorithms, namely K-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Random Forest (RF), for classification purposes. The k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) model, which yielded the most successful outcome among these classifiers, was able to reach an accuracy level of 88.4%. Furthermore, the combined utilization of diverse parameters was observed to lead to an increase in the success rate across all three algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cognitive disengagement syndrome, formerly known as sluggish cognitive tempo, is defined as mental fogginess, daydreaming, and sluggishness. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of children with cognitive disengagement syndrome and to examine the relationship between cognitive disengagement syndrome and psychiatric disorders. Methods: About 268 randomly chosen Turkish primary school children aged 7-11 years from 4 different cities were included in this study. Both teachers and parents completed the cognitive disengagement syndrome scanning scale of the Child Behavior Checklist and the Barkley Child Attention Survey. Psychiatric diagnoses in children were assessed using a semi-structured clinical interview. Four separate cognitive disengagement syndrome measurements were performed, matching informants with scales. Results: The prevalence of cognitive disengagement syndrome was estimated with a range of 4.9%-10.9%, depending on the way of measurement. Logistic regression analyses revealed that paternal psychopathology (odds ratio = 6.7) and low maternal education (odds ratio = 3.1) increased while advanced maternal age (odds ratio = 0.7) decreased the risk of cognitive disengagement syndrome. Although cognitive disengagement syndrome was found to be more prevalent in children with chronic diseases, this association no longer remained in the full logistic regression model. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder was the most observed disorder and accompanied 42.9%-75% of the cases with higher cognitive disengagement syndrome. However, there was no strong support in favor of associations between cognitive disengagement syndrome and depression and anxiety as a whole. Conclusion: This study provides the first estimates regarding the prevalence and the sociodemographic characteristics of Turkish children with cognitive disengagement syndrome. Cognitive disengagement syndrome seems to be relatively more prevalent in Turkey than in Western cultures. Children whose fathers had a psychiatric disorder, whose mothers had low education, and who were at younger ages should be scrutinized for cognitive disengagement syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently drug using have been rapidly increased and new drugs is used by clinicans. Adverse drug reactions.increases because drug using is increased too. The most common advers reactions are urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactoid reactions and drug-induced immunologic reactions. Angioedema is a clinic situation that shown often tongue, floor of the mouth, lips, larynx. C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, trauma, precipitating factors, such as food or drug allergy can cause angioedema. Atomoxetine is a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor and used for treatment of Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. In many studies shown that atomoxetine has been well-tolerated drug and has low incidence of side effects. Most common side effects of atomoxetine are abdominal pain, loss of appetite, vomiting, drowsiness, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, and dyspepsia. Some studies found that use of atomoxetine may lead to increase in heart rate and blood pressure. In our case, we aimed to attention that outside of the known side effects of atomoxetine, we detected angioedema in our patient although there is no case in the literature. A 9-year-old female patient, she have referred to our policlinic with complaints of clinic inattention, gradually decreased academic performance, difficulty-doing homework, not being organized. She has had normal level of psychomotor development and had no medical history and family history. She was followed in our clinic with diagnosis of ADHD. Because effective dose of methylphenidate in patient with inadequate response, we have started atomoxetine 18 mg /day, and after 2 weeks, dosage have been increased to 25 mg/day. After following increase in dose atomoxetine treatment, patient who had no dermatological disorder history, have developed to angioedema on lips and tongue, then atomoxetine have been discontinued and anti-edema therapy have been started. Angioedema, hereditary and acquired form, which may be associated with a reaction of choline esterase inhibitor deficiency. It is characterized by a temporary edema in subcutaneous tissues such as lips, tongue, eyelid, intestinal wall and upper respiratory tract. Acquired form of angioedema may occur with many factors such as pollens, foods, drugs, insect bites, light, cold. The most common responsible drugs are NSAID, ACE inhibitors, penicillins and neuromuscular blockers. There is no data in literature about angioedema due to atomoxetine. Tests performed during the pre-treatment and after developing angioedema of the patient and patient's C1 esterase levels, renal and hepatic function tests were normal. After atomoxetine have been discontinued, patient's clinics were rapidly improved and she had no any drug history, especially can cause often angioedema such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We have considered that reason of angioedema was atomoxetine. The most important feature of angioedema reactions is that it may not develop with first using. In our case is like that too. A review of the relevant literature, this case is remarkable because the first reported case was in the form of pseudoallergic reaction due to atomoxetine angioedema reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between autism spectrum disorders development and exposure to mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA), 1 of the endocrine disruptors, among phthalates. The study included 48 children with autism spectrum disorder (27 boys, 21 girls) and 41 healthy subjects (24 boys, 17 girls) as controls. Serum MEHP, DEHP, and BPA levels were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Children with autism spectrum disorder had significantly increased serum MEHP, DEHP, and BPA concentrations (0.47 ± 0.14 µg/ml, 2.70 ± 0.90 µg/ml, 1.25 ± 0.30 ng/ml) compared to healthy control subjects (0.29 ± 0.05 µg/ml, 1.62 ± 0.56 µg/ml, 0.88 ± 0.18 ng/ml) respectively (P = .000). The fact that higher serum MEHP, DEHP, and BPA were found levels in the autism spectrum disorder group compared to healthy controls suggests that endocrine disruptors may have a role in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, is diagnosed clinically by assessing the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Also, there are limited objective assessment tools to support the diagnosis. Thus, in this study, a new electrooculography (EOG) based on visual stimulus tracking to support the diagnosis of ADHD was proposed. Materials and methods: Reference stimulus one-to-one tracking numbers (RSOT) and colour game detection (CGD) were applied to 53 medication-free children with ADHD and 36 healthy controls (HCs). Also, the test was applied six months after the treatment to children with ADHD. Parameters obtained during the visual stimulus tracking test were analyzed and Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD) and Hjorth parameters were calculated for all EOG records. Results: The average test success rate was higher in HCs than in children with ADHD. Based on machine learning algorithms, the proposed system can distinguish drug-free ADHD patients from HCs with an 89.13% classification performance and also distinguish drug-free children from treated children with an 80.47% classification performance. Conclusion: The findings showed that the proposed system could be helpful to support the diagnosis of ADHD and the follow-up of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atomoxetine (ATX), one of the most commonly used drugs after stimulants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment, is an inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter (NET/SLC6A2), which is also associated with the etiology of ADHD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NET gene polymorphisms on response to ATX treatment and to find the answers to the questions about whether there is a relationship between the severity of the disorder and the observed side effects in children with ADHD. Method: About 100 children with ADHD and 80 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. The dose of ATX was started at 0.5 mg/kg/day and titrated at 1.2 mg/kg/day. Response to treatment of 78 patients was evaluated 2 months after the beginning of the treatment. After whole blood samples were obtained, DNAs were isolated, and samples were stored at −80°C. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12708954 and rs3785143) were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: The patients with both rs12708954 and rs3785143 heterozygous genotype had better treatment response and more side effects than patients with wild type. There was not found any association between any of the investigated NET polymorphisms and ADHD severity. Conclusion: It was, however, found that the NET rs12708954 and rs3785143 genotypes affect the treatment response to ATX in our study; thus, further studies with a large population are needed to understand the effects of NET polymorphisms on treatment, side effects, and also the severity of ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency and the amount of refrigerant in heat exchangers used in cooling systems has recently been an important research subject. In this study, in order to compare and analyze different types of evaporators, industrial refrigerators were designed and in this context, test setups in accordance with TS EN ISO 23953-2 standard were produced. R290 (propane) was used as the refrigerant in the designed system. During the experiment, temperature-pressure measurements were taken at a certain point in the cooling system equipment of the products, which were cooled every minute, and test data were recorded. As a result of the data obtained from the experimental results, while the temperature difference of the air entering and leaving the evaporators was 6.797 in the first system using ½" tube diameter evaporator, it was calculated as 7.052 in the corrugated and hydrophilic coated second system using 3/8" tube diameter. In the experimental setups, the energy consumed in the first and second systems and the masses of R-290 refrigerant were measured as 24.64 kWh, 23.39 kWh and 700 grams, 430 grams, respectively. Consequently, it was calculated that the second system was 5.073% and 38.57% more efficient in terms of energy efficiency and the refrigerant mass used. Coefficient of performance values for the first and second systems were found as 2.807 and 3.013, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently multimodal neuroimaging which combines signals from different brain modalities has started to be considered as a potential to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. The current study aimed to explore a new method for discriminating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and control group by means of simultaneous measurement of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twenty-three pre-medicated combined type ADHD children and 21 healthy children were included in the study. Nonlinear brain dynamics of subjects were obtained from EEG signal using Higuchi fractal dimensions and Lempel–Ziv complexity, latency and amplitude values of P3 wave obtained from auditory evoked potentials and frontal cortex hemodynamic responses calculated from fNIRS. Lower complexity values, prolonged P3 latency and reduced P3 amplitude values were found in ADHD children. fNIRS indicated that the control subjects exhibited higher right prefrontal activation than ADHD children. Features are analyzed, looking for the best classification accuracy and finally machine learning techniques, namely Support Vector Machines, Naïve Bayes and Multilayer Perception Neural Network, are introduced for EEG signals alone and for combination of fNIRS and EEG signals. Naive Bayes provided the best classification with an accuracy rate of 79.54% and 93.18%, using EEG and EEG-fNIRS systems, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that utilization of information by combining features obtained from fNIRS and EEG improves the classification accuracy. As a conclusion, our method has indicated that EEG-fNIRS multimodal neuroimaging is a promising method for ADHD objective diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of suicide attempts in children and adolescents who were followed up and treated as a result of suicide attempts and to pay attention to the subject. Methods: We aimed to evaluate the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine between 2010 and 2015. Also we determined triggering factors, the nature of suicide attempt, drug use. Results: The study included 52 cases with a mean age of 14.5±1.2 years (min: 10.5-maks: 17) and 46 girls (88.5%). Twenty-four (46.1%) of the patients attempted suicide by taking one drug, 28 (53.9%) attempted suicide by taking multiple drugs. Analgesics (42.3%) are the most frequently taken drug group, respectively anti-depressants (28.8%), antihypertensives (15.3%) followed it up. In 24 (46.1%) patients psychiatric evaluations performed during the hospitalization period and no mental problems were detected and they were evaluated as impulsive suicides. Major depression (28.8%) was the most frequent mental disorder in the cases, followed by conduct disorder (11.5%), adjustment disorder (7.6%), impulse control disorder (3.8%). The most common trigger factor was family conflict (53.8%). Conclusion: Identifying the characteristics of suicide attempts and identifying risk factors will guide the follow-up of the cases and take protective measures. It is especially important for adolescents with depression to closely monitor and treat it. In addition, adolescents and families need to be supported in order to prevent impulsive suicide attempts. Precautions should be taken to prevent the access of adolescents to drugs within and outside the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of neuropsychological impairments that are attenuated with methylphenidate (MPH) treatment. The aim of this study was to determine how MPH effects attentional functioning in terms of reaction time (RT) in ADHD. Methods: Eighteen pre-medicated ADHD children (7 to 12 years old) and eighteen gender matched normal controls (7 to 12 years old) were included in the study. Participants performed an auditory attention task and the RT of participants to each target response was calculated automatically. The same test was repeated 3 months after OROS-MPH administration for ADHD group. RT, RT standard deviation (RTSD), and response errors (omission and commission errors) were compared between control and pre-MPH ADHD groups, and between Pre-MPH and post-MPH ADHD groups. Results: Relative to control subjects, significantly longer RTs, higher RTSD and more errors of omission were observed in unmedicated ADHD children during auditory attention task. Analyses revealed significant effects of medication across all measures except commission errors. After treatment RTs were faster, RTSD values were lower, and errors of omission were attenuated compared to pre-medication condition in ADHD group. There were no significant differences in terms of commission errors between groups. Conclusion: In this study it was observed that MPH reduced RTs to stimuli, attenuated omission errors during the task in ADHD group and after 3 months of treatment ADHD children showed similar patterns in RT as compared to controls. Results suggest that when treating ADHD, it might help clinicians to evaluate objective and non-invasive cognitive outcomes such as RT, RTSD and response errors to evaluate the effects of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although a strong inflammatory basis has been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been defined clearly. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), one of the inflammatory disruptors, plays a role in the etiology of ADHD. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 50 patients aged 7-13 years, diagnosed with ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, without any chronic or other psychiatric disease, and 25 healthy controls. Parents of the children in the study group completed the Conners' Parent Rating Scale--Revised Short, and teachers completed the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale--Revised Short. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to measure suPAR levels in plasma samples. Results: The mean plasma suPAR level of patients with ADHD was 2.92±1.74 ng/ml, the suPAR level of the controls was 2.54±1.05 ng/ml, and there was no significant difference in suPAR levels between ADHD and controls (Z=0.084, p=0.933). No correlation was found between plasma suPAR levels and ADHD severity as assessed by Conners' parent and teacher scales. Conclusion: The role of inflammatory systems and mediators in ADHD was emphasized in many studies, and many important data on ADHD etiopathology were obtained. However, we found no significant relationship between ADHD and suPAR levels. Further research is needed with large samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the prevalence of affective disorders in Turkey among a representative sample of Turkish population.Methods: This study was conducted as a part of the "The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychopathology in Turkey" (EPICPAT-T) Study, which was designed by the Turkish Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. The inclusion criterion was being a student between the second and fourth grades in the schools assigned as study centers. The assessment tools used were the K-SADS-PL, and a sociodemographic form that was designed by the authors. Impairment was assessed via a 3 point-Likert type scale independently rated by a parent and a teacher.Results: A total of 5842 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of affective disorders was 2.5 % without considering impairment and 1.6 % when impairment was taken into account. In our sample, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder was lacking, thus depressive disorders constituted all the cases. Among depressive disorders with impairment, major depressive disorder (MDD) (prevalence of 1.06%) was the most common, followed by dysthymia (prevalence of 0.2%), adjustment disorder with depressive features (prevalence of 0.17%), and depressive disorder-NOS (prevalence of 0.14%). There were no statistically significant gender differences for depression. Maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness were predictors of affective disorders with pervasive impairment.Conclusion: MDD was the most common depressive disorder among Turkish children in this nationwide epidemiological study. This highlights the severe nature of depression and the importance of early interventions. Populations with maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness may be the most appropriate targets for interventions to prevent and treat depression in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• α-synuclein has recently been linked with synaptic pathology and neurodegeneration in ASD. • SNCA trancript and α-synuclein serum levels were decreased in the ASD patients. • Similarly, SNCA trancript and serum α-synuclein levels were significantly decreased in the mothers of the patients. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders that begin in early childhood. Mutations in α-synuclein (SNCA) gene have been shown to result in the accumulation of α-synuclein, which occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases. Our aim was to determine the changes in the expression profile and protein level of this gene by comparing the autistic children with their healthy siblings, their mothers and healthy controls in order to elucidate the possible contribution of the SNCA gene to the etiology of ASD. 50 autistic patients, their mothers, siblings and 25 healthy controls and their mothers were enrolled to determine SNCA gene expression and serum α-synuclein levels. It was determined that α-synuclein serum levels decreased in the autistic patients. Similarly, it was found that SNCA gene expression and serum α-synuclein levels were significantly decreased in the mothers of the patients. Significant negative correlation was observed between the SNCA gene and protein expression amounts in the 6–8 age of the patients. This family-based study is the first in the literature, with both gene expression and serum levels of α-synuclein. The relationship between ASD severity and α-synuclein level needs to be confirmed in larger-scale studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our study aims a t assessing th e association betwe e n in te rn e t addiction (IA) and a tte n tio n deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tobac co and alcohol use/experimentation in high school students living in th e province o f Zonguldak. Method: The study included 771 students enrolled in th re e high schools. They w ere assessed with a sociodemographic data form prepared by th e researchers, th e Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), and th e Adult A tten tio n Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) Diagnostic and Assessment Inventory based on th e DSM-IV. Results: In 61 cases (7.9%), IA was established, in 90 cases (11.7%) ADHD. O f th e cases with IA, 40 (65.6%) were male, 21 (34.4%) female. Internet access from home (p<0.001) and tobac co (p<0.001) o r alcohol (p<0.001) use/experimentation history w ere found to be associated with higher CIAS scores. The rate of ADHD was found to be higher among those with IA (36.1%) than those with o u t IA (9.6%). There was a significant correlation between ADHD scale scores and CIAS scores (r=0.38, p<0.001). Conclusion: According to our results, IA is associated with ADHD and alcohoi/tobacco use. There is a need for follow-up studies to assess th e causality o f th e association between ADHD, tobacco o r alcohol use, and IA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrected Acknowledgement section should read as follows: B Acknowledgements b This study was supported by the TUBITAK under Project Number 114S470. Correction to: Neural Computing and Applications (2020) 32:8367-8380 https://doi.org/10.1007/... Unfortunately, the funding number of the article was erroneously published in the acknowledgement section of the article. [Extracted from the article]