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Preventing the initiation of cigarette smoking is a core concern for adolescents’ health in schools. Sufficient evidence has shown that one’s smoking behavior is susceptible to one’s misperception about the smoking status of proximate peers. However, the cognitive associates of the misperception remain largely uncharted. This study examines how cognitive distortion, which represents a cognitive error in information processing, associates with misperception of friends’ cigarette smoking status. The study surveyed 334 dyads of college students to assess their cognitive distortion and misperception with instruments such as the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses revealed that cognitive distortion significantly associated with underestimation of the friend’s smoking status, especially among non-smokers. It implies reducing cognitive distortion may be useful for preventing cigarette smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposing learners to sustainability-related topics can present affective–motivational challenges for learners, which may prompt cognitive bias. Cognitive bias directly influences how individuals perceive and process sustainability-related information, thereby also influencing sustainability-related behaviour and decision-making. Therefore, cognitive bias may also present a significant obstacle to the purposes of Environmental and Sustainability Education. Notwithstanding its potential relevance, there is no comprehensive understanding of how cognitive bias is currently addressed in Environmental and Sustainability Education. This review scopes scientific literature that addresses cognitive bias in Environmental and Sustainability education, based on SCOPUS, Web of Science and ERIC. We identified 21 articles that matched our search criteria. We identified four superordinate categories of cognitive bias that were addressed in the literature, including bounded rationality, confirmation bias, self-enhancement and ambiguity aversion. Moreover, we distinguished three perspectives from which cognitive bias is discussed in the literature: (i) education to mitigate bias associated with sustainability-related matters, (ii) bias as a barrier to Environmental and Sustainability Education and (iii) bias at the research-paradigm level. The list of identified biases provides evidence that cognitive bias may play an important role in Environmental and Sustainability Education scholarship and practices, which suggests that more research on this topic is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Organ transplantation is a critical, life-saving technique for individuals suffering from end-stage organ failure. Human organs are obtained from brain dead donors following the pronouncement of cardiac death, or from living donors. Among the numerous kinds of organ transplants, living donor liver transplantation stands out. Objective: To evaluate living donors' cognitive distortion regarding perioperative anesthetic concerns and anesthesiologists. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study included 120 living donors and was carried out at the National Liver Institute Hospital, during the period of the study. Results: There was significant relation among knowledge of donor regarding types of anesthesia with sex, operative history, job, education, marital status, the relation of the donor to recipient, the reason for donation, donor concern regarding problem in anesthesia, knowledge of donor about years or faculty of anesthetist, donor concern regarding preference of male-female anesthetist, fear of long hospital stay, fear of anesthesia and surgery, intraoperative awareness, disclosing personal matter, attendance of the anesthetist of the whole operation, fear of needles, fear of nausea and vomiting, knowledge of donor about the importance of preoperative visit, and donor concern if the liver will grow again (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although most donors made the decision to donate by themselves, and they looked strong and committed in their decision, a large proportion of donors were concerned about potential problems of organ donation and the implications on their life afterward. A specific and rigorous psychosocial evaluation methodology is required to assist and safeguard their decision before and after donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on cognitive distortions in adolescents living in difficult family situations. Methods: The current study utilized a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, involving random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups. Forty-five abused teenage girls from abusive homes in Mahabad city were selected. They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 people each) and a control group (15 people). All subjects completed the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire developed by Beck and Weissman (1987). The experimental groups received therapy sessions based on ACT by Efort and Forsis (2009) and CFT by Gilbert (2009), while the control group did not receive any intervention. The collected data were analyzed using mixed-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS version 27. Results: The results indicated no significant difference between the effectiveness of ACT and CFT. Both therapies were found to have a positive and significant impact on reducing cognitive distortions in the participants. Conclusions: The findings suggest that both ACT and CFT are effective therapeutic approaches in reducing cognitive distortions in adolescents from difficult family backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at investigating the intentional behavior of divorce decision according to the determents of the theory of planned behavior, and its relation to the emotional stability and some of cognitive distortion types (emotional deprivation thought – undeveloped self-thought – alienation) on divorce decision. The sample includes 195 marriage’s participants, clients of family counseling department, Ministry of Justice, from all Kuwait governorates. Three scales were applied, questionnaires of Kuwait university for divorce decision, emotional stability checklist, and three subscales of cognitive distortions battery. The result showed that the ability of the theory of planned behavior to predict and explain the intention of divorce decision. The results showed a positive correlation between the intentional behavior of divorce decision and the emotional stability, and a negative correlation between the intentional behavior of divorce decision and types of cognitive distortion. On the other hand, the result showed that there was a positive correlation between all determinants of the theory of planned behavior and emotional stability. Also, there was a negative correlation between the subjective norm determinant and cognitive distortion types (emotional deprivation, undeveloped self, alienation). The results also showed that women had intentional behavior of divorce more than men. There were not statistical differences of intention behavior according to, educational levels, age, marriage duration, children. Those with emotional stability had an ability to predict the intentional behavior of divorce decision, also they had the ability to predict attitude determinate, as one of the intentional behavior determents. last of all, the results showed that the emotional deprivation thought, as one of the cognitive distortions, had an ability to predict of subjective norm, as a determent of intentional behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent and persistent psychological disorder that is characterized by an intense fear of negative judgment from others, leading to avoidance of social interactions. This study compared the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in reducing SAD symptoms, including cognitive distortions, rumination, and anxiety sensitivity, in adolescents diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Methods: The study was semi-experimental, with a pre-test and post-test design featuring a control group. The research sample comprised 45 adolescents diagnosed with SAD, who were recruited from psychological service offices in Bukan City, Iran, between April 4th, 2022, and September 6th, 2022. Fifteen adolescents were assigned to the first experimental group, 15 to the second experimental group, and 15 to the control group. The subjects were selected using the purposive sampling method and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. CBT (12 sessions) and ACT (8 sessions) were implemented in two sessions per week for the experimental groups. Each session lasted for an hour. The control group did not receive any intervention. The participants completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) (2000), the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) (2003), and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) (1978). The data of the research were analyzed using the analysis of variance test using SPSS software, version 23 and a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that CBT and ACT have a significant effect on cognitive distortions and rumination in adolescents (P<0.001). Also, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of CBT and ACT on cognitive distortions and rumination in adolescents (P>0.05). The mean±standard deviation (SD) difference before (54.76±13.88) and after (49.51±13.42) the rumination in the CBT group was significant (P<0.001). The mean±SD difference before (98.32±7.44) and after (83.90±7.77) the cognitive distortions in the CBT group was significant (P<0.001). The mean±SD difference before (52.33±14.78) and after (47.73±14.23) the rumination in the ACT group was significant (P<0.001). Also, the mean±SD difference before (98.70±7.02) and after (85.13±6.83) the cognitive distortion in the ACT group was significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that CBT and ACT can be considered in cognitive distortions and rumination in adolescents with SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the psychological experience of inpatients with depression before suicide attempt two weeks ago, explore their cognitive characteristics, and provide evidence for the assessment and intervention of patients with depression with high suicide risk. Methods: Individual in-depth interviews were conducted among 22 patients with depression who attempted suicide during the past 2 weeks. The subjects were admitted to a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Beijing from March 2021 to December 2021. Colaizzi 7-step analysis was used as a context analysis. Results: The negative feeling of patients with depression before suicide attempt was enhanced, and the sense of social connectedness was reduced. The cognitive distortions of self, death and disease were common among these patients, and particularly their white-or-black thinking was prominent. Conclusion: In clinical practice. special attention should be paid to patients with depression who exhibit strong negative feelings, extreme cognitive distortion and low sense of social connectedness, and targeted psychological intervention measures should be con- ducted among the patients to reduce their suicide risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the concept of cognitive distortion has increased from year to year, especially in the areas of mental health and emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety disorder, stress disorder, and others. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the topic of interest and establish a network of cooperation to expand research toward integrated efforts. Bibliometric analysis was performed using Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software packages on academic articles indexed on the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. Search criteria were applied, initially resulting in a total of 1,834 articles published between 1950 and 2021. The study pattern focuses on publication output, affiliated countries, co-authors, and the occurrence of author keywords. The findings of this study provide an overview of notable topics in cognitive distortion analytics through a quantitative analysis featuring tables, graphs, and maps. It also identifies the key performance indicators to produce articles and their citations. Studies show an increase in this field globally, especially since 2008 onwards. The data reveals that publications from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada accounted for more than 50% of total number of publications in this field. This study indicates a global research pattern related to cognitive distortion, which may be useful for researchers, individuals, or policymakers to harness the existing potential and create opportunities for future research development. Plain Language Summary: Worldwide Research on Cognitive Distortion This bibliometric study aims to indicates a global research pattern related to cognitive distortion that focuses on publication output, affiliated countries, co-authors and the occurrence of author keywords. Bibliometric analysis was performed using Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software packages on academic articles from 1950 to 2021 indexed on the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. 1834 articles were discovered, and research findings showed that rapid publishing growth has occurred especially since 2008 onwards and is expected to continue to increase. It was revealed that Psychology, Psychiatry, Medicine, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Social Criminology, Substance abuse and Neuroscience were categories or areas that frequently featured in articles regarding cognitive distortion. The data reveals that publications from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada accounted for more than 50% of total number of publications in this field. This study reveals a worldwide research trend on cognitive distortion, which may be useful for researchers, individuals, or policymakers to harness the existing potential and create opportunities for future research development. In addition to the contributions, this study does have some limitations. First, the only databases used to generate data were Scopus and WoS. Second, the researchers did not use keywords related to the dimensions or types of cognitive distortion. Third, the researchers did not use keywords that have the same meaning as cognitive distortion such as cognitive error or cognitive bias and fourth, only studies published in the form of journal articles were included in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is characterized by different forms of overgeneralization that are all assumed to play a causal role in the development and course of depression. Methods: We examined, in a community sample of over 625 individuals, whether these different forms of overgeneralization are correlated and whether they are prospective predictors of depression at 6-month follow-up. Results: Negative overgeneralization to the self and across situations—two types of overgeneralized thinking processes—were significantly but weakly related, but neither of them was related to overgeneral memory—a memory-based form of overgeneralization. Overgeneralization to the self and overgeneral memory both predicted depression symptoms at follow-up. Further, two and three-way interactions indicated that higher levels of overgeneralization processes interact to predict depressive symptoms. Overgeneralization to the self and overgeneral memory both independently predicted probable recurrence of a major depressive episode during the follow-up period in individuals that formerly experienced depression. Conclusions: Findings suggest that overgeneralization in depression is not a unitary construct and that different overgeneralization processes play independent and interacting roles in the course of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adolescents are among the vulnerable groups against suicide, many of them have dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, and inconsistent moral problems. Therefore, it is important to know the antecedents of this problem. The present study aimed to investigate the structural model of suicide prevention based on cognitive distortion and perceived social support with the mediation of moral identity in adolescents. Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptivecorrelation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Fleming et al.'s scale of perceived social support (1982), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002). Results: The results of the correlation test showed that there is a positive and direct correlation between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies, and there is a significant negative relationship between perceived social support and moral identity and suicidal tendencies. The value of the standardized factor load for all questions is more than 0.4, and considering that all the significance numbers (CR) between the items and the relevant latent variables are more than 1.96 and their significance level is less than the error level of 0.05. is, it can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at the significance level of 0.05. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient are also given for all research variables and as it can be seen, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Also, in the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, the comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI) and goodness of fit index (GFI) have all been calculated at a suitable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indicators, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. The value of the critical statistic (CR) between the perceived social support and the cognitive distortion with the tendency to commit suicide has exceeded the borderline limit of 1.96, and the significance level of the test in this regard is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be stated that the existence of the relationship between perceived social support and the tendency to commit suicide is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the coefficient of the standard path between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.237, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in the perceived social support, we will see a decrease in the tendency to commit suicide by -0.237 standard deviation. Therefore, there is a significant and inverse relationship between perceived social support and suicidal tendencies. On the other hand, the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134, and with an increase of one standard deviation in cognitive distortion, we will see an increase in the tendency to commit suicide by 0.134 standard deviations. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent variable (social support) and the dependent variable (suicidal tendency), Baron and Kenny's test showed that in the first stage and primary model, which only considered the relationship between social support and suicidal tendency, this relationship It is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.381. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of social support and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.381 to -0.237 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the role of the moral identity variable is partial mediation and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed with 95% probability and according to the collected data. Also, regarding the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency in the first stage and the initial model that only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is included in the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the mediating role of moral identity in the mentioned relationship was confirmed. Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between perceived social support and suicide tendency on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that the training of skills to strengthen social protection and recognize distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the authorities of schools and the country, and should be on the agenda. They should be placed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug addiction is a serious social ill that has no ending. Statistics by National AntiDrug Agency (NADA) revealed that there is a significant increase in the number of drug addicts which predominated by males from the age group of 20 to 40 years. Undeniably, this problem is also common among underage teens. Although voluminious researches have explained about the potential factors for drug addiction, however, comparison of psychological factors according to the severity of drug addiction is remain underexplored. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain the drug addiction severity level as well as the differences in psychological factors according to severity levels among drug addicts in Malaysia. A quantitative research using a cross-sectional survey research design involving 300 drug addicts from 10 NADA Districts from Peninsular Malaysia was conducted. PsychoADDICT questionnaire which comprised of four Malay validated instruments were used to measure personality traits, cognitive distortion, self-control and severity of drug addiction. One-way ANOVA analysis was employed to ascertain the differences in psychological factors according to drug addiction severity levels (low, moderate and high). Findings showed that personality traits (Impulsive Sensation Seeking, Aggressiveness-Hostility, and Neuroticism-Anxiety), Cognitive Distortion and Self-control were significantly differ according to the levels of drug addiction severity. Post-hoc Tukey analysis was carried out to identify the significant pairs. Only Activity and Sociability personality traits were not significant according to the drug addiction severity levels. It is anticipated the findings of this study are very beneficial to development of intervention modules to treat and rehabilitate the drug addicts as well as at-risk teens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature highlights a complex array of risk factors associated with violent recidivism of sexual offenders. This study aimed to examine the risk of future violence among eight sex offenders within a detention facility in southern Italy. This was achieved through an exploration of various cognitive, emotional, and social factors, with the aim of identifying strategies for risk prevention and offering tailored recommendations for the management of violent recidivism risk. Evaluations involved evaluative-psychological interviews, review of psychological reports from their prison observation period, court documents, and comprehensive analysis of each subject’s psychosocial functioning and history of violent behaviour. Factors such as delinquent culture, family poverty, lack of parental figures, and conflicted family relationships were identified as influential in the life histories of these individuals. Additionally, early involvement in criminal activities, unstable emotional bonds, and deficiencies in education and relationships were seen as contributing factors to sexually deviant behaviour, including coercion and physical violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adolescents are among the vulnerable groups against suicide, many of them have dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, and inconsistent moral problems. Therefore, it is important to know the antecedents of this problem. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural model of suicide based on resilience and cognitive distortion with the mediation of moral identity in adolescents. Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptivecorrelation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002). Results: The findings showed that the standardized factor loading for all questions is more than 0.4. It can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at a significance level of 0.05. The value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Further, in order to confirm the factor analysis model and document the obtained results, it is necessary that the fit indices of the model are acceptable. The following table shows the indicators used along with their values. In the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the value of the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI) and Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) have all been calculated at a reasonable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indices, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. Also, in the research model, the chi-square value of the degree of freedom is 1.485 and smaller than 3. Also, the value of the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.040 and less than 0.08. The comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI) and incremental fit index (IFI) are equal to 0.96, 0.86 and 0.96, respectively, and all of them are at a very favorable level, so the model shows a good fit and is approved. The findings showed that the existence of a relationship between resilience and suicide tendency is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.149.Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and inverse relationship between resilience and the tendency to commit suicide. On the other hand, the existence of a relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent (resilience) and dependent (suicidal) variables, Baron and Kenny's test was used. According to the conceptual model of the research, in addition to the direct relationship between resilience and suicidal tendency, its indirect relationship can also be obtained through the mediating variable of moral identity. Based on the findings in the first stage and the initial model, which considered only the relationship between resilience and suicidal tendencies, this relationship is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.340. In the next step, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of resilience and tendency to commit suicide. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.340 to -0.149 and is statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that the mediation of moral identity in the relationship between resilience and suicidal tendency is confirmed. Also, the investigation of the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicide was determined. In the first stage and the initial model, which only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicide tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next step, the mediator variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that the mediation of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency is confirmed. Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between resilience and tendency to commit suicide on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that teaching resilience skills and recognizing distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the school authorities and the country and should be on their agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention program for developing positive thinking skills and its impact on improving psychological immunity and reducing cognitive distortion among university students. The research sample consisted of (24) female students of the second grade of Educational Psychology Dept., Women's Faculty - Ain Shams University, their ages ranged from (19: 20) years, with an average age of (18.33), and a standard deviation of (0.701). The researchers used the quasiexperimental approach. The research tools were the positive thinking skills, psychological immunity, cognitive distortion scales & the training program (prepared by the researchers). The results have shown the presence of statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group members on the research variables: positive thinking skills, psychological immunity & cognitive distortion in favor of the postmeasurement, statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and the control group in the post-measurement on the research variables: positive thinking skills, psychological immunity & cognitive distortion in favor of the experimental group, but there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group in the post and follow-up measurements on the research variables: positive thinking skills, psychological immunity & cognitive distortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Far from being a monolithic approach to psychotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is in fact an umbrella term to describe a family of psychological therapies that share many common features but also have nuanced differences. Of the CBTs, two are often conflated under the 'CBT' moniker, namely cognitive therapy (CT) and rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT). In this article, we explore some of the key differences and similarities between CT and REBT, touching on philosophy, practical implementation, and literature. We provide a brief hypothetical case study to demonstrate the different ways a therapist using CT and REBT might tackle the same client problem. We do not declare either approach superior, but suggest each might have their advantages in certain contexts and acknowledge that skilful practitioners could, and often do, integrate both approaches. As CBT continues to evolve and move into new areas, it is important that psychology practitioners and researchers are clear about which specific approach to CBT they are delivering, measuring and/or reporting on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans tend to misrepresent spatial information which leads to systematic errors due to distorted organizational processes regarding metric and positional judgments. This study is aimed at analyzing metric and positional distortions in cognitive maps by using external representations, namely sketch maps, in two experiments with young participants. In the first experiment, we use the sketching area of Northern Europe. In the second experiment, the University campus area was used. The first aim was to test the hypothesis that the presence of the sea between the triplet of landmarks generates an overestimation of the distances between them in the case of Northern Europe; and to test the hypothesis that the number of turns in a route influences the overestimation of the distance between landmarks in the case of the campus area. The second aim was to investigate alignment and rotation errors using the same maps. Concerning metric errors, the results showed the overestimation of distances with a geographical gap between the cities (the sea in the Northern European Area), and those with more turns between landmarks (the campus area). The results concerning rotations and alignments were in line with the previous research about positional errors. The present study extended findings on distortions in spatial mental representation as emerging from verbal judgments, to sketch maps: direct visuospatial external representations eluding the conversion into verbal coding of spatial information. The presence of distortions in cognitive maps could be considered the consequence of the encoding of spatial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dichotomous thinking is a propensity for individuals to understand events as opposites, in a binary way. There are currently two inventories that accurately measure this construct, the Dichotomous Thinking Inventory, and the Dichotomous Thinking in Eating Disorders Scale. The present study aimed to carry out a review process to compile all the empirical studies that have made use of either of these instruments. To achieve this goal, we carried out a scoping review. We conducted a search using the keywords "Dichotomous Thinking Inventory," "Dichotomous Thinking in Eating Disorders Scale," and "Thinking Style" in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, and PsycInfo. No limits were imposed on the review. We found 19 articles that met the pre‐established criteria; the concentration of research occurred in the last 10 years. It was possible to clarify that the dichotomous way of understanding events occurs, in general, in the presence of maladaptive traits of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive engagement in online activities, also known as Internet addiction can have detrimental impacts on the mental, social, and physical well-being of individuals. This research work aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on internet addiction and alexithymia to provide insights that may inform the development of targeted interventions to support university students at risk of internet addiction. With emotional intelligence as the moderator and cognitive distortion as the mediator, the study investigated the effect of alexithymia on internet addiction. The approach of this cross-sectional design allowed researchers to investigate intricate interactions among several elements influencing internet addiction among university students in northern Indian areas. For data collection, the study created a thorough English 53-item questionnaire. Initially, 600 surveys were distributed, and 508 useable surveys were used. All the study hypotheses have received adequate support from empirical evidence, thus offering significant insights. This study supported a direct positive correlation between alexithymia and internet addiction. Also, the findings revealed a positive relationship between alexithymia and cognitive distortions which further leads to internet addiction. Moreover, moderation results show that emotional intelligence acts as a significant moderator in this relationship between alexithymia and internet addiction. The study has added a unique antecedent of cognitive distortion of internet addiction, which is currently under-researched in previous works. This research adds to the knowledge of alexithymia as not only a personality characteristic but also a variable that should be taken into account regarding constituent processes of the regulation of emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysfunctional basic cognitions have been suggested as potential vulnerability markers for alcohol dependence (AD). Although there is a growing body of research on the role of distal cognitive vulnerability factors such as early maladaptive schema in the development of AD, little is known about the role of proximal cognitive factors such as cognitive distortions, dysfunctional attitude, and negative automatic thoughts. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study aimed to examine dysfunctional cognitions in individuals with AD (n = 84) in comparison with healthy individuals (n = 60). The dysfunctional cognitions were assessed on the Young Schema Questionnaire third version of Short Form, Cognitive Distortion Scale, Dysfunctional Attitude Scale-Form A, and Automatic Thought Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to analyze the group differences in dysfunctional cognitions. Results: After controlling for the group difference in employment status, 12 of 18 schemas were more prevalent in individuals with AD than in healthy individuals. Individuals with AD also scored higher on seven of 10 cognitive distortions, as well as in terms of dysfunctional attitude and negative automatic thoughts. Conclusion: Dysfunctional cognition may play a significant role in developing AD. The findings may enhance our understanding of the nature and severity of dysfunctional cognitions in the development of AD. The information may further assist the clinicians in implementing adequate intervention strategies to manage dysfunctional cognitions in individuals with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on self-compassion, Alexithymia, and cognitive distortion of students with Love Trauma Syndrome. The statistical population of this research includes women students with love trauma syndrome in Azad University Qazvin who were studying in 1399-1400. The sample of the present study was selected through a call and voluntarily from female students who experienced love failure in their lives and People who got a score above 20. People selected the final sample and then these people were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. In this study, to collect data, self-compassion Neff (2003) questionnaire, cognitive distortion Elis (1998) questionnaire, and Alexithymia Toronto (1994) questionnaire were used. Also in this study, multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training had a significant effect on self-compassion, Alexithymia, and cognitive distortions of women students with Love Trauma Syndrome (p <0.001). The results of the study showed that counselors and psychologists can use mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to increase their compassion, reduce emotional distress, and cognitive distortion in students with Love Trauma Syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The consequences of loneliness include anxiety, depression, and chronic illnesses, but little is known about its association with cognitive distortions. Three experiments investigated the effect of loneliness, and current context, on the content of false perceptions. A total of 446 participants completed psychometric tests (University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and a Schizotypy Scale) and a word detection task. The word detection task explored the effects of "lonely" and "neutral" contexts (experiments 1 and 2), as well as "positive social" contexts (experiment 3), on false perceptions. In all experiments, participants reporting higher loneliness reported more false perceptions with a lonely content, but only when in a context reflecting a lonely theme. The results show current environmental context and individuals' psychological state combine to affect false perception content. That such findings are found with loneliness, when controlling for depression, anxiety, and schizotypy, show the degree to which this state can distort cognition and perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the validity and reliability of the Chinese-version Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CDQ) in patients with depressionin China. Methods: A total of 347 patients with depression were recruited in the study. Sample 1 including 145 cases was tested for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and sample 2 including 202 cases was tested for confirmatory factor analysis. All samples were analyzed for internal consistency reliability. The criterion validity was tested with Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), Negative Auto matic thoughts Questionnaire ( ATQ), Beck Depression Inventory- II ( BDI- II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Forty-eight patients from sample 1 were retested for test-retest reliability with two weeks interval. Results: The correlation between item and the total score was significant ( Ps < 0. 001 ). Three factors were produced in the exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate was 50. 84%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the three-factor model was better than the single-factor model (IFI = 0. 93, TLI = 0. 91, CFI = 0. 93, FMIN = 0. 76, RMSEA = 0. 06). The CDQ total scores were positively correlated with the total scores of DAS, A TQ, BDI-II and BAI ( r = 0. 51, 0. 64, 0. 62 and 0. 39, Ps < 0. 01) . Reliability analysis showed that Cronbach ex coefficients of CDQ were 0. 85 for the total scale, and 0. 84, 0. 62, 0. 58 for the three factors. The ICCs of test-retest reliability were 0. 85 for the total scale, and 0. 83, 0. 86, 0. 92 for the three factors. Conclusion: The Chinese-version Cognitive Distor tions Questionnaire ( CDQ) shows good validity and reliability in patients with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the failure of one of the most advanced chatbots called Tay, created by Microsoft. Many users, commentators and experts strongly anthropomorphised this chatbot in their assessment of the case around Tay. This view is so widespread that we can identify it as a certain typical cognitive distortion or bias. This study presents a summary of facts concerning the Tay case, collaborative perspectives from eminent experts: (1) Tay did not mean anything by its morally objectionable statements because, in principle, it was not able to think; (2) the controversial content spread by this AI was interpreted incorrectly—not as a mere compilation of meaning (parroting), but as its disclosure; (3) even though chatbots are not members of the symbolic order of spatiotemporal relations of the human world, we treat them in this way in many aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mind reading is an important aspect of narrative in Jane Austen's fiction. Austen presents mind reading as the most effective element in the construction and development of her narrative plot in Persuasion. She mainly shows how mind reading can derive from thinking biases and bring about significant misunderstandings. By focusing on the central character Anne Elliot's desire to read her ex-fiancé's mental states in different situations, Austen explores the impact of mind reading quality and capacity on their relationship. Offered by the narratologist Lisa Zunshine, mind reading refers to our ability to attribute or ascribe mental states to ourselves and to other people. Relying on Zunshine's terminology and considering her elaboration on the three main steps of mind reading, this paper has two main goals. Firstly, the essay analyses the way(s) Anne Elliot's mind reading capacity is presented in terms of body language, performance, and embodied transparencies. Secondly, the paper examines the reliability state of Anne's mind readings, as well as the effect of her cognitive distortions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambling Disorder (GD) is characterized by persistent betting even in face of accruing debts and psychosocial hardship. Gambling Disorder behavior has been linked to conditioning, cognitive distortions and superstitious behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated that during response-outcome analytical tests (ROAT), non-gambling individuals are precluded from response extinction when failure feedback is suppressed, and develop superstitious behaviors and illusion of control instead. Gambling can be regarded as a ROAT paradigm in which disordered gamblers (DGs) fail to compute failure feedback; hence they do not perceive the independence between response and outcome. In order to investigate early phenomena on response and outcome processing in DGs, we developed two short ROAT versions, one with a controllable outcome and one with an uncontrollable outcome, both with explicit failure feedback. Twenty DGs and twenty healthy controls were assessed using this novel paradigm. Compared to controls, DGs reported higher distress during the controllable ROAT, less self-confidence in the uncontrollable ROAT, and more random responses and less use of analytical strategies in both tests, evidencing potential deficits in cognitive control. In contrast to previous findings, DGs did not demonstrate more superstitious beliefs, or illusion of control, and were generally more skeptical than controls regarding the controllability of both ROAT versions. Taken together, our findings provide some support for deficits in cognitive control in GD that precede illusion of control and superstitious behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence that endorsing a higher level of offense-supportive cognitions is associated with contact sexual offending. Such an association assumes the construct of cognitions as unidimensional, thus ignoring the possibility that specific subtypes of cognitions exist and that certain may be criminogenic. To investigate this possibility, this study aimed at examining the associations between criminal behaviors and cognitive themes found in the discourse of men who engage in sexual offenses against children over the Internet. Through the discourse of a sample of 60 men with online child sexual exploitation material and solicitation offenses, a previous study identified eight cognitive themes: Uncontrollability, Nature of harm, Child as sexual being, Child as partner, Dangerous world, Entitlement, Virtual is not real, and Internet is uncontrollable. These themes were not investigated for their criminogenic nature. Thus, in this study, bivariate analyses were used to determine whether these cognitive themes were linked to three indicators of criminal behaviors: the extent of criminal charges, the diversity of offending behaviors, and the nature of contact with victims. Results suggest that, taken as a whole, online sexual offense-supportive cognitions may not be criminogenic. Moreover, only cognitive themes related to antisocial orientation and atypical sexuality were found linked with criminal behaviors, although associations found remain limited. Findings and associated implications are further discussed for research and clinical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to value the relationships between reactive/proactive aggression and cognitive distortion among adolescents from Arequipa City in Peru, in order to it was necessary to practice a psychometrical analysis of the tests used. In that sense there were evaluated 2830 high school students (48.9% female and 51.1% male) aged 13 and 19 years old, with Reactive/Proactive Aggression Questionnaire and the How I Think Questionnaire. The psychometrical analysis included the estimation of the validity and reliability of the instruments applied, so as the correlation analysis to determine the relation between the variables. The psychometrical results shown that the construct validity and the reliability of the questionnaires, have good fit values and internal consistency; while the correlation analysis reveal that the reactive aggression is weakly related with cognitive distortions, and proactive aggression is related y moderate way cognitive distortions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the treatment of depression, improvements in both clinical symptoms and social adaptation are important. Previous studies have shown that cognitive distortion and depressive symptoms are mutually related, and that depressive symptoms and social adaptation are related to each other. However, it is unknown how these three factors interrelate. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between cognitive distortion, depressive symptoms, and social adaptation.Methods: The final analyzed sample consisted of 430 employees of a manufacturing company in Japan (74.2% male, 24.7% female, 1.2% unknown). Participants completed the Worker's Cognitive Distortion Scale (WCDS), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), and Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS). The WCDS was further divided into two subscales: self-contained cognitive distortion (WCDS-S) and environment-dependent cognitive distortion (WCDS-E). We used a covariance structure analysis for the main analysis and examined the relationship between these three variables' scores.Results: The results revealed that both the WCDS-S and WCDS-E affected social adaptation indirectly via depressive symptoms, and that the WCDS-S additionally affected social adaptation directly. It was further revealed that the WCDS-S exerted a greater effect on depressive symptoms than the WCDS-E.Limitations: The participants were healthy cases. As such, one must be cautious about applying the results of healthy cases to clinical cases.Conclusions: This study indicates that cognitive distortion affects social adaptation directly and that it is indirectly mediated by depressive symptoms. Thus, professionals are required to attempt to treat depressive symptoms and improve social adaptation by considering that interventions in cognitive distortion may be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated direct and indirect relationships that occur between interpersonal cognitive distortions, loneliness, social anxiety and problematic Internet use (PIU) when the effect of social desirability was controlled. The study was based on a cognitive-behavioural model of generalized PIU. Data were collected from 260 university students ranging from 18 to 26-year-olds (M=21.29, SD=1.78). The participants answered the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale (ICDS), UCLA-R Loneliness Scale, The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale Self-Report Version (LSAS-SR), Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine a model in which interpersonal cognitive distortions predicted PIU via loneliness and social anxiety. The results showed that of the two intervening variables, only loneliness had a mediator role between interpersonal cognitive distortions and PIU when social desirability was controlled. The findings were discussed in terms of the literature and the implications for practice were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widespread research work on suicidal ideation, cognitive distortion, impulsivity and depression from diverse perspectives, little research has directly examined the cognitive attributes underlying impulsive behavior in adults. Aims and objectives of the study were to assess the relationship between Suicidal ideation, Cognitive distortions, Impulsivity and Depression among young adults. Three hundred youth were selected purposively from different college of Patna, Bihar. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 16.0 windows was used for statistical analysis. There were significant positive correlation among suicidal ideation, cognitive distortion and depression where as there is negative correlation between suicidal ideation and impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic physiological diseases affect cognitive and emotional processes. according to this, accordingly the main goal of this research is comparing the level of cognitive distortion and life quality in the people with chronic pain, people with non-chronic pain and the habitual people in Hamedan. Materials and Methods: The research method is based on the causalcomparative method. The Statistical group of this research is the whole 210 people with chronic and non-chronic pains and adults (upto18) in Hamedan whom selected based on the random cluster sampling. The necessary data gathered from the field Study and also by using the clinical interviewing about the pain kind and question aires of Alice cognitive distortion and varosherbon’s questionnaire of life quality. The data analyzed based on some Statistical-descriptive indices Such as frequency, Percentage, Mean, graph, Standard deviation and deductive Statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, MANOVA and shefeh post hoc test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups of patients with chronic pain, non-chronic pain and normal people in cognitive distortions and quality of life (p <0.001). In addition, the results indicated that the mean scores of cognitive distortions and quality of life were significantly different between the three groups of patients with chronic pain, non-chronic pain, and normal individuals. Thus, the group of patients with chronic pain had higher average cognitive distortions and lower quality of life than the two groups of patients with non-chronic pain and normal subjects. Also, the patients with chronic non-pain had significantly higher mean cognitive distortions and lower quality of life than the normal group. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, appropriate psychological treatments should be used to reduce cognitive distortions and improve the quality of life of patients with pain in order to improve their therapeutic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overprediction and underprediction of fear, pain, and other constructs have been linked with etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We aimed to extend this research to depression by investigating the overprediction of effort and the underprediction of reward and enjoyment associated with a simple task. Participants with depression (n = 20) and a control group (n = 40) predicted how much effort and reward/enjoyment would be experienced during a short walk around the university. Post-walk, participants reported the actual effort required and the actual experienced reward and enjoyment. Compared to the control group, who demonstrated accurate predictions, depressed individuals significantly overpredicted the required effort associated with the walk even though there were no between-group differences in actual effort required. There was no evidence to suggest that the depressed group underestimated or were inaccurate in their predictions of walk-related reward and enjoyment relative to the control group. Implications for cognitive and behavioral approaches to depression are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part-time high schools （PT-HS） are a special school arrangement for adolescents with difficulties, such as financial problems that prevent them from attending full-time high schools （FT-HS）. Recent research has indicated that adolescents attending PT-HS may have excessive self-denying thoughts, lower interpersonal skills, and/or mental health problems. However, little research has been conducted on the psychological features of adolescents in PT-HS. This study investigated self-denying thoughts; such as cognitive distortions, interpersonal skills; such as social skills, and mental health problems; such as depression, among adolescents attending PT-HS. Adolescents（ N＝250） attending two PT-HSs and two FT-HSs were compared. Results indicated that adolescents attending PT-HS were more likely to have poor socials skills, such as increased difficulty in starting and maintaining relationships, compared to adolescents attending FT-HS. The results of this study indicate the need for psychological support for improving the social skills of adolescents attending PT-HS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Chinese students can develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma. • PTSD from past trauma is associated with increased psychiatric co-morbidities. • Both distorted cognition and alexithymia mediate the association between PTSD and distress. • The severity of distress is influenced by the degree of distorted cognitions. • Distress severity is affected by the ability to identify, describe, and process emotions. Abstract Past traumatic events are distressing experiences which can result in the emergence of posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and other psychological symptoms among university students. However, little is known as to whether or not cognitive distortion and alexithymia would influence the severity of these distress outcomes. This study examined a cognitive-emotional framework depicting potential roles that cognitive distortion and alexithymia could play in influencing the relationship between past trauma and psychiatric co-morbidities among university students in China. One thousand one hundred and eleven participants completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Cognitive Distortion Scale (CDS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Results indicated that PTSD following past trauma was significantly associated with increased psychiatric co-morbidities after controlling for covariates. Both alexithymia and distorted cognition mediated the association between PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidities. To conclude, university students can develop PTSD from past trauma and other mental health problems. The severity of psychological distress can be influenced by their distorted perceptions of themselves, the world, and the future, as well as their ability to identify, describe, and express distressing emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming is a physically and psychologically challenging occupation, so there is a dire need of understanding and developing interventions to promote well-being of farming populace. The present investigation aimed to study well-being in relation to cognitive distortion, resilience and depression amongst farmers of Punjab. The sample comprised of 250 farmers in the age range of 20-80 years (i.e., 20 to 40 years, 41 to 60 years, 61 to 80 years) randomly selected from various districts of Punjab. The subjects were administered Cognitive Distortions Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II and Friedman's Well-being Scale to assess the level of cognitive distortion, resilience and depression in relation to well-being respectively. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics i.e. Mean and SD and Pearson product moment correlation. Correlation analysis of the data showed that well-being was positively correlated with resilience and in contrast it was negatively correlated with cognitive distortion and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous studies demonstrating the influence of cognitive distortions on gambling problem severity, empirical data regarding the role of psychological vulnerability on the latter is limited. Hence, this study assesses the mediating effect of cognitive distortions between psychological vulnerability (personality and mood), and gambling problem severity. It also verifies whether the relationships between these variables differs according to the preferred gambling activity. The sample is composed of 272 male gamblers [191 poker players; 81 video lottery terminal (VLT) players] aged between 18 and 82 years (M = 35.2). Bootstrap analysis results revealed that cognitive distortions mediate the effect of narcissism on gambling problem severity for both groups. The level of depression for VLT players significantly predicted gambling problem severity, both directly and indirectly via the mediating effect of cognitive distortions. Mediation analyses also indicated that narcissism had an indirect impact on problem gambling through cognitive distortions for both groups. These findings suggest that certain vulnerabilities related to personality and mood may influence cognitive distortion intensity and gambling problem severity. In addition, psychological vulnerabilities could differ based on preferred gambling activity. These results may be useful for prevention policies, identifying high risk gamblers and planning psychological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of cognitive distortion in women’s decision to stay with or leave their violent partner in a sample of Bolivian women. Our study is based on a consistency model: Cognitive distortion is assumed to play an important role in maintaining cognitive consistency under threatening conditions. Eighty victims of partner violence aged 18 to 62 years who sought help in a legal institution were longitudinally assessed three times over a time period of 6 months. Measures were taken from previous studies and culturally adapted through qualitative interviews. Nearly half of the participants decreased their intention to leave the violent partner in the time span of 1 month between the first and second interview. Women who had decreased their leaving intention had concurrently increased their cognitive distortion: They blamed their partner less, were more convinced that they could stop the violence themselves, and were more likely to believe that their partner would change. Cognitive distortion was not observed among women who remained stable in their intention to leave. Women whose intention of leaving decreased and who displayed more cognitive distortion after 1 month were more likely to live with the violent partner 6 months later than women whose leaving intention remained stable or increased. Socio-demographic variables were not related to cognitive distortion or stay–leave decisions in this study. We conclude that cognitive distortion plays a role for women’s decision to stay, enhancing their risk of re-victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les distorsions cognitives sont définies comme des raisonnements erronés jouant un rôle déterminant dans l’émergence d’un certain nombre de troubles mentaux et émotionnels. À partir du modèle des distorsions cognitives de Beck, nous avons étudié le lien entre l’anxiété et la dépression et les distorsions cognitives. Les distorsions cognitives varieraient en fonction des niveaux d’anxiété et de dépression. Notre étude a interrogé 235 sujets adultes (62 hommes et 173 femmes), âgés de 18 à 68 ans (M = 25,56 ans, ET = 8,95). Nous avons utilisé l’outil proposé par Pennequin et Combalbert, qui permet d’identifier et de quantifier les distorsions cognitives, et la HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale), qui mesure le niveau d’anxiété et de dépression. Les analyses de régression ont mis en évidence une corrélation positive entre l’anxiété et la dépression et les distorsions cognitives. Les résultats ont également montré des profils de distorsion cognitive différents selon l’orientation de l’état psychologique, anxieux ou dépressif. Les distorsions « Minimisation », « Style Dichotomique » et « Requalification de l’autre pôle » sont particulièrement corrélées avec le niveau de dépression. En effet, la dépression est plutôt caractérisée par un biais d’inhibition des événements positifs et une mémorisation exacerbée des événements négatifs. Les distorsions « Maximalisation », « Fautes de Style », « Inférence Arbitraire » et « Omission du neutre » sont plus spécifiquement liées au niveau d’anxiété qui se caractérise par un biais attentionnel, des difficultés à inhiber les informations menaçantes et une vision globale du monde. Cognitive distortions are defined as erroneous reasoning playing a crucial role in the emergence of a number of mental and emotional disorders (Beck, 1963, 1964). From the Beck's model of cognitive distortion (1963 ; 1964), the link between psychological states and cognitive distortion has been studied. Cognitive distortion vary with the anxiety and depression levels. 235 adults were questioned for this study (62 men and 173 women), From 18 to 68 years old (M = 25.56 years, ET = 8.95). The tool proposed by Pennequin and Combalbert (2015) who allows to identify and to quantify the cognitive distortions, was used along with HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale) which measures the level of anxiety and depression. Positive correlation between the psychological states and the cognitive distortion was highlighted by the analyses of regression. The results also showed different cognitive profiles of distortion according to the orientation of the psychological state, anxious or depressive. The distortions “Minimization”, “Dichotomous Style” and “Requalification of the other pole” are particularly correlated to the level of depression. Indeed, the depression is rather characterized by a bias of inhibition of the positive events and in a memorization aggravated by the negative events. The distortion “Magnification”, “Lack of Style”, “Arbitrary Inference” and “Omission of the neutral” is more specifically bound at the level of anxiety. Indeed, attentional bias, difficulties inhibiting the menacing information and the global vision of the world characterize anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gambling can be defined as risking a certain amount of money on an event of uncertain outcome in order to win larger sums of money. When this behavior reaches pathological dimensions, we encounter behaviors such as not being able to stop gambling, illegal activities, problems with work and family life, and gambling again to regain the lost. The dark triad personality traits including narcissism, machiavellianism and psychopathy have been shown to be associated with substance or behavioral addictions. Emotion dysregulation and cognitive distortions are also known to play a role in gambling disorder. In our study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between dark triad features and cognitive distortions in gambling disorder. Materials and methods: 101 men who applied to the hospital for treatment and agreed to participate in the study and were diagnosed with Gambling Disorder according to DSM-V criteria were included in our study. Participants were asked to answer questions on the Sociodemographic Data Form, South Oaks Gambling Screening, Short Dark Triad Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Cognitive Distortion Scale. Results: When the relationships between the scale scores of the participants were examined, a significant positive relationship was found between the dark triad characteristics and difficulty in emotion regulation. A significant positive relationship was also found between dark triad features and cognitive distortions. While no significant relationship was found between narcissism and difficulty in emotion regulation, it was observed that machiavellianism and psychopathy had a significant and positive relationship with dysregulation of emotion. A significant positive correlation was found between dark triad features and cognitive distortions. While there is no significant relationship between narcissism and cognitive distortions, there is a positive relationship between machiavellianism and psychopathy with cognitive distortions. Conclusions: In our study, the relationship between the dark triad traits -narcissism, machiavellianism and psychopathy-and emotional dysregulation and cognitive distortions was investigated and discussed in 101 individuals diagnosed with gambling disorder seeking treatment. Emotion dysregulation and cognitive distortions were thought to be features that should be emphasized in the course of the treatment of gambling and may negatively affect the response to treatment. When taken into consideration in treatment, this may also positively affect the prognosis of gambling disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two studies, we examined a novel relationship between movement and anthropomorphism-the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman agents-in relation to germs. Furthermore, we examined whether individual differences in contamination fear and disgust proneness moderated the effect of movement on the tendency to anthropomorphize germs. Following an initial study that demonstrated associations between imagined germ movement, contamination fear, and the attribution of malevolent intentions to germs, we conducted a second study that experimentally manipulated germ movement with a brief film clip of magnified germs. The results of the second study showed that the experimental manipulation of germ movement increased attributions of malevolent intentions to germs and enhanced the tendencies of individuals with higher levels of contamination fear to attribute some general human characteristics to germs (i.e., intentions, feelings). These findings suggest that the attribution of malevolent intentions to germs may be a cognitive distortion that contributes to the maintenance of contamination fear, which may afford a novel treatment target. Perceived movement may serve as an antecedent to the attribution of malevolent intentions to germs and thus exacerbate the tendency to make these attributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: Body image distortions such as perception biases are assumed to be precursors of eating disorders (ED). This study aims to investigate body image perceptions and symptoms of disturbed eating behavior among a sample of 11–17 year-old students in Germany. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was carried out among 1524 students of twelve secondary schools from all school types in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). A naturalistic photograph-rating consisting of photographs of young women’s bodies was used to examine children’s perceptions of female bodies (i.e., perceived average body size and perceived ideal body size of young women). Also, symptoms of disturbed eating behavior were examined. Results: Compared to statistical data, children and adolescents underestimated the average body size of young women by more than two BMI-points (estimated average BMI = 20), with no differences between boys and girls. Also, girls and boys generally held a slim female thin-ideal (perceived ideal BMI = 19.5), which is nearly three BMI-points below the average body size in the young female population. Girls showed a slightly stronger female thin-ideal than boys. Among all subgroups, early-adolescent girls (13–14 years) displayed the strongest thin-ideal internalization. Nearly one-third of this group perceived a BMI below 18 as ideal female body size. Symptoms of disturbed eating behavior were common among youth and most frequent among adolescent girls (15–17 years). Girls who displayed a bias towards underestimation of female body size and girls who displayed an underweight female thin-ideal were more likely to report harmful dieting behaviors and psychological distress associated with eating, body, and weight. Conclusions: This study found that 11–17 year-old girls and boys do not show accurate judgements regarding the average body size of young women. Instead, there is systematic and significant underestimation, indicating considerable perception biases, which may constitute a risk factor for the development and maintenance of ED. Symptoms of disturbed eating behavior were common, especially among girls, and associated with body-related perceptions. Future research will need to clarify the severity and course of these symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive distortions are thought to be central to the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders and are a widely acknowledged treatment target in cognitive-behavioral interventions. However, little research has focused on the measurement of cognitive distortions. The Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CD-Quest; de Oliveira, Trial-based cognitive therapy: A manual for clinicians, Routledge, New York, 2015), a brief, 15-item questionnaire, assesses the frequency and intensity of cognitive distortions. The CD-Quest has been shown to have sound psychometric properties in American, Australian, and Brazilian undergraduate samples and one Turkish-speaking outpatient clinical sample. The current study aimed to provide the first evaluation of the psychometric properties of the English version of the CD-Quest in a clinical sample and the first evaluation of any version of the CD-Quest in a sample of adults diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD). In a sample of treatment-seeking adults with SAD, the CD-Quest demonstrated good convergent validity, discriminant validity, known-groups validity, and treatment sensitivity. It also showed good internal consistency, and both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses supported the previously reported unitary factor structure. Findings extend prior research indicating the reliability and validity of the CD-Quest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discrepancy between subjective and objective severity of depressive syndromes has been proposed as a predictor of treatment outcome and suicidal risk in depression, and is associated with depressive cognitive distortions. A recent study reported that evening-type depressed patients showed higher depressive cognitions than morning-type patients. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that genetic factors affecting evening preference, such as carrying of the CLOCK rs1801260*C allele, may influence the discrepancy.Method: We tested this hypothesis in 132 patients affected by a major depressive episode in the course of bipolar disorder. The severity of depression was evaluated using self-rated (Beck Depression Inventory: BDI) and observer-rated (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: HDRS) measures. The BDI-HDRS discrepancy score was calculated and the effects of the rs1801260 polymorphism on this score and on depressive cognitive distortions, as measured on the Cognitions Questionnaire, were examined.Results: The rs1801260*C carriers showed higher BDI-HDRS discrepancy scores than T/T homozygotes. Mediation analysis using bootstrapping procedures revealed that the dimension of depressive cognition "hopelessness" fully mediates the association between the rs1801260 polymorphism and the BDI-HDRS discrepancy.Limitations: Many gene polymorphisms other than CLOCK rs1801260 may also influence the BDI-HDRS discrepancy and depressive cognitive distortions.Conclusion: Our current results suggest that factors affecting the biological clock can influence the "non-clock" psychopathological features of mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent depression is increasingly often treated with unsuitable drugs. To date, there is limited information on long-term outcomes of adolescent depression. The present study investigated the relationship between severity of depressive symptoms among male adolescents and a wider range of adult functional outcomes. It further examined the influence of parent-child relationship and cognitive distortion to depressive symptoms among adolescents. A total of 150 male adolescents took part in the study. Multiple regression analysis revealed that self-criticism (β = 0.60), helplessness (β = 0.34, preoccupation with danger (β = 0.22), and self-blame (β = 0.14) were positively linked to adolescent depression. Father overprotection (β = 0.10) is positively linked to depression among male adolescents, while the father care dimension of parent-child relationship is negatively linked to adolescent depression (β = 10.10). Findings support the improvement of access to adolescent mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impulsivity, implicit attitudes and explicit cognitions regarding gambling, and alcohol abuse have been pointed out by past research as significant contributors to the development and maintenance of gambling disorders. In this study, we tested the relationship among these contributors and pathological gambling. Forty-four pathological gamblers (DSM-5 criteria), of whom 23 were active gamblers and 17 were alcohol dependent, were compared with 100 controls, consisting of patients with a lifetime history of alcohol use disorder in remission for at least 2 years. The following protocol was used for the comparison: National Opinion Research Center Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Disorders, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11), Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and Gambling Implicit Association Test (IAT). Impulsivity (BIS-11) and changes in implicit attitudes (IAT) were able to discriminate between pathological gamblers and controls, the latter being less impulsive and having fewer implicit attitudes towards gambling. Cognitive impulsivity (BIS-11), explicit gambling cognitions (GRCS), and alcohol dependence were able to discriminate between active and non-active pathological gamblers, the latter having less cognitive impulsivity and less explicit gambling cognitions and alcohol dependence. Using these simple tools can help clinicians in the assessment of pathological gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronotherapeutic techniques (sleep deprivation and light therapy) are effective treatments for bipolar depression, but viable predictors of response for the daily clinical practice have not yet been established. The discrepancy between subjective and objective severity of the depressive syndrome has been proposed as a possible predictor of treatment outcome in depression. This study examined whether this discrepancy could predict response to chronotherapeutics in bipolar depression.Method: We studied 149 consecutively admitted inpatients with a major depressive episode in course of bipolar disorder. Patients were treated with the combination of repeated sleep deprivation and bright light therapy. Severity of depression was evaluated using self-rated (Beck Depression Inventory: BDI) and observer-rated (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: HDRS) measures. BDI-HDRS discrepancy score at baseline was calculated, and its associations with clinical response and with depressive cognitive distortions, as measured on the Cognitions Questionnaire, were examined.Results: Among the 147 completers, 66% responded to treatment (50% reduction of HDRS score). The response rate in patients with low discrepancy scores and in patients with high discrepancy scores were 80.2% and 48.5%, respectively. High BDI-HDRS discrepancy predicted negative response to treatment with odds ratio of 3.79 (95%CI: 1.61-8.93). BDI-HDRS discrepancy was positively associated with depressive cognitive distortions.Limitations: Potential factors affecting the discrepancy and outcome other than cognitive distortion were not examined in this study.Conclusion: Higher BDI-HDRS discrepancy can predict poorer response to chronotherapeutics in bipolar depression. The tendency to generalize hopelessness may be a factor influencing the link between the discrepancy and outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: It has been shown that exposure to female thin ideals in media has minimal to moderate direct effects on body image satisfaction (BIS), mood and dysfunctional eating in healthy young women. Evidence has been found for several intervening variables such as social comparison processes. Accordingly it is assumed, that cognitive processing (rather than mere media exposure) is crucial. Consequently, vivid imagination of thin ideals after exposure to a fashion magazine was induced in order to trigger cognitive processes. Changes in mood, BIS and resulting bodyrelated cognitive distortions (Thought-Shape Fusion Body, TSF-B) were assessed.Methods: A total of 91 healthy women (mean age 21.9 years, SD = 2.0) were exposed to either a fashion magazine (thin-ideal group) or a nature magazine (control group) in a waiting room design. Afterwards they were instructed to vividly imagine either the thin ideals or landscapes.Results: When exposed to thin ideals, a significant decrease in mood and BIS emerged after vivid imagination, but not after mere magazine exposure. Imagining thin ideals triggered body-related cognitive distortions (TSF-B). A higher degree of eating disorder (ED) symptomatology amplified this effect.Limitations: These findings apply to young healthy females and cannot be generalized to samples with obesity, EDs or males. Internal validity is limited since the intensity of the exposure has not been systematically controlled.Conclusions: Vivid imagination of thin ideals promoted by magazines results in impaired mood and BIS and moreover in body-related cognitive distortions (TSF-B) in healthy women, especially, for those with stronger ED symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to explore movie portrayals of Chinese gambling behaviors. More than 350 observation hours were spent reviewing and documenting 39 Chinese gambling-themed movies. In general, observations found that Chinese gambling-themed movies tended to portray gambling positively. More importantly, cognitive distortions were represented commonly in these Chinese gambling-themed movies. Specifically, active illusionary control via skill efficacy was depicted most frequently, followed by cognitive control, talismanic control, and behavioral control. Passive illusionary control via luck was represented regularly in these movies. These findings will help policymakers to understand the extent and types of distortion better as well as misinformation that Chinese gambling-themed movies convey to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional reasoning refers to the use of subjective emotions, rather than objective evidence, to form conclusions about oneself and the world. It is a key interpretative bias in cognitive models of anxiety disorders and appears to be especially evident in individuals with anxiety disorders. However, the amenability of emotional reasoning to change during treatment has not yet been investigated. We sought to determine whether emotional reasoning tendencies change during a course of routine cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Emotional reasoning tendencies were assessed in 36 individuals with a primary anxiety disorder who were seeking treatment at an outpatient clinic. Changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as emotional reasoning tendencies after 12 sessions of CBT were examined in 25 individuals for whom there was complete data. Emotional reasoning tendencies were evident at pretreatment assessment. Although anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased during CBT, only one of six emotional reasoning interpretative styles (pertaining to conclusions that one is incompetent) changed significantly during the course of therapy. Attrition rates were high and there was not enough information regarding the extent to which therapy specifically focused on addressing emotional reasoning tendencies. Individuals seeking treatment for anxiety disorders appear to engage in emotional reasoning, however routine individual CBT does not appear to result in changes in emotional reasoning tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Deterrence, treatment and legal response to online child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenders is enhanced by the joint consideration of technological behaviours and cognitions. CSEM offenders choose an environment based on both psychosexual needs and utility, and in turn that environment shapes future behaviour and reinforces cognitive distortions. This paper introduces lawless space theory, a theory of cyber criminality which posits that offenders will primarily choose and utilize a perceived lawless space that best meets their psychosocial and criminogenic needs in the most frictionless way; habituation and differential association in the lawless space will reduce the perceived risk; normalization will increase comfort in a particular lawless space, increasing friction costs that must be overcome to switch technologies; and additional countermeasures will only be implemented by offenders to reduce perceived risk and lower cognitive dissonance, but not at the expense of utility. The theory is explored through the exemplar of CSEM offences and offers explanatory power for the lifecycle of a lawless space, the use of legacy spaces in the presence of objectively more capable options, the simultaneous use of multiple spaces to meet different psychosexual needs, and the adoption of new technologies by offenders. Additionally, the gateway choice and progression of lawless space usage informs investigations, risk assessments, and deterrence efforts and provides behavioural treatment targets. • Lawless space theory (LST) provides explanatory power for the use of technology by cybercriminals. • Offenders choose perceived lawless spaces that meets their psychosocial and criminogenic needs in the most frictionless way. • Offenders will habituate and normalize their activities through continued use of the lawless space. • Online child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offender activities are explainable under LST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]