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Summary Cuscuta campestris, a stem parasitic plant, has served as a valuable model plant for the exploration of plant–plant interactions and molecular trafficking. However, a major barrier to C. campestris research is that a method to generate stable transgenic plants has not yet been developed. Here, we describe the development of a Cuscuta transformation protocol using various reporter genes (GFP, GUS, or RUBY) and morphogenic genes (CcWUS2 and CcGRF/GIF), leading to a robust protocol for Agrobacterium‐mediated C. campestris transformation. The stably transformed and regenerated RUBY C. campestris plants produced haustoria, the signature organ of parasitic plants, and these were functional in forming host attachments. The locations of T‐DNA integration in the parasite genome were confirmed through TAIL‐PCR. Transformed C. campestris also produced flowers and viable transgenic seeds exhibiting betalain pigment, providing proof of germline transmission of the RUBY transgene. Furthermore, RUBY is not only a useful selectable marker for the Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation, but may also provide insight into the movement of molecules from C. campestris to the host during parasitism. Thus, the protocol for transformation of C. campestris reported here overcomes a major obstacle to Cuscuta research and opens new possibilities for studying parasitic plants and their interactions with hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many parasitic plants of the genera Striga and Cuscuta inflict huge agricultural damage worldwide. To form and maintain a connection with a host plant, parasitic plants deploy virulence factors (VFs) that interact with host biology. They possess a secretome that represents the complement of proteins secreted from cells and like other plant parasites such as fungi, bacteria or nematodes, some secreted proteins represent VFs crucial to successful host colonisation. Understanding the genome-wide complement of putative secreted proteins from parasitic plants, and their expression during host invasion, will advance understanding of virulence mechanisms used by parasitic plants to suppress/evade host immune responses and to establish and maintain a parasite-host interaction. Results: We conducted a comparative analysis of the secretomes of root (Striga spp.) and shoot (Cuscuta spp.) parasitic plants, to enable prediction of candidate VFs. Using orthogroup clustering and protein domain analyses we identified gene families/functional annotations common to both Striga and Cuscuta species that were not present in their closest non-parasitic relatives (e.g. strictosidine synthase like enzymes), or specific to either the Striga or Cuscuta secretomes. For example, Striga secretomes were strongly associated with 'PAR1' protein domains. These were rare in the Cuscuta secretomes but an abundance of 'GMC oxidoreductase' domains were found, that were not present in the Striga secretomes. We then conducted transcriptional profiling of genes encoding putatively secreted proteins for the most agriculturally damaging root parasitic weed of cereals, S. hermonthica. A significant portion of the Striga-specific secretome set was differentially expressed during parasitism, which we probed further to identify genes following a 'wave-like' expression pattern peaking in the early penetration stage of infection. We identified 39 genes encoding putative VFs with functions such as cell wall modification, immune suppression, protease, kinase, or peroxidase activities, that are excellent candidates for future functional studies. Conclusions: Our study represents a comprehensive secretome analysis among parasitic plants and revealed both similarities and differences in candidate VFs between Striga and Cuscuta species. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new management strategies and delaying the evolution of virulence in parasitic weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic plants invade their host through their invasive organ, the haustorium. This organ connects to the vasculature of the host roots and hijacks water and nutrients. Although parasitism has evolved independently in plants, haustoria formation follows a similar mechanism throughout different plant species, highlighting the developmental plasticity of plant tissues. Here, we compare three types of haustoria formed by the root and shoot in the plant parasites Striga and Cuscuta. We discuss mechanisms underlying the interactions with their hosts and how different approaches have contributed to major understanding of haustoria formation and host invasion. We also illustrate the role of auxin and cytokinin in controlling this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The molecular evolution of organellar genomes in angiosperms has been studied extensively, with some lineages, such as parasitic ones, displaying unique characteristics. Parasitism has emerged 12 times independently in angiosperm evolution. Holoparasitism is the most severe form of parasitism, and is found in ~10 % of parasitic angiosperms. Although a few holoparasitic species have been examined at the molecular level, most reports involve plastomes instead of mitogenomes. Parasitic plants establish vascular connections with their hosts through haustoria to obtain water and nutrients, which facilitates the exchange of genetic information, making them more susceptible to horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT is more prevalent in the mitochondria than in the chloroplast or nuclear compartments. Scope This review summarizes current knowledge on the plastid and mitochondrial genomes of holoparasitic angiosperms, compares the genomic features across the different lineages, and discusses their convergent evolutionary trajectories and distinctive features. We focused on Balanophoraceae (Santalales), which exhibits extraordinary traits in both their organelles. Conclusions Apart from morphological similarities, plastid genomes of holoparasitic plants also display other convergent features, such as rampant gene loss, biased nucleotide composition and accelerated evolutionary rates. In addition, the plastomes of Balanophoraceae have extremely low GC and gene content, and two unexpected changes in the genetic code. Limited data on the mitochondrial genomes of holoparasitic plants preclude thorough comparisons. Nonetheless, no obvious genomic features distinguish them from the mitochondria of free-living angiosperms, except for a higher incidence of HGT. HGT appears to be predominant in holoparasitic angiosperms with a long-lasting endophytic stage. Among the Balanophoraceae, mitochondrial genomes exhibit disparate evolutionary paths with notable levels of heteroplasmy in Rhopalocnemis and unprecedented levels of HGT in Lophophytum. Despite their differences, these Balanophoraceae share a multichromosomal mitogenome, a feature also found in a few free-living angiosperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dodders (Cuscuta chinensis) are rootless and holoparasitic herbs that can infect a variety of host plants, including the vitally important economic and bioenergy crop soybean (Glycine max). Although dodder parasitism severely affects the physiology of host plants, little is known about its effects on fungal communities and root secondary metabolites in hosts. In this study, variations in root-associated fungal communities and root metabolites of soybean under different parasitism conditions were investigated using ITS rRNA gene sequencing and UPLC–MS/MS metabolome detection technologies. The results showed that dodder parasitism significantly altered the composition and diversity of the fungal communities in the rhizosphere and endosphere of soybean. The relative abundance of the potential pathogenic fungus Alternaria significantly increased in the root endosphere of dodder-parasitized soybean. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that the fungal community in the root endosphere was susceptible to soil factors under dodder parasitism. Meanwhile, the content of soil total nitrogen was significantly and positively correlated with the relative abundance of Alternaria in the rhizosphere and endosphere of soybean. Metabolomic analysis indicated that dodder parasitism altered the accumulation of flavonoids in soybean roots, with significant upregulation of the contents of kaempferol and its downstream derivatives under different parasitism conditions. Taken together, this study highlighted the important role of dodder parasitism in shaping the fungal communities and secondary metabolites associated with soybean roots, providing new insights into the mechanisms of multiple interactions among dodder, soybean, microbial communities and the soil environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The segregation of chromosomes depends on the centromere. Most species are monocentric, with the centromere restricted to a single region per chromosome. In some organisms, the monocentric organization changed to holocentric, in which the centromere activity is distributed over the entire chromosome length. However, the causes and consequences of this transition are poorly understood. Here, we show that the transition in the genus Cuscuta was associated with dramatic changes in the kinetochore, a protein complex that mediates the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules. We found that in holocentric Cuscuta species, the KNL2 genes were lost; the CENP-C, KNL1, and ZWINT1 genes were truncated; the centromeric localization of CENH3, CENP-C, KNL1, MIS12, and NDC80 proteins was disrupted; and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) degenerated. Our results demonstrate that holocentric Cuscuta species lost the ability to form a standard kinetochore and do not employ SAC to control the attachment of microtubules to chromosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The angiosperm genus Cuscuta lives as an almost achlorophyllous root- and leafless holoparasite and has therefore occupied scientists for more than a century. The 'evolution' of Cuscuta research started with early studies that established the phylogenetic framework for this unusual genus. It continued to produce groundbreaking cytological, morphological, and physiological insight throughout the second half of the 20th century and culminated in the last two decades in exciting discoveries regarding the molecular basis of Cuscuta parasitism that were facilitated by the modern 'omics' tools and traceable fluorescent marker technologies of the 21st century. This review will show how present activities are inspired by those past breakthroughs. It will describe significant milestones and recurring themes of Cuscuta research and connect these to the remaining as well as newly evolving questions and future directions in this research field that is expected to sustain its strong growth in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Many biological activities and pharmacological usages have been revealed for the Cuscuta species. The present study aimed to assess the beneficial effects of Cuscuta on removing skin dark spots in healthy individuals, which is an important cosmetic concern, especially in women. Materials and Methods: This prospective, interventional before–after trial was conducted in 70 healthy individuals without any evidence of skin or systemic disorders who presented for consultation on removing skin darkening. The Cuscuta extract was prepared and then assessed for plant quality control and lack of microbial contamination. The content of melanin at baseline and at 1 and 3 months after intervention was assessed using Dermacatch, an accurate skin colorimetric measurement tool. Results: Comparison of the melanin content of the lesions and treated area to the surrounding normal area at baseline and at 1 month after treatment showed a significant reduction in melanin content from 519.61 ± 45.09 to 498.50 ± 39.35 (P < 0.001). This reducing trend remained significant from the first month to the third month after treatment (from 498.50 ± 39.35 to 483.53 ± 40.99, P < 0.001). This decreasing trend was persistent even after adjusting baseline characteristics including gender, age, and duration of skin lesions. Both patients and investigators had high satisfaction level with the anti-melanogenesis effect of Cuscuta extract. Conclusion: Cuscuta extract is useful for removing hyperpigmented lesions and for skin lightening in healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolvulaceae is a cosmopolitan family with rich morphological characteristics and important economic values. However, the phylogenetic relationships among the major branches or tribes in the family have not been fully resolved. In order to resolve these relationships, we sampled the complete plastome sequences from 40 species, representing eight tribes of Convolvulaceae, and reconstructed phylogenetic trees by using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches. The results were as follows:(1)Convolvulaceae plastomes had the typical quadripartite structure, with the plastome size ranging from 113 273 to 164 112 bp and including 66-79 protein-coding genes.(2)Phylogenomic analyses using five DNA matrixes(i.e., WCG, CDS, LSC, IR, and SSC)showed that the topologies of the WCG and CDS trees were basically the same, with slight differences in support values for some branches. Topological differences were found between LSC and WCG topologies, especially for the positions of Cuscuteae, Dichondreae and Cresseae. The AU and SH tests showed that topological conflicts were significant between the WCG matrix and the SSC and IR matrixes.(3)All phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Cuscuta and Dichondreae were nested in Convolvuloideae and should be treated as tribes.(4)Phylogenetic relationships among the eight tribes were well resolved using the WCG and CDS matrixes: Cardiochlamyeae and Erycibeae formed a clade as the first divergent group of Convolvuloideae, followed by Cuscuteae, with the remaining five tribes forming two major clades.(5)The phylogenomic analyses confirmed that Merremieae were polyphyletic, especially Merremia, and that the circumscription and taxonomy of both Merremieae and Merremia will need revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weevils of the genus Smicronyx Schönherr, 1843 are a relatively widespread taxonomic group in the Western Palaearctic. Despite its widespread distribution, faunistic data on it are scarce, and there are even entire regions with no current faunistic data. Here, we report on the first records of the genus from Latvia. Two species have been recorded in Latvia for the first time: Smicronyx jungermanniae Reich, 1797 and Smicronyx coecus Reich, 1797. Faunistic data on this taxonomic group in the Baltic region are scarce. The aim of this article is to raise knowledge of this taxon in the hope that it will lead to new discoveries elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers nutrient content of hydrophytic host populations (Impatiens capensis and Justicia americana) and their obligate holoparasite, Cuscuta gronovii. Comparisons of mineral content in aboveground organs between non-parasitized (control) and parasitized plants were also evaluated. While Cuscuta appeared to have limited impact on plant size for J. americana, the parasite did foster decreases in biomass for I. capensis. When differences in mineral content were observed between hosts and controls, parasitized plants maintained higher nutrient levels. No differences in macronutrient content were observed in parasitized J. americana relative to uninfected controls. In contrast, there were elevated N, P, and S in I. capensis hosts compared to uninfected plants. Although it is possible that Cuscuta parasitism enhanced nutrient uptake in I. capensis, the appearance of higher macronutrients could reflect selective foraging by Cuscuta. That is, given the option between multiple hosts, Cuscuta may have the ability to select hosts with higher nutritional status. There were also higher Mn concentrations in both host species when parasitized, and higher Fe, Cu, and Al in parasitized I. capensis. Aluminum was particularly high (>1000 ppm) in I. capensis hosts, possibly reflecting the role of Al in eliciting antioxidant and/or pathogenic defenses in parasitized plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The morning glories (Convolvulaceae) are distributed worldwide and produce economically important crops, medicinal herbs, and ornamentals. Members of this family are diverse in morphological characteristics and trophic modes, including the leafless parasitic Cuscuta (dodders). Organelle genomes were generally used for studying plant phylogeny and genomic variations. Notably, plastomes in parasitic plants always show non-canonical features, such as reduced size and accelerated rates. However, few organelle genomes of this group have been sequenced, hindering our understanding of their evolution, and dodder mitogenome in particular. Results: We assembled 22 new mitogenomes and 12 new plastomes in Convolvulaceae. Alongside previously known ones, we totally analyzed organelle genomes of 23 species in the family. Our sampling includes 16 leafy autotrophic species and 7 leafless parasitic dodders, covering 8 of the 12 tribes. Both the plastid and mitochondrial genomes of these plants have encountered variations that were rarely observed in other angiosperms. All of the plastomes possessed atypical IR boundaries. Besides the gene and IR losses in dodders, some leafy species also showed gene and intron losses, duplications, structural variations, and insertions of foreign DNAs. The phylogeny reconstructed by plastid protein coding sequences confirmed the previous relationship of the tribes. However, the monophyly of 'Merremieae' and the sister group of Cuscuta remained uncertain. The mitogenome was significantly inflated in Cuscuta japonica, which has exceeded over 800 kb and integrated massive DNAs from other species. In other dodders, mitogenomes were maintained in small size, revealing divergent evolutionary strategies. Mutations unique to plants were detected in the mitochondrial gene ccmFc, which has broken into three fragments through gene fission and splicing shift. The unusual changes likely initially happened to the common ancestor of the family and were caused by a foreign insertion from rosids followed by double-strand breaks and imprecise DNA repairs. The coding regions of ccmFc expanded at both sides after the fission, which may have altered the protein structure. Conclusions: Our family-scale analyses uncovered unusual scenarios for both organelle genomes in Convolvulaceae, especially in parasitic plants. The data provided valuable genetic resources for studying the evolution of Convolvulaceae and plant parasitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cuscuta epithymum (CE) is one of the most popular medicinal plants in the world. However, detailed information about its toxicity is not available. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the safety profile of CE ethanolic extract in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The extract's in vitro toxicity profile was investigated on normal fibroblast and cervical cancer cells by cytotoxicity test. In the next step, acute oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) toxicity of the CE extract was evaluated in Wistar rats and BALB/c mice, respectively. Sub-acute oral toxicity was also examined by administering repeated oral doses of the CE extract (50, 200, and 500 mg/kg) to Wistar rats for 28 days. Results: The CE extract exhibited a significant cytotoxicity on both normal (IC50 0.82 mg/ml, p<0.001) and cancer cells (IC50 1.42 mg/ml, p<0.001). Acute oral administration of a single dose of CE extract (175-5000 mg/kg) did not cause mortality; however, its i.p. administration caused mortality at doses greater than 75 mg/kg (i.p. LD50 154.8 mg/kg). In the sub-acute toxicity test, no significant effects in terms of weight change, organ weights, blood chemistry, or kidney pathology were observed. However, at 200 and 500 mg/kg doses, the CE extract significantly increased liver pathological scores compared to the control group (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: CE exhibited toxicities in i.p. acute and repeated oral dose administrations. It showed identical cytotoxicity against normal and cancer cells. This herb must be prescribed cautiously by traditional medicine practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunlight filtered by green plant tissue becomes diminished in its ratio of red to far‐red wavelengths (R:FR). Some parasitic plants exploit this change by growing towards regions of low R:FR to locate host plants. In principle, variation in R:FR can also convey ecologically relevant information about host proximity or architecture. Here, we demonstrate that the parasitic vine Cuscuta epilinum Weihe (Convolvulaceae) can distinguish fine‐scale differences in R:FR associated with differences in the proximity and shape of potential host plants. We conducted dual‐choice experiments by placing parasite seedlings between targets, including low R:FR fields manipulated via LED lighting and pairs of model plants exhibiting realistic R and FR reflectance but differing in proximity or shape. Seedlings consistently distinguished between low‐R:FR fields of differing intensity. Furthermore, they exhibited preferences for nearer plant models versus identical models placed 4 cm further away and between same‐sized models exhibiting shape differences. Our results indicate that parasites can discriminate minute differences in R:FR signatures corresponding to host factors (proximity and shape) that impact seedling survival. This keen sensory ability underpins the parasite's sophisticated foraging behaviour and highlights the broader importance of light cues in plant ecology. Parasitic dodder vines in the genus Cuscuta can detect variation in the ratio of red to far‐red light (R:FR) and actively grow towards regions of low R:FR, which can indicate the presence of potential host plants. In this study, we show that dodder seedlings can also discriminate fine‐scale differences in R:FR fields associated with ecologically relevant differences in the proximity of potential hosts as well as differences in host plant architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The parasitic genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) is exceptional among plants with respect to centromere organization, including both monocentric and holocentric chromosomes, and substantial variation in genome size and chromosome number. We investigated 12 species representing the diversity of the genus in a phylogenetic context to reveal the molecular and evolutionary processes leading to diversification of their genomes.We measured genome sizes and investigated karyotypes and centromere organization using molecular cytogenetic techniques. We also performed low‐pass whole genome sequencing and comparative analysis of repetitive DNA composition.A remarkable 102‐fold variation in genome sizes (342–34 734 Mbp/1C) was detected for monocentric Cuscuta species, while genomes of holocentric species were of moderate sizes (533–1545 Mbp/1C). The genome size variation was primarily driven by the differential accumulation of LTR‐retrotransposons and satellite DNA. The transition to holocentric chromosomes in the subgenus Cuscuta was associated with loss of histone H2A phosphorylation and elimination of centromeric retrotransposons. In addition, basic chromosome number of holocentric species (x = 7) was smaller than in monocentrics (x = 15 or 16).We demonstrated that the transition to holocentricity in Cuscuta was accompanied by significant changes in epigenetic marks, chromosome number and the repetitive DNA sequence composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question: In the fall 2018 we observed an atypical pattern with concentric belts of green, yellow, and brown vegetation. What are the causes of the pattern? Localized water depletion, soil spatial heterogeneity and the activity of pathogenic organisms were tested as alternative hypotheses. Location: Banks of a water reservoir, Alento basin in south Italy (40°19′04.50″ N; 15°06′45.35″ E). Methods: Belts were monitored for floristic composition and plant health status. In each zone, 17 soil parameters were analysed (soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity, limestone content, organic C, Olsen P, total N, C/N ratio, cations exchange capacity, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). Soil moisture was monitored by soil probes, positioned at 10 cm depth. The incidence of pathogens and parasitic plants was visually estimated. Finally, model simulations were carried out to explore the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors in the formation of the belts. Results: The vegetation survey revealed that the green belt was characterized by a monospecific stand of Xanthium italicum with a plant density >190 individuals per m2. All plants were healthy. In the yellow belt, instead, Xanthium italicum was attacked by the parasitic plant Cuscuta campestris with an incidence >70%. In the brown belt all Xanthium italicum was still standing but dead, with an incidence of Cuscuta campestris attack >94%. No differences in soil chemistry were recorded in the three belts, while soil moisture was slightly lower in the green belt, likely as a result of a higher evapotranspiration rate. The modelling simulation well reproduced the banded vegetation, supporting the role of the parasitic plant in the formation of the pattern. Conclusions: By combining extensive field measurements with detailed modelling work, we revealed, for the first time, the primary role of a parasitic plant in the formation of a regular and ephemeral vegetation pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Clonal integration often increases fitness of clonal plants, but it may decrease it when some but not all connected plants (ramets) within a clone are parasitized.This hypothesis was synthesized in a conceptual model and tested by growing pairs of connected ramets of two congeneric clonal plants, Sphagneticola trilobata and Sphagneticola calendulacea, with and without parasitizing one ramet with Cuscuta australis and with and without severing the connection (allowing or preventing integration).Consistent with the model, integration in S. calendulacea did not affect biomass of the parasitized ramet, decreased biomass of its connected, unparasitized ramet by 60% and of the clone by 40%, and increased biomass of the parasite by 50%. By contrast, integration in S. trilobata did not affect biomass of the clone or the parasite. The parasite increased export of nitrogen‐15 from the connected, unparasitized ramet seven‐fold in S. calendulacea but did not affect export in S. trilobata.Parasitism can cause clonal integration to negatively affect fitness in clonal plants because parasites can import resources from connected, unparasitized ramets, possibly partly through signaling. This is the first experimental demonstration that clonal integration can decrease fitness in plants induced by parasitism and may help explain community‐level effects of parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All organisms engage in parasitic relations, as either parasites or hosts. Some species may even play both roles simultaneously. Among flowering plants, the most widespread form of parasitism is characterized by the development of an intrusive organ called the haustorium, which absorbs water and nutrients from the host. Despite this functionally unifying feature of parasitic plants, haustoria are not homologous structures; they have evolved 12 times independently. These plants represent ca. 1% of all extant flowering species and show a wide diversity of life histories. A great variety of plants may also serve as hosts, including other parasitic plants. This phenomenon of parasitic exploitation of another parasite, broadly known as hyper‐ or epiparasitism, is well described among bacteria, fungi, and animals, but remains poorly understood among plants. Here, we review empirical evidence of plant hyperparasitism, including variations of self‐parasitism, discuss the diversity and ecological importance of these interactions, and suggest possible evolutionary mechanisms. Hyperparasitism may provide benefits in terms of improved nutrition and enhanced host–parasite compatibility if partners are related. Different forms of self‐parasitism may facilitate nutrient sharing among and within parasitic plant individuals, while also offering potential for the evolution of hyperparasitism. Cases of hyperparasitic interactions between parasitic plants may affect the ecology of individual species and modulate their ecosystem impacts. Parasitic plant phenology and disperser feeding behavior are considered to play a major role in the occurrence of hyperparasitism, especially among mistletoes. There is also potential for hyperparasites to act as biological control agents of invasive primary parasitic host species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant grafting is generally performed between closely related species. Recently, we have discovered that Nicotiana species of Solanaceae show the ability to graft with distantly related plant species beyond the family. Graft adhesion with diverse angiosperms by Nicotiana species was probably facilitated by the secretion of a subclade of ß-1,4-glucanases. The capability of interfamily grafting was also found in the model Orobanchaceae hemiparasitic plant, Phtheirospermum japonicum, which naturally invades to the tissues of host plants of different families. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the same clade of ß-1,4-glucanase plays an important role in plant parasitism. Thus, the tissue adhesion between distant plant species occurs both naturally and artificially. Here, we further observed the capability of interfamily grafting in the stem holoparasitic genus, Cuscuta. These findings indicate that the natural process of tissue adhesion is a potential clue to improve plant-grafting techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. belonging to family Cuscutaceae was explored for its pollen morphology and its pollen characters examined with light and scanning electron microscope were compared with six species belonging to family Convolvulaceae. Pollen samples were collected from Districts; Kotli, Bhimber and Mirpur, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Flowers of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., five species of Ipomoea including Ipomoea carnea Jacq., Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, Ipomoea hederacia Jacq., Ipomoea pes-tigridi sL., Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br., Ipomoea arachnosperma Welw. and Convolvulus arvensis L. were collected. Pollen shape of these selected species are generally prolate, subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, oblate spheroidal and perpolate. The apertures of the pollens of these taxa were found scabrate, scabrate-perforate, reticulate and echinate-reticulate. Among the examined taxa, C. reflexa Roxb. has smallest size of pollen (2-5×2.5-5pm) while the largest pollen (28.5-37.6 × 24.7-28.9pm) belongs to the Ipomoe acarnea. It has been founded that pollen of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. is prolate in shape and was similar to I. carnea Jacq, I. pes-tigridis L, I. eriocarpa R.Br pollens. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on pollens observations grouped I. arachnosperma and Cuscuta refelexa together at maximum similarity 99.86 at a distance level of 0.003. It has been concluded from this study that Cuscuta refelexa pollen are exactly similar to Ipomea arachnosperma on the bases of pollen morphology and exine appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plants use environmental cues, including seasonal changes of day length (photoperiod), to control their flowering time. Under inductive conditions, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein is synthesized in leaves, and FT protein is a mobile signal, which is able to travel to the shoot apex to induce flowering. Dodders (Cuscuta, Convolvulaceae) are root- and leafless plants that parasitize a large number of autotrophic plant species with varying flowering time. Remarkably, some dodder species, e.g., Cuscuta australis, are able to synchronize their flowering with the flowering of their hosts. Detailed sequence inspection and expression analysis indicated that the FT gene in dodder C. australis very likely does not function in activating flowering. Using soybean host plants cultivated under inductive and noninductive photoperiod conditions and soybean and tobacco host plants, in which FT was overexpressed and knocked out, respectively, we show that FT-induced flowering of the host is likely required for both host and parasite flowering. Biochemical analysis revealed that host-synthesized FT signals are able to move into dodder stems, where they physically interact with a dodder FD transcription factor to activate dodder flowering. This study demonstrates that FTs can function as an important interplant flowering signal in host-dodder interactions. The unique means of flowering regulation of dodder illustrates how regressive evolution, commonly found in parasites, may facilitate the physiological synchronization of parasite and host, here allowing the C. australis parasite to time reproduction exactly with that of their hosts, likely optimizing parasite fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant invasions cause biodiversity loss and degradation in ecosystems worldwide. The invasive species involved may be introduced, or native invaders, and controlling them is a major global challenge. Here, we highlight an emerging role for native parasitic plants in suppressing invasive species, thus aiding in restoration of affected habitats. Compelling empirical evidence is provided by three study systems located in Central Europe, southern Australia and eastern China. Further cases of parasitism of invasive plants have been recorded across five continents. We propose including the interactions between parasitic and invasive plants into the theoretical framework of the biotic resistance hypothesis concerning generalist interactions between invaders and native biota. Among parasitic plants, numerous root hemiparasites, mistletoes and parasitic vines show low host specificity and exert substantial negative effects on their hosts. These parasitic plants may interfere with key traits of invaders such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation or clonal propagation which provide them with competitive advantage over native species. We contend that some parasitic plants may present a cost‐effective environmentally sustainable component of invasion management schemes. Therefore, we encourage exploration of this potential and the development of methods for practical applications in ecological restoration and nature conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuscuta species (dodders) are holoparasites that totally rely on host plants to survive. Although various mobile proteins have been identified to travel within a plant, whether and to what extent protein transfer between Cuscuta and host plants remain unclear. We found that hundreds to more than 1500 proteins were transferred between Cuscuta and the host plants Arabidopsis and soybean, and hundreds of inter-plant mobile proteins were even detected in the seeds of Cuscuta and the host soybean. Different hosts bridge-connected by dodder were also found to exchange hundreds of proteins. Quantitatively, the mobile proteins represent a few to more than 10% of the proteomes of foreign plants. Using Arabidopsis plants expressing different reporter proteins, we further showed that these reporter proteins could travel between plants and, importantly, retained their activity in the foreign plants. Comparative analysis between the inter-plant mobile proteins and mRNAs indicated that the majority of mobile proteins were not de novo synthesized from the translocated mRNAs, but bona fide mobile proteins. We propose that large-scale inter-plant protein translocation may play an important role in the interactions between host plants and dodder and even among the dodder bridge-connected hosts. Hundreds to more than 1000 proteins were found to be transferred between Cuscuta parasites and their hosts. Furthermore, large-scale protein exchange occurred between different hosts through Cuscuta connections. The translocated proteins may retain their activity and play important roles in the interactions between Cuscuta and hosts and among Cuscuta -connected hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To identify and evaluate the quality of cuscutae semen and its close relatives products and counterfeit to provide guarantee for the production of drugs and safety of clinical medication. Methods From March to May 2018, the appearance trait and physicochemical properties of the cuscutae semen was identified from the appearance, water test, microscopic and thin layer chromatography. The quality of cuscutae semen was analyzed by content of moisture, total ash and acid insoluble ash and effective component. Results The cuscutae semen and its close relatives products and counterfeit could be distinguished easily with the appearance, water test, microscopic and thin layer chromatography. The content of moisture, total ash acid insoluble ash, hyper oside of cuscutae semen were 5. 83% - 7. 62%,4. 75% - 5. 59%,1. 91% - 2. 73% and 0. 13%- 0. 21 %. Conclusion Cuscuta and the true and false can be effectively distinguished by physical, chemical and microscopic identification. Through quality evaluation, the adulteration of dodder can be determined effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuscuta, commonly known as dodder, is a genus of family convolvolaceace. Approximately 170 species of Cuscuta are extensively distributed in temperate and subtropical areas of the world. Species of this genus are widely used as essential constituents in functional foods and traditional medicinal systems. Various parts of many members of Cuscuta have been found efficacious against a variety of diseases. Phytochemical investigations have confirmed presence of biologically active moieties such as flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, saponines, phenolics, tannins, and fatty acids. Pharmacological studies and traditional uses of these plants have proved that they are effective antibacterial, antioxidant, antiostioporotic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antipyretic, antihypertensive, analgesic, anti hair fall, and antisteriogenic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic plants steal sugars, water, and other nutrients from host plants through a haustorial connection. Several species of parasitic plants such as witchweeds (Striga spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are major biotic constraints to agricultural production. Parasitic plants are understudied compared with other major classes of plant pathogens, but the recent availability of genomic and transcriptomic data has accelerated the rate of discovery of the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant parasitism. Here, we review the current body of knowledge of how parasitic plants sense host plants, germinate, form parasitic haustorial connections, and suppress host plant immune responses. Additionally, we assess whether parasitic plants fit within the current paradigms used to understand the molecular mechanisms of microbial plant–pathogen interactions. Finally, we discuss challenges facing parasitic plant research and propose the most urgent questions that need to be answered to advance our understanding of plant parasitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Under testa epidermal cells, two layers of elongated cells are present in C. europaea in contrast to C. monogyna. • Starch accumulates directly beneath C. europaea testa, but only in embryo in C. monogyna. • Testa and hilum architecture, as well as the allocation of storage compounds in seeds, is consent with the germination rate. Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) parasite a broad spectrum of crops and cause harvest devastation. Some efficient approaches aimed at restricting dodder distribution can be based on the control of seed germination. The corresponding processes are being studied, however, to a less extent compared to the development of vegetative or generative Cuscuta organs. This work focuses on the seed architecture and chemical composition of dodder species widely distributed in Europe – the European C. europaea L. and the Eastern dodder C. monogyna Vahl. We show that both species have special endosperm architecture and different seed coat thickness. Furthermore, histochemical staining revealed peculiar storage compounds composition and localisation in seeds. Starch deposits occurred directly beneath C. europaea testa, while only in the embryo in C. monogyna. Oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids detected by GC–MS were the most abundant fatty acids (FAs) in seeds of both dodders. Allocation of oil bodies and species-specific testa structure in the hilar region coincide with the dodders' germination rates. The observed features likely affect seed germination, dormancy and host dependence of the individual species. Deeper knowledge on the corresponding processes and on the seed structure might provide a basis for efficient and environment-friendly control of dodders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. (C. epithymum ; Convolvulaceae) is a parasitic plant that has long been used locally and traditionally in Asia, Europe and other regions. Aim of the review The study intends to reflect the significance of the C. epithymum in traditional medicine. This review aims to grant insight into the species' botany, pharmacological activities and phytochemistry with distinctive emphasis on its ethnomedicinal and traditional applications in all over the world. The review endeavors to rule out any inconsistency between the species' traditional application and its pharmacological activity, and presenting any coherence existing. Materials and methods The books on ethnomedicine and the main medieval Persian medicine textbooks including Makhzan Al- Advieh, The canon of medicine, Zakhireh kharazmshahi and etc were explored for C. epithymum. Additionally, information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, morphology, taxonomy, modern medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities were collected in electronic databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed using the keywords " Cuscuta epithymum," "traditional medicine," "ethnomedicine," "phytochemistry," "pharmacology" and "activity." Then, the available articles from 1975 to 2017 were employed for this study. Results C. epithymum is a rootless plant, widely distributed and available in every continent except Antarctica. It was used traditionally in formularies or by rural people and as geriatric drug, detergent, purgative, disorders in the melancholic humor, joint, kidney, urinary tract, gastrointestinal system, nervous system, etc. In modern medicine, the extract of C. epithymum showed anti-microbial, cytotoxic, anticonvulsant, anti-urease, immune stimulatory, hepatoprotective effect, and antioxidant activity. The main phytochemical constituents are alkaloids; saponins; tannins; triterpenoids; steroids; carbohydrates; aromatic compounds; flavonoids and the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Conclusion The modern pharmacological studies have validated the traditional and ethnobotanical uses of C. epithymum. However, many aspects of this herb have not been studied yet. In addition, information about the phytochemistry and toxicological profile is insufficient. Owing to the extensive traditional uses of C. epithymum. Hence further studies on pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and toxicity and adverse effects seem to be necessary to appraise the medicinal values of C. epithymum. Graphical abstract fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field surveys of the parasitic plant Cuscuta lupuliformis (Convolvulaceae) conducted in Poland in 2018 revealed extensive infestations by larvae of the monophagous fly Melanagromyza cuscutae (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Thirty to 60% of dodder populations were infested in sample areas from alluvial forests, scrubs, flood embankments, and wasteland habitats. This is the first report of M. cuscutae from Poland and north of the Carpathians, significantly expanding its range northwards. This fly has potential as a biological control agent of dodders, because of larval feeding resulting in damage, necrosis, and reduced seed production of this parasitic plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuscuta arvensis Beyr. is a parasitic plant, and commonly known as “dodder” in Europe, in the United States, and “tu si zi shu” in China. It is one of the preferred spices used in sweet and savory dishes. Also, it is used as a folk medicine for the treatment particularly of liver problems, knee pains, and physiological hepatitis, which occur notably in newborns and their mothers in the southeastern part of Turkey. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects and antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. arvensis Beyr. on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. The results were supported by subsequent histopathological studies. The hepatoprotective activity of both the aqueous and methanolic extracts at an oral dose of 125 and 250 mg/kg was investigated by observing the reduction levels or the activity of alkaline phosphatase, alkaline transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urine nitrogen, and total bilirubin content. In vivo antioxidant activity was determined by analyzing the serum superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione, and catalase levels. Chromatographic methods were used to isolate biologically active compounds from the extract, and spectroscopic methods were used for structure elucidation. Both the methanolic and aqueous extracts exerted noticable hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects supporting the folkloric usage of dodder. One of the bioactive compounds was kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, isolated and identified from the methanolic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to disclose the potential bioactive components of Cuscuta palaestina, a native parasitic natural plant of flora palaestina and to open direction towards new prospective application. GC-MS analysis identified 18 components in the methanolic extract of C. palaestina for the first time. The most appealing among them are Sesamin and two other phytosterols (Campesterol and Stigmasterol), all of which are documented in the scientific literature for their anticancer activity. Quantitation of Sesamin extracted from C. palaestina by HPLC-PDA with the use of three organic solvents showed that the Sesamin content in the methanolic extract was the highest. Following the disclosure of Sesamin presence in C. palaestina, we raised the question of whether it is produced naturally in C. palaestina or acquired from the host plant. The quantitation of Sesamin in C. palaestina was performed while being with five different host plants, and was compared with the amount of Sesamin in C. palaestina grown alone. The findings reveal that Sesamin is an endogenous secondary metabolite in C. palaestina. Thus, further studies are required to prove if C. palaestina can be used as an alternative source of anticancer phytochemicals, mainly Sesamin, and if proteins in the Sesamin production pathway could be valid biological targets for the development of novel and selective pesticides for control/ eradication of C. palaestina and maybe some other Cuscuta species. As well, the findings from this study raise a big question of whether inferring Sesamin production in C. palaestina could reduce its attack ability to host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, Urapan trees (Ash) have been a popular plant in parks and avenues in the principal cities of the Andes in Colombia, but now more than 53,000 trees are infected and many of them died. In 2004, the presence of phytoplasmas in the phloem of some trees with dieback symptoms was reported. In this study, the phytoplasma's presence has been detected in all the tested Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) (common name, Urapan), using microscopy techniques like optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and DAPI fluorescent microscopy, which indicated a further spread of the disease. The presence of phytoplasmas in the phloem of the leaves of Urapan trees was evident and related with the symptoms of the disease "Ash Yellows". Here the relation phytoplasmas-disease symptoms have been confirmed by reproducing the symptoms through phytoplasmas transfection in Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) by using the ectoparasite Cuscuta campestris. The molecular analysis using PCR with universal primers of the region 16S-23S rDNA (P1/Timt, R16mF2/R16mR1, fB1/P7, fPD/Tint, F1/P7, Phytuf22/ Phytuf24) confirmed the parasite's presence and its identification as Ash Yellows phytoplasma or Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini which belongs to the phytoplasma group 16SrVII and subgroup 16SrVII-A. These results permit to suggest a possible treatment with antibiotics that would avoid the species extinction throughout the Andes cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history of biological research and therapeutic applications of selected domestic species of parasitic and semi-parasitic plants. It also discusses on the impact of various life sciences and medical research on the direction of research on parasitic plants and describes of medicinal plant research on the background of botany history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese dodder ( Cuscuta japonica) is a flowering, parasitic weed that causes major yield losses on crop and forest production. In the present field study, the influence of Cuscuta on the growth and secondary metabolite of its host medicinal shrub Madagascar periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus) was investigated. Vegetative and reproductive growth of the host plant Catharanthus was measured at intervals from 0 to 60 days after inoculation (DAI), and content of three alkaloids, naturally produced by the host, in the host and parasite were measured by HPLC at intervals from 15 to 45 DAI. Dodder infection significantly inhibited biomass accumulation and reproductive growth of Catharanthus, and aerial parts of the host died by 60 DAI. Levels of alkaloids vinblastine, vindoline and catharanthine in the inoculated Catharanthus were lower than in uninoculated control plants, both in immature leaf and in mature leaf, except the alkaloids contents were elevated in host immature leaf compared with uninoculated control plants immature leaf at 15 days. The host plant thus actively responded to dodder infection by accumulating alkaloids acts as a defense molecule at 15 DAI. The alkaloids produced by host plants accumulated in dodder at 15-45 DAI, and the alkaloid content in dodder reached a maximum at 45 DAI. The alkaloids transported from host to parasite act as a sink, the high content of alkaloids in dodder be cytotoxic and accelerated the onset of senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuscuta spp. (i.e., dodders) are stem parasites that naturally graft to their host plants to extract water and nutrients; multiple adjacent hosts are often parasitized by one or more Cuscuta plants simultaneously, forming connected plant clusters. Metabolites, proteins, and mRNAs are known to be transferred from hosts to Cuscuta, and Cuscuta bridges even facilitate host-to-host virus movement. Whether Cuscuta bridges transmit ecologically meaningful signals remains unknown. Here we show that, when host plants are connected by Cuscuta bridges, systemic herbivory signals are transmitted from attacked plants to unattacked plants, as revealed by the large transcriptomic changes in the attacked local leaves, undamaged systemic leaves of the attacked plants, and leaves of unattacked but connected hosts. The interplant signaling is largely dependent on the jasmonic acid pathway of the damaged local plants, and can be found among conspecific or heterospecific hosts of different families. Importantly, herbivore attack of one host plant elevates defensive metabolites in the other systemic Cuscuta bridge-connected hosts, resulting in enhanced resistance against insects even in several consecutively Cuscuta-connected host plants over long distances (> 100 cm). By facilitating plant-to-plant signaling, Cuscuta provides an information-based means of countering the resource-based fitness costs to their hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Cuscuta belonging to the Cuscutaceae family comprises of about 100–170 species spread around the world. Although several species have been studied for their phytochemical characterization and biological activities but still many species are yet unexplored till date. Cuscuta are parasitic plants generally of yellow, orange, red or rarely green color. The Cuscuta species were reported rich in flavonoid and glycosidic constituents along with alkaloids, fatty acids, fixed oil, minerals, essential oil and others phytomolecules also etc. Flavonoids and other molecules of Cuscuta species were reported for different types of biological activities such as antiproliferative activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and anxiolytic activity, while some other flavonoids have exhibited potential antiviral and anticancer especially in ovarian and breast cancer activities. This review is an attempt to compile all the available data for the 24 different of Cuscuta species on the basis of different types of phytochemical constituents and biological studies as above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the species belonging to Cuscuta L. genus showing the distribution of agricultural and non-agricultural lands in Turkey was examined palynological perspective. This study was carried out between the years 2013-2015. The pollen morphology of 15 taxa of Cuscuta, including C. campestris Yunck., C. hyalina Roth., C. lupuliformis Krock., C. monogyna Vahl subsp. monogyna, C. monogyna Vahl subsp. esqumata (Englm.) Plitm., C. kotschyana Boiss. subsp. caudata Bornm & Schwarz, C. babylonica Aucher ex Choisy var. babylonica, C. babylonica Aucher ex Choisy var. elegans (Boiss. & Bal.) Englm., C. europaea L., C. kurdica Engelm., C. epithymum L., C. brevistyla A.Braun ex A.Rich., C. planiflora Ten., C. approximata Bab. var. approximata, and C. approximata Bab. var. macranthera (Boiss.) Feinbr. & Greuter was investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). C. campestris and C. brevistyla species were found 3 (-4) zonocolpate, C. planiflora 3 (-6) zonocolpate. Pollen structure of taxa belonging to Cuscuta L. genus were determined prolate, subprolate, perprolate and prolate-spheroidal. The apertures of the pollens of these taxa were found scabrate, scabrate-perforate, oscabrate-perforate, reticulate and ekinate-reticulate. It was concluded that the pollen characteristics are convenient and a reliable method in identifying species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parasitic vines of the genus Cuscuta form haustoria that grow into other plants and connect with their vascular system, thus allowing the parasite to feed on its host. A major obstacle that meets the infection organ as it penetrates the host tissue is the rigid plant cell wall. In the present study, we examined the activity of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) during the host-invasive growth of the haustorium. The level of xyloglucan endotransglucosylation (XET) activity was found to peak at the penetrating stage of Cuscuta reflexa on its host Pelargonium zonale. In vivo colocalization of XET activity and donor substrate demonstrated XET activity at the border between host and parasite. A test for secretion of XET-active enzymes from haustoria of C. reflexa corroborated this and further indicated that the xyloglucan-modifying enzymes originated from the parasite. A known inhibitor of XET, Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250, was shown to reduce the level of XET in penetrating haustoria of C. reflexa. Moreover, the coating of P. zonale petioles with the inhibitor compound lowered the number of successful haustorial invasions of this otherwise compatible host plant. The presented data indicate that the activity of Cuscuta XTHs at the host-parasite interface is essential to penetration of host plant tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history of biological research and therapeutic applications of selected domestic species of parasitic and semi-parasitic plants. It also discusses on the impact of various life sciences and medical research on the direction of research on parasitic plants and describes of medicinal plant research on the background of botany history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants face many antagonistic interactions that occur sequentially. Often, plants employ defense strategies in response to the initial damage that are highly specific and can affect interactions with subsequent antagonists. In addition to herbivores and pathogens, plants face attacks by parasitic plants, but we know little about how prior herbivory compared to prior parasite attachment affects subsequent host interactions. If host plants can respond adaptively to these different damage types, we predict that prior parasitism would have a greater deterrent effect on subsequent parasites than would prior herbivory. To test the effects of prior parasitism and prior herbivory on subsequent parasitic dodder (Cuscuta spp.) preference, we conducted two separate greenhouse studies with tomato hosts (Solanum lycopersicum). In the first experiment, we tested the effects of previous dodder attachment on subsequent dodder preference on tomato hosts using three treatments: control plants that had no previous dodder attachment; dodder-removed plants that had an initial dodder seedling attached, removed and left in the same pot to simulate parasite death; and dodder-continuous plants with an initial dodder seedling that remained attached. In the second experiment, we tested the effects of previous caterpillar damage (Spodoptera exigua) and mechanical damage on future dodder attachment on tomato hosts. Dodder attached most slowly to tomato hosts that had dodder plants previously attached and then removed, compared to control plants or plants with continuous dodder attachment. In contrast, herbivory did not affect subsequent dodder attachment rate. These results indicate that dodder preference depended on the identity and the outcome of the initial attack, suggesting that early-season interactions have the potential for profound impacts on subsequent community dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic plants in the genus Cuscuta (dodders) make their living by extracting resources from other plants. While relatively few dodder species are agricultural pests, those that are can be challenging to control, in part due to their intimate physical and physiological association with host plants. Consequently, dodders remain pervasive and economically damaging pests in a variety of crop systems. The development of improved management strategies would be facilitated by greater understanding of the ecological and environmental factors that influence the establishment and perpetuation of dodder infestations., Light cues play an important role in dodder host location and attachment. To better understand the influence of light conditions on parasite ecology, and potential implications for management, we examined how manipulating the ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (R: FR), via both passive filtering of natural sunlight and active spectral manipulation using LEDs, affects host location and host attachment by two dodder species ( C. campestris on tomato hosts and C. gronovii on jewelweed)., For both host-parasite combinations, host location and subsequent attachment by dodder parasites was dramatically reduced in high-R: FR environments compared to control conditions (with R: FR characteristic of sunlight) and low-R: FR conditions. Circumnutation by dodder seedlings was also significantly faster under high R: FR., We observed short-term effects of high R: FR on the height and dry mass of tomato host plants (immediately following 7-day exposure), as well as changes in tomato volatile emissions. However, preliminary investigation of long-term effects on host plants suggests that short-term exposure to high R: FR (i.e. during the critical period when dodder seedlings emerge and attach to hosts) has little or no effect on host plant size or fruit yield at the time of harvest., Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that spectral manipulation during the early stages of crop plant growth (e.g. via light-filtering row covers) may have significant potential to augment existing methods for managing or preventing dodder infestations in agricultural crops. We discuss potential obstacles to the realization of its potential, as well as next steps towards the development and optimization of spectral manipulation methods for use in agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic plants thrive by infecting other plants. Flowering plants evolved parasitism independently at least 12 times, in all cases developing a unique multicellular organ called the haustorium that forms upon detection of haustorium-inducing factors derived from the host plant. This organ penetrates into the host stem or root and connects to its vasculature, allowing exchange of materials such as water, nutrients, proteins, nucleotides, pathogens, and retrotransposons between the host and the parasite. In this review, we focus on the formation and function of the haustorium in parasitic plants, with a specific emphasis on recent advances in molecular studies of root parasites in the Orobanchaceae and stem parasites in the Convolvulaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in cell walls have been previously observed in the mature infection organ, or haustorium, of the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta, but are not equally well charted in young haustoria. In this study, we focused on the molecular processes in the early stages of developing haustoria; that is, before the parasite engages in a physiological contact with its host. We describe first the identification of differentially expressed genes in young haustoria whose development was induced by far-red light and tactile stimuli in the absence of a host plant by suppression subtractive hybridization. To improve sequence information and to aid in the identification of the obtained candidates, reference transcriptomes derived from two species of Cuscuta, C. gronovii and C. reflexa, were generated. Subsequent quantitative gene expression analysis with different tissues of C. reflexa revealed that among the genes that were up-regulated in young haustoria, two xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes were highly expressed almost exclusively at the onset of haustorium development. The same expression pattern was also found for the closest XTH homologues from C. gronovii. In situ assays for XTH-specific action suggested that xyloglucan endotransglucosylation was most pronounced in the cell walls of the swelling area of the haustorium facing the host plant, but was also detectable in later stages of haustoriogenesis. We propose that xyloglucan remodelling by Cuscuta XTHs prepares the parasite for host infection and possibly aids the invasive growth of the haustorium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host plant penetration is the gateway to survival for holoparasitic Cuscuta and requires host cell wall degradation. Compositional differences of cell walls may explain why some hosts are amenable to such degradation while others can resist infection., Antibody-based techniques for comprehensive profiling of cell wall epitopes and cell wall-modifying enzymes were applied to several susceptible hosts and a resistant host of Cuscuta reflexa and to the parasite itself., Infected tissue of Pelargonium zonale contained high concentrations of de-esterified homogalacturonans in the cell walls, particularly adjacent to the parasite's haustoria. High pectinolytic activity in haustorial extracts and high expression levels of pectate lyase genes suggest that the parasite contributes directly to wall remodeling. Mannan and xylan concentrations were low in P. zonale and in five susceptible tomato introgression lines, but high in the resistant Solanum lycopersicum cv M82, and in C. reflexa itself., Knowledge of the composition of resistant host cell walls and the parasite's own cell walls is useful in developing strategies to prevent infection by parasitic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper is presented a method for the mechanical separation of seeds using cleaning and sorting machines with drums in order to obtain a seed material destined for sowing that corresponds to the legal quality demands. Experimental researches were conducted in which the influence of the main parameters on the behavior of seeds in the process of separation on the surface of magnetic drums was followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the history of biological research and therapeutic applications of selected domestic species of parasitic and semi-parasitic plants. The discussion on the impact of various life sciences and medical research on the direction of research on parasitic plants. The history of medicinal plant research on the background of botany history from antiquity to the enlighenement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary conditions may favor development of parasitism in practice. Orobanche spp. (broomrape) is holoparasitic flowering plant at the root of a large number of crops that greatly reduce the yield in dry, warm, temperate and semi-arid regions. The problem of pathogenic organisms is focused primarily on fungi, nematodes, bacteria and viruses. These organisms certainly cause economically significant damages on plants, and the fact that parasitic flowering plants are economically significant pathogens can be surprising. Roots of parasitic plants develop primarily on annual plants on which parasitic seedlings form haustoria and thus gain a functional root system. In order to create connection between the host and the parasite, some kind of stimulus is needed. The substance for stimulation of connecting the host and the parasite is highly unstable, so the distance between the parasite seed and the root of the host plays a vital role in creating a contact. Cuscuta campestris Yuncker - field dodder has always been known as a plant without root and chlorophyll, i.e. parasitic plant that is completely dependent upon the host. It is generally accepted that water and inorganic nutrients are absorbed through the xylem between the host and the parasite, and organic compounds are transported through the phloem of the host, so that the parasite adapts it by phloem connections. This view has been accepted by almost all reference works and textbooks. The research has proved the existence of chlorophyll A and B in very small quantities in Cuscuta campestris in relation 2.5:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the genus Cuscuta are annual angiospermic rootless and leafless (achlorophyllous) parasitic plants. Bacillus is an example of PGPR bacteria exhibiting plant growth promoting activity. In this study the effects of bacterial suspension on germination of dodder's seed has been determinated. Seeds of three Cuscuta species were collected from field for evaluating effects of three different Bacillus on its germination. Results show that seed germination of the C. monogyna and C. campestris is inhibited by all three bacterial species. Based on Tukey analysis, the highest inhibitory activity on seed germination of C. monogyna was shown with B. pumilus (68.88%); as well as C. campestris with B. megaterium (95.76%) and B. pumilus (91.53%), whilst seed germination of C. europaea was almost identically inhibited by all three bacterial species. This paper reports the variable effects of Bacillus species on the seed germination of selected Cuscuta species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of the study: The parasitic genus Cuscuta, containing some 200 species circumscribed traditionally in three subgenera, is nearly cosmopolitan, occurring in a wide range of habitats and hosts. Previous molecular studies, on subgenera Grammica and Cuscuta, delimited major clades within these groups. However, the sequences used were unalignable among subgenera, preventing the phylogenetic comparison across the genus. Methods: We conducted a broad phylogenetic study using rbcL and nrLSU sequences covering the morphological, physiological, and geographical diversity of Cuscuta. We used parsimony methods to reconstruct ancestral states for taxonomically important characters. Biogeographical inferences were obtained using statistical and Bayesian approaches. Key results: Four well-supported major clades are resolved. Two of them correspond to subgenera Monogynella and Grammica. Subgenus Cuscuta is paraphyletic, with section Pachystigma sister to subgenus Grammica. Previously described cases of strongly supported discordance between plastid and nuclear phytogenies, interpreted as reticulation events, are confirmed here and three new cases are detected. Dehiscent fruits and globose stigmas are inferred as ancestral character states, whereas the ancestral style number is ambiguous. Biogeographical reconstructions suggest an Old World origin for the genus and subsequent spread to the Americas as a consequence of one long-distance dispersal. Conclusions: Hybridization may play an important yet underestimated role in the evolution of Cuscuta. Our results disagree with scenarios of evolution (polarity) previously proposed for several taxonomically important morphological characters, and with their usage and significance. While several cases of long-distance dispersal are inferred, vicariance or dispersal to adjacent areas emerges as the dominant biogeographical pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holostemparasitic plant Cuscuta parasitizes various plants and sucks nutrients from the host stem. We used Cuscuta japonica as the parasite and Momordica charantia as the host plant, and described their interaction. The parasitized Momordica stems started swelling as a hypertrophic response within 3 days after parasitization. Concurrently, the Cuscuta stem grew rapidly and developed bigger scale leaves than usual. Parasitized Momordica stems reduced photosynthetic activity. Histological observation revealed no programmed cell death but an increased number of vascular bundles in the Momordica stem, especially near the Cuscuta hyphae. The defensive response of Momordica mainly involved the SA pathway. Drastic increase of tZ- and DZ-type cytokinins in Momordica stems would play an important role for hypertrophy. Cuscuta had higher cZ endogenously and our results imply that each subtype of CK might play different roles during parasitization process. Comprehensive plant hormone analysis provides new insights into plant interaction studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]