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Context. The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging telescope is a balloon-borne experiment developed as a pathfinder for the MIRAX satellite mission. The experiment consists essentially in a coded-aperture hard X-ray (30-200 keV) imager with a square array (13 × 13) of 2 mm-thick planar CZT detectors with a total area of 169 cm2. The total, fully-coded field-of-view is 21° × 21° and the angular resolution is 1°430. Aims. The main objective of protoMIRAX is to carry out imaging spectroscopy of selected bright sources to demonstrate the performance of a prototype of the MIRAX hard X-ray imager. In this paper we describe the protoMIRAX instrument and all the subsystems of its balloon gondola, and we show simulated results of the instrument performance. Methods. Detailed background and imaging simulations were performed for protoMIRAX balloon flights. The 3σ sensitivity for the 30-200 keV range is ∼1:9 × 10-5 photons cm-2 s-1 for an integration time of 8 h at an atmospheric depth of 2.7 g cm-2 and an average zenith angle of 30°. We developed an attitude-control system for the balloon gondola and new data handling and ground systems that also include prototypes for the MIRAX satellite. Results. We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the camera response at balloon altitudes, showing the expected background level and the detailed sensitivity of protoMIRAX. We also present the results of imaging simulations of the Crab region. Conclusions. The results show that protoMIRAX is capable of making spectral and imaging observations of bright hard X-ray source fields. Furthermore, the balloon observations will carry out very important tests and demonstrations of MIRAX hardware and software in a near space environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite having footprints in its urban layout of the major historical events that occurred in Spain in the last 2 millennia, between them, being cradle of one of the first universities of Spain, there are few graphic documents that help to know how it has been the journey at the time of the urban fabric of the city until the 19th century when appear the first maps of the same. This obliges us to fill these holes using drawing as a tool that interpret the rest of documentation to obtain the temporal evolution of its image during these last centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pesar de tener huellas en su trama urbana de los hechos históricos más importantes acaecidos en España en los 2 últimos milenios, entre ellos, ser cuna de una de las primeras universidades de España, existen pocos documentos gráficos que ayuden a conocer como ha sido el viaje en el tiempo de la trama urbana de esta ciudad hasta el siglo XIX cuando aparecen las primeras cartografías de la misma. Esto nos obliga a rellenar estos agujeros usando el dibujo como herramienta que interprete el resto de documentación hasta obtener la evolución temporal de su imagen durante estos últimos siglos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CEPAL building in Santiago de Chile (1960), once built, became an icon of modern architecture in Chile and throughout Latin America. The paper analyses, through the building plans and drawings, the level of involvement of this project with the modernist movement, particularly the close relationship to the contemporary proposals of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh and La Tourette or Ronchamp, immediate points of reference for the CEPAL project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the publication of "Les Edifices antiques de Rome, dessinés et measurés tres exacement," by Antoine Babuty Desgodetz which marks the history of architectural surveying. The publication clearly demonstrated and signified the change in the architectural representation of Roman Antiquity. The author claims that Desgodetz's book may be deemed to be the first book on architectural surveying of Roman Antiquity because other monographic studies used a non-systematic combination of techniques.

We report laboratory imaging results of a balloon-borne gamma-ray imaging telescope, Máscara Codificada (Portuguese for "coded mask,") designed to obtain high angular resolution (∼14 arcmin) images of the sky in the 50 keV-1.8 MeV energy range. The instrument incorporates a coded mask with an aperture pattern based on a 19×19-element modified uniformly redundant array (MURA). This pattern belongs to a subclass of MURAs that are almost completely antisymmetrical for 90° rotations with respect to the lower-right comer of the central element, which allows the implementation of an antimask by a single rotation of the whole mask by 90°. The symmetry properties of the MURAs are discussed. The algorithm for determining the position of the gamma-ray interactions on the instrument's main detector is described and the results of laboratory tests of the imaging system are presented. The mask-antimask subtraction, applied after a flat-fielding procedure, produced a 60% increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of a strong (∼100σ) point source (662 keV photons coming from a [SUP137]Cs radioactive source) image by eliminating systematic distortions in the instrumental background measured over the detector plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most straightforward ways to explain the hard X‐ray spectra observed in X‐ray binaries is to assume that comptonization of soft photons from the accretion disk is occurring. The region where this process takes place, called the corona, is characterized by only two parameters: its thermal energy kT and its optical depth τ. Hard X‐ray spectra analysis is, thus, an imperative tool in diagnosing the behavior of these parameters. The lack of consistency in obtaining/analyzing long‐term databases, however, may have been hindering this kind of characterization from being attained. With the aim of better understanding the corona behavior in the black hole candidate 1E 1740.7‐2942, we performed a homogeneous analysis for a large hard X‐ray data set from the ISGRI telescope on‐board the INTEGRAL satellite. Results from modeling the spectra show that, for most of our sample, unsaturated thermal comptonization is the main mechanism responsible for the hard X‐ray spectra observed in 1E 1740.7‐2942. Moreover, such extensive database allowed us to produce what is probably the longest hard X‐ray light curve of 1E 1740.7‐2942 and whose units—due to recent findings regarding dynamical quantities of the system—could be expressed in % of Eddington's luminosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article has two objectives. The first is to present the results of the innovation in teaching project entitled "Teacher transformations in the initial and final cycles of the architecture major in the new disciplinary, social and technological context" (University of Alcalá, 2017- 2018). The impact or responses given in the initial and final cycles of the major at the University of Alcalá's School of Architecture were evaluated in light of two phenomena that have conditioned the teaching of architecture in the last two decades: the organizational and methodological reforms to European higher education summarized in the Declaration of Bologna (1999), and a professional context marked by complex social and professional transformations. The second objective is to compare these results with the current situation of architecture schools in Chile. In summary, the results of this research confirm that in the initial cycle a new student profile has arisen with special characteristics that require the rethinking of teaching approaches in the classroom. Meanwhile, in the final cycle it was observed that the implementation of the license-granting master's degree required to practice architecture has made it necessary to modify the structure and teaching in the last stage of the educational process with shortened periods of study and by fostering the integration of knowledge in the final project when faced with the fragmented understanding achieved with the degree. In comparison with the case in Chile, there are a number of similarities, but also significant di" erences mainly due to the university policies of both countries. Likewise, it is clear that the ambitious and opportune objectives established by the Bologna Process do not produce the expected results in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]