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Os comportamentos habituais são repetidos inconscientemente, sem intenção. A medição precisa do hábito é crucial para ajudar os investigadores a desenvolver e aplicar um modelo teórico sobre o hábito, com uma medida empiricamente válida. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a validade e a fiabilidade do Self-Report Behavior Automaticity Index numa amostra Portuguesa praticante de exercício físico. Foram recolhidos dados de duas amostras independentes, com um total de 590 adultos (mulheres = 311; homens = 279). Realizou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória do modelo de medida de quatro itens do Self-Report Behavior Automaticity Index e uma análise de invariância entre duas amostras independentes. Adicionalmente, foi testado um modelo de mediação de forma a analisar o papel mediador da frequência semanal de exercício físico entre a experiência passada e o hábito. O modelo de medida do Self-Report Behavior Automaticity Index demonstrou um ajustamento aceitável em cada uma das amostras e os coeficientes de fiabilidade compósita foram adequados. O modelo de medida revelou ser invariante entre amostras, acrescentando, por isso um maior suporte à sua validade para avaliar o comportamento habitual. A frequência do exercício medeia a relação entre a experiência e o desenvolvimento do hábito, acrescentando evidências à teoria do hábito. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present research is to examine the factor structure of the Interpersonal Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) and the Interpersonal Behavior Self Questionnaire (IBQ-Self) in the sport context. Confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the psychometric properties and measurement invariance across sex and sports. For the IBQ, a sample of 813 Portuguese athletes aged between 15 and 32 years (M = 23.46; SD = 4.92) took part in this study. They had an average sports experience of approximately 7.62 ± 3.23 years. For the IBQ-Self, a sample of 606 Portuguese coaches aged between 20 and 73 years (M = 34.43; SD = 11.56) participated in this study. Both scales demonstrated good fit, achieved convergent and discriminant validity, exhibited acceptable internal consistency, and demonstrated invariance across sex and sports. Regarding the analysis of psychometric properties, the IBQ and IBQ-Self can be applied to Portuguese athletes and their coaches to measure perceived behaviors of others and self-reported behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the type of passion, goal orientation, and performance in swimming athletes. Therefore, 115 swimmers participated in this study (n = 115), of both genders (65 male and 50 female), aged between 13 and 25 years (M = 15.55; SD = 2.30), participants in FINA's competitions in four competitive levels (children, youth, junior and senior). For the evaluation of passion and motivational orientation, using the Portuguese versions of the Passion Scale and Task and Ego in Sport Questionnaire, respectively. To evaluate the performance of the athletes used the score of swimming rankings. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between harmonious passion and goal orientation to task (r = .24; p = .01), between obsessive passion and goal orientation to task (r = .21; p = .02), and between the two types of passion (r = .48; p = .00). It wasn't found any significant relation between the performance and the type of passion or goal orientation of the athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Perceived Autonomy Support: Exercise Climate Questionnaire that measures the autonomy support given by fitness instructors in accordance with the self-determination theory. In order to fulfill such purpose, it was collected a sample of 935 fitness exercisers, male (N = 344) and female (N = 591) in 16 different Health Centers in the area of Lisbon and west coast of Portugal. The analysis performed revealed that the translated version had an adequate internal, temporal, construct and predictive validity, supporting its use with Portuguese exercisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays several scientific evidences tell us that the regular physical activity has unquestionable benefits for physical and psychological health, and that causes a significant impact in general well-being into people of all ages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and establish a psychological profile of the adherence to exercise and health programs, based in the following variables: motivation, mood states, depression, anxiety and stress. For such, we studied a sample of 70 individuals, of both genders (67 females and 3 males), with 36.90±15.4 years old of mean age (between 17 and the 71). All of them are participants of the five sport centers that compose the exercise and health programme "More Sport, More Health", of Rio Maior town council. The measurement instruments were the following: EMI-2 (Exercise Motivations Inventory); POMS (Profile of Mood States); DASS (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales). Results show that the main reason to engage individuals in this kind of programs are health related factors. In other words, individuals present a profile that seeks physical activity to be healthy (e.g. Being Healthy 4.48±0.61 and Revitalization 4.31±0.64), because that gives sensations of vigor-activity (i.e. physical or mental strength). This feeling reflects the higher value of positive mood states (e.g. vigor 2.28±0.87), also the lower values of depression (0.47±0.61), anxiety (0.49±0.58) and stress (0.81±0.62). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise has been recommended for fibromyalgia treatment. However, doubts related to exercise benefits remain unclear. The objective of this study was to summarise, through a systematic review with meta-analysis, the available evidence on the effects of aerobic, resistance and stretching exercise on pain, depression, and quality of life. Search was performed using electronic databases Pubmed and Cochrane Library. Studies with interventions based on aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and stretching exercise published until July 2020 and updated in December 2021, were identified. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses involving adults with fibromyalgia were also included. Eighteen studies were selected, including a total of 1184 subjects. The effects were summarised using standardised mean differences (95% confidence intervals) by random effect models. In general, aerobic exercise seems to reduce pain perception, depression and improves quality of life; it also improves mental and physical health-related quality of life. Resistance exercise decreases pain perception and improves quality of life and moreover improves the physical dimension of health-related quality of life. It was also observed that resistance exercise appears to have a non-significant positive effect on depression and the mental dimension of health-related quality of life. Studies revealed that stretching exercise reduces the perception and additionally improves quality of life and health-related quality of life. However, a non-significant effect was observed on depression. We conclude that exercise may be a way to reduce depression, and pain and improve the quality of life in adult subjects with fibromyalgia and should be part of the treatment for this pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of past behavior on future behavior, considering the motivational sequence proposed by the self-determination theory. The total sample was formed by 293 exercisers aged between 18 and 65 (M = 36.57 ± SD = 11.25) years. Participants completed a multi-section survey of motivational, emotional and cognitive-related variables, and exercise adherence was measured using computer records. Past behavior was found to offset the direct effect of intention on future behavior and the indirect effect of all other variables under analysis on intention, acting as a "buffer" variable for experienced gym members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher autonomy support is related to improved student learning. In higher education, few studies relate classroom contextual factors, such as teacher emphasis on content usefulness, and students' motivational characteristics. The aim was to test a multilevel model about the relation between the extent of teachers' emphasis on the usefulness of class content with student autonomy, and, in turn, on motivation to learn. The participants were 3033 university students enrolled from 1st to 4th grade of Sciences of the Physical Activity and Sport, from universities in Spain (N = 602), Portugal (N = 469), Mexico (N = 1177), Chile (N = 372), and Brazil (N = 413). A multilevel structural equation model was performed, in which participants answered questions about the teacher's emphasis on the usefulness of class content, basic psychological need for autonomy, and motivation to learn. At the group and individual levels, the hypothesis is that the teacher's emphasis on the usefulness of class content predict the student autonomy, in turn, student autonomy predicts student motivation to learn. Results found at the group level and at the individual level the strength of teacher emphasis on class content predicted student autonomy; student autonomy predicted student motivation to learn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to explore the interplay between supportive and hindering behaviours, the fulfilment of basic psychological needs, motivation, and intentions to sustain sports participation among athletes. A longitudinal approach was employed to investigate the evolving relationships between these variables over time. A total of 538 athletes (219 male and 319 female), aged between 15 and 32 years (mean age = 22.78; standard deviation = 4.52), participated in this study. The sample encompassed athletes from football (n = 187), basketball (n = 172), and swimming (n = 179). The structural equation model exhibited a good fit. Positive direct and indirect connections were observed between most constructs, with the exception of the associations between controlled motivation and basic psychological need satisfaction. Intentions to continue sports participation accounted for 12% of the variance in athletes' sports persistence. While the mediation model did not reveal any direct effects for need-supportive or need-thwarting behaviours, it did identify significant indirect pathways within the positive aspect of the model. The overall indirect impact of need-supportive behaviours in the model was β = .14 (90% confidence interval = .26; .37), whereas, for need-thwarting behaviours, it was β = -.05 (90% confidence interval = -.11; -.01), indicating a beneficial mediation process. Cultivating autonomous motivation and fostering a supportive environment that meets athletes' basic psychological needs can be instrumental in nurturing enduring commitment, boosting athletes' intentions to persist in sports, and heightening their prospects for long-term success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that teachers can have an important effect on the regulation of student behavior, the existing scientific literature has hardly explored the simultaneous influence of personal traits and social factors to promote student well-being. This study examined the mediating role of amotivated behavior and the relationship with teacher controlling behaviors, grit, and satisfaction with life. A total of 474 college students (female= 135; male= 339) participated in the study. All participants completed a multi-section survey assessing the constructs under analysis. Results from the structural model analysis displayed acceptable fit and amotivation played a mediating role in the relationship between grit-perseverance and life satisfaction but not for gritpassion. These findings provide evidence regarding adequate teacher behavior and the importance of measuring student grit in the classroom setting. These findings provide new insights into the understanding of teacher motivational behaviors and student learning processes that influence student behavioral regulations and affective outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to understand the association between the content of physical activity goals and subjective vitality in a Portuguese elderly population, as well as to analyze the effect of measuring basic psychological needs (BPN). A sample of 299 elderly people (234 females, 65 males) residing in Portugal, aged between 60 and 90 years (M=68.43; SD=6.48) was used and a simple mediation analysis was carried out using model four of Process Macro for SPSS version 3.5. The results show that all the objectives have a significant association with the overall satisfaction of the BPN and with the subjective vitality (except for the social recognition objective). It was also found that the BPN mediate the relationship between the content of the objectives for practicing physical activity, health, development of skills, image and subjective vitality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity and diet are two predominant determinants of population health status that may influence each other. Physical activity has been identified as a behavior that may lead to a healthier diet and regulates eating behaviors. This research aimed to investigate how the level of physical activity is associated with the motivation related to eating behaviors and, consequently, the eating style individuals have on a daily basis. This was a cross-sectional study in which participants completed an online questionnaire that assessed the following variables: the level of physical activity, the motivation toward eating behavior, and the type of eating behavior. In total, 440 individuals (180 men and 260 women) who regularly exercised in gyms and fitness centers aged between 19 and 64 years (M = 33.84; SD = 10.09) took part in the study. The data were collected following the Declaration of Helsinki and with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Polytechnic of Leiria. For the statistical analysis, mean and standard deviations were first calculated, as well as bivariate correlations between all the variables of interest. Then, structural equation model analyses were performed considering the levels of physical activity as the independent variable, motivations toward eating behavior as the mediators, and eating styles as the dependent variables. It was concluded that a greater level of physical activity leads to a more self-determined type of eating regulation, which in turn results in less constricted eating behaviors that are influenced by external factors and emotional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to test the integration of two theoretical models of motivation (self-determination theory and the theory of achievement) in order to analyze the impact of motivational climate in the basic psychological needs and lack of effort of the athletes. 460 athletes participated in this study (n = 460), football mode, all of the male gender, district and national level, of the categories of insiders, juveniles, juniors and seniors, with a mean age of 17.42 (SD = 4.37) years. Data analysis was performed by means of multivariate statistical techniques, in particular, the analysis of structural equations. The results support the appropriateness of the model (S-B χ² = 171.79; df = 100; p = 0.000; S-B χ²/df = 1.71; SRMR = 0.053; TLI = 0.930; CFI = 0.942; RMSEA = 0.042; RMSEA 90% CI = 0.029- 0.049), showing that a motivational task-oriented climate has a significant positive effect on the basic psychological needs, on the other hand, an ego-driven motivational climate has a positive effect but not significant on the basic psychological needs. In turn, the basic psychological needs have a positive and significant effect on lack of effort of the athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to verify the factorial and internal validity of the Brazilian version of Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2) and compare the main reasons for exercise training considering the contexts of health clubs and personal training. A total of 588 exercisers of Pelotas city / RS / Brazil (405 from health clubs and 183 from personal training) filled the EMI-2, which consists of 51 items grouped into 14 motives (factors) for exercise. The factorial validity of the EMI-2 was tested by conducting confirmatory factorial analyzes and the internal validity by computing Cronbach's alpha. To verify the effect of the context on the motives it was used the MANOVA test and calculated the effect-size. The results obtained support the EMI-2 original structure of 14 factors in this sample. There was a significant mul-tivariate effect of the context on the motives for exercising [Wilks' λ = 0.912, F(14, 573.000) = 3.9, p < 0.001, η² = 0.088]. The motives of "Pleasure", "Strength and Endurance", "Challenge", "Socialization", "Competition" and "Social Recognition" were significantly higher in the context of health clubs and the motives of "Agility" and "Prevention of Diseases" were significantly higher in the context of personal training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the contents of published research in the field of the psychology of physical exercise during the last decade. For this purpose, papers presented at major national and international conferences on the subject of the psychology of sport and exercise were analysed, together with articles published in major journals in this field during the last decade. To this end, associated descriptors were used associated with physical activity (e.g. exercise, physical activity, health, wellbeing, quality of life), excluding papers with descriptors applied to the fields of sport and physical education in schools. Based on the number of papers presented at events and specialist articles published in scientific journals, we found that the psychology of exercise represents about one third of all papers presented in this field of psychology. Despite the growing interest that has been identified during the last decade, there has been a certain levelling out in the number of papers presented at national and international congresses. It was also possible to verify that the level of attention given to this branch of knowledge varies depending on the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: The present study examined the extent to which scores from the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale are measurement invariant across Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, and Turkish samples of exercise participants. Design: A cross-sectional design wherein responses were analyzed from 504 Greek participants, 518 Spanish participants, 989 Portuguese participants, and 686 Turkish participants. Methods: Data on exercise participants' need satisfaction were collected using the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) after back translation for the languages involved in the study. Results: Multi-sample confirmatory factor analyses showed that BPNES scores were largely invariant at the configural, metric, and strong invariance levels, but not at the strict invariance level for Spanish, Portuguese, and Turkish samples compared to the Greek sample. Portuguese participants reported higher levels of satisfaction for all three needs compared to Greek participants, while for Spanish participants this was the case only for competence and relatedness. Turkish participants did not differ from Greek participants. Conclusions: The present findings support valid cross-cultural comparisons at the latent variance/covariance level and the latent/observed mean level of the constructs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness using the BPNES. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The concept of subjective vitality refers to the state of feeling alive and alert; to have energy available to oneself. The aim of the present study was to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Subjective Vitality Scale in a sample of 935 exercisers, both men (344) and women (591). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the good adjustment of the original factorial model (S-B JJ = 34.93; p = .000; χ²/gl = 3.88; NNFI = .961; CFI = .970; RMSEA = .074 con 90% CI =.049-.101). Also, concurrent validity was obtained through the application of the Portuguese versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale. In the same way, reliability of the scale throughout the analysis of internal and temporary consistency was also demonstrated. The present findings support the use of the Portuguese version of the Subjective Vitality Scale to assess vitality among Portuguese exercisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextual therapy posits that a truly comprehensive grasp of human existence is composed of individual and relational realities. The Relational Ethics Scale (RES) is the only validated instrument to measure relational ethics, one of the relational realities' four dimensions, which was theorized by Boszormenyi-Nagy. The RES measures people's perception about constructs of loyalty, entitlement, trust and justice in their family of origin and in their current and significant relationships. Relational ethics has been shown to have implications for mature development, psychological health and family functioning. The aim of this research was to adapt the RES for use with Spaniards residing in Spain (N = 1181). Psychometric properties were analyzed, and construct validity was assessed using the Spanish-Differentiation Self Inventory. Results obtained indicate the Spanish Relational Ethics Scale (S-RES) is a valid and reliable tool for relational ethics assessment in Spanish populations. Couple and family counselors in Spain may consider the clinical assessment of relational ethics using the S-RES in order to explore issues of fairness, trust, roles, and re-balance when working to support complex family systems. Future research directions using the newly validated S-RES are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is the validation of the Portuguese version of the Basic Need Satisfaction General Scale (BNSG-S) in a sample of Portuguese elderly, and analyze through a structural equations model the effect of the Portuguese elderly individuals' global perception about the satisfaction of basic psychological needs on subjective well-being. Two samples of Portuguese elderly people aged between 60 and 90 years old were considered in this study. Results revealed that they Model 3 of the BNSG-S (three factors, 11 items) adjusted to the data a (X² = 103.16, df = 41, SRMR = .05, TLI = .90, CFI = .93, RMSEA = .07, 90% CI = .05-.08). Additionally, structural model analysis, showed a positive and significant effect between satisfaction of basic psychological needs and subjective well-being. In sum we concluded that the Portuguese version of the BNSG-S can be used as a means to evaluate the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of the older population and, their satisfaction, has a positive effect on subjective well-being in the Portuguese older population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the bright and dark sides of motivation, based on self‐determination theory, as predictors of enjoyment, intention to continue exercising, and exercise persistence. In addition, we analyzed the mediation role of each variable and tested the model invariance between male and female exercisers. Methods: A total of 575 gym exercisers (female = 230) aged between 18 and 65 years (M = 34.07; SD = 11.47) participated in this study. All participants had at least 6 months of regular exercise practice; exercise frequency of the participants ranged from 2 to 7 sessions per week (M = 3.52; SD = 1.28) and training sessions lasted approximately 30 and 120 minutes (M = 61.54; SD = 17.64). Participants completed a multisection questionnaire assessing interpersonal behaviors, basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, behavioral regulations, enjoyment, and intentions to continue exercising. Exercise persistence was assessed 6 months after initial assessment using gym computer system attendance records. Several analyses, namely, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, serial mediation analysis, and structural invariance testing, were performed to increase theoretical and empirical knowledge. Results: Positive associations were observed among the bright side of motivation, enjoyment, intention to continue exercising, and persistence. On the other hand, the dark side of motivation was negatively associated with the bright side constructs, enjoyment, intention, and exercise persistence. Both measurement [χ2(370) = 1496.708, χ2/df = 4.05; B‐S P <.001, CFI = 0.907, TLI = 0.901, SRMR = 0.056, RMSEA = 0.073 (CI 90% = 0.063, 0.083)] and structural models [χ2(393) = 2484.994, χ2/df = 6.323; B‐S P <.001, CFI = 0.908, TLI = 0.900, SRMR = 0.075, RMSEA = 0.071 (CI 90% = 0.067, 0.075)] displayed acceptable fit to the data. The results also showed that basic psychological needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, enjoyment, and intention to continue exercising were significant mediators. However, enjoyment had the highest effect on exercise persistence. In addition, structural model invariance was confirmed between male and female exercisers. Conclusion: Motivational determinants have implications for predicting emotional, cognitive, and behavior‐related outcomes. Individuals should perceive exercise instructors as supportive and exercising as a fun activity to endorse long‐term exercise persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale for Portuguese exercisers. In addition, we sought to analyze gender invariance. We collected data from two independent samples of Portuguese respondents—a calibration sample with 316 participants and a validation sample with 632 participants. Results from confirmatory factor analysis supported the original six-factor model in both the calibration sample, χ2(237) = 471.814, χ2/ df = 1.99; B–S p <.001, Comparative Fit Index =.935, Tucker–Lewis Index =.924, standard mean root square residual =.047, root mean square error of approximation =.057 (90% confidence interval = [.050,.065]), and the validation sample, χ2(237) = 571.796, χ2/ df = 2.41; B–S p <.001, Comparative Fit Index =.948, Tucker–Lewis Index =.940, standard mean root square residual =.038, root mean square error of approximation =.047 (90% confidence interval = [.042,.052]). Moreover, our analysis revealed acceptable internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity of the translated version, and invariance between the two samples and between genders, as differences across latent means showed that magnitude effects were trivial between samples and between male and female exercisers. These results support the use of the adapted scale among both male and female exercisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze measurement invariance of the Behavioral Regulation Sports Questionnaire (BRSQ) across gender and four different sports. In addition, we examined nomological validity via basic psychological needs satisfaction. Participants totaled 1,812 Portuguese athletes (1,220 males and 592 females; aged 15–59 years, Mage = 17.72, SD = 5.51) from football (n = 596), basketball (n = 273), swimming (n = 800), and parasport (n = 143). The BRSQ measurement model was invariant across gender and these four sports. The scale confirmed nomological validity in that satisfaction of basic psychological needs positively predicted autonomous forms of motivation and negatively predicted more controlled motivation and amotivation as suggested by self-determination theory. In light of this evidence for BRSQ construct validity, composite reliability, nomological validity, and invariance across gender and four different sports, this scale is a useful tool for coaches of the aforementioned sports in their efforts to evaluate their athletes' motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accordance with the tenets of self-determination theory, this study aims to examine the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction in the relationship between perception on fitness instructor's autonomy support and psychological well-being indicators, among Portuguese exercise participants at the context level of generality. Participate in this study 984 fitness exercisers, of both genders (531 feminine; 453 masculine) with ages between 16 and 70 years old (M= 31.7; SD= 11.2), who completed measures assessing fitness instructor autonomy support perception, basic psychological need satisfaction (competence, autonomy and relatedness) and psychological well-being (subjective vitality, satisfaction with life and global self-esteem). Structural equation modeling analysis conducted support the partial mediating role of the of basic psychological needs satisfaction in the relationship between perceived autonomy support and the psychological well-being indicators. These results clarify the mechanism of psychological well-being promotion among fitness exercisers, helping in the future design of interventions in the fitness context with this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to test the integration of two motivational theoretical models (selfdetermination theory and the achievement goal theory) to analyze the impact of motivational climate in the regulation of motivation and athletes´ effort perception. Participated in the study 460 athletes (male football players at both regional and national level, on the categories of beginners, youth, juniors and seniors, with 17.42 ± 4.37 years-old). The quality of the structural equation model was examined by the Chi-square value and some complementary model fit indices. The results support the model fit (S-Bχ²= 288.84, df= 147, p< 0.001, S-Bχ²/df= 1.96, SRMR= 0.049, NNFI= 0.912, CFI= 0.924, RMSEA= 0.046, 90%IC RMSEA= 0.038−0.054 ), suggesting that a motivational task-oriented climate has a significant positive effect on autonomous motivation, which in turn has a significant positive effect on athletes' effort perception. On the other hand, an ego-oriented environment had a positive effect on the controlled motivation, which in turn had a negative effect on athletes' effort perception, although not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to test the integration of two motivational theoretical models (selfdetermination theory and the achievement goal theory) to analyze the impact of motivational climate in the regulation of motivation and athletes´ effort perception. Participated in the study 460 athletes (male football players at both regional and national level, on the categories of beginners, youth, juniors and seniors, with 17.42 ± 4.37 years-old). The quality of the structural equation model was examined by the Chi-square value and some complementary model fit indices. The results support the model fit (S-Bχ²= 288.84, df= 147, p< 0.001, S-Bχ²/df= 1.96, SRMR= 0.049, NNFI= 0.912, CFI= 0.924, RMSEA= 0.046, 90%IC RMSEA= 0.038−0.054 ), suggesting that a motivational task-oriented climate has a significant positive effect on autonomous motivation, which in turn has a significant positive effect on athletes' effort perception. On the other hand, an ego-oriented environment had a positive effect on the controlled motivation, which in turn had a negative effect on athletes' effort perception, although not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and psychological well-being levels of life satisfaction, self-esteem and vitality in practitioners and non-practitioners of physical activity. Subjects participated in this study (n = 167 male 43.8%, n = 214 56.2% female), aged between 13 and 82 years of age, category 18 <40 n = 288 75.6 % offers the most subjects. The level of physical activity was determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and all subjects completed the Portuguese versions of the Subjective Vitality Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem. The results show no statistically significant data. The results of the mean values are similar for both types of activity. It is concluded that the context alone does not influence the levels of well-being is likely that the category of physical activity: Inactive and Active yes, that is the activity chosen by the subject the more satisfied the greater activity levels soon category of activity tends to active / inactive and consequently higher levels of well-being. However, these benefits are only significant in adequate levels of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to analyze the benefits of a program of physical activity on psychological well-being of elderly population. 30 elderly subjects participate in this study, both sexes aged between 63 and 80 years. Subjects fulfill the portuguese versions of the questionnaires: Behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire, Subjective Vitality Scale Satisfaction with Life Scale Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Was also delivered a sociodemographic questionnaire to obtain information about the participants that include a question about the perceived mobility. The results revealed that the variables of well-being increased at the end of this program. It was also found throughout the program a significant (p <0,01) increase in the level of perception of mobility. It was conclude that regular physical activity enables an improvement in indicators of psychological well-being and perceived mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The questionnaire Exercise Motivation Inventory- 2 has been known as the most complete one to assess the reasons for exercise. However, its extension (51 items, 5 dimensions and 14 factors) demonstrates to be a problem in some situations of less time availability for its completion, which sometimes occur in the fitness context. Considering this problem, this study aims to develop and validate a reduced version of the Exercise Motivation Inventory- 2. Participated in this study in 2266 fitness exercisers (865 female and 1397 males), aged between 16 and 77 years (M = 35.95, SD = 13.80). The reduced version was developed taking in consideration the items with highest factor loading of each of the 14 factors of the original version (English), and taking into account the results of internal consistency and construct validity obtained trough exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The reduced version of the Exercise Motivation Inventory- 2 showed acceptable values of reliability and construct validity, thereby supporting its utilization in the assessment of the motives for exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multidimensional Daily Diary of Fatigue-Fibromyalgia-17 (MDF-fibro-17) is an instrument that measures the different components of fibromyalgia-related fatigue symptoms. The current study aims to examine the factor structure of the MDF-fibro-17 in a sample of Portuguese and Brazilian patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Additionally, a cross-cultural analysis was carried out on these samples to understand the multidimensional complexity of examining the different dimensions of fatigue in patients with different cultural backgrounds and how fibromyalgia impacts patients with this syndrome. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the psychometric properties of the measure. Additionally, a multigroup analysis was carried out on the samples of these two cultures to examine measurement invariance. In total, 209 Portuguese women aged between 21 and 75 years (M = 47.44; SD = 10.73) and 429 Brazilians women aged between 16 and 77 years (M = 46.51; SD = 9.24) participated in this study. The results revealed that the measurement model provided an acceptable fit to the data in both the Portuguese and Brazilian samples, also displaying acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, the model showed acceptable internal consistency and was invariant between cultures. In sum, the MDF-fibro-17 is a valid measure that offers a unique assessment of fatigue symptoms in Portuguese and Brazilian women with fibromyalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An unresolved debate lingers over the effect of past behavior on motivational patterns and future behavior stability in the exercise context. Theorists argue that past behavior has a residual effect on future behavior; however, empirical studies have shown that past behavior displays significant power in predicting behavior recurrence in the future. The present research aimed to examine the effect of past behavior and motivational determinants on future exercise adherence. Methods: Data from 437 Portuguese gym exercisers (female = 235; male = 202) aged between 18 and 53 years (M = 31.14; SD = 9.47), with exercise experience ranging from 6 to 12 months (M = 9.41; SD = 1.33) were considered for research. Participants completed a multi-section survey measuring interpersonal behaviors, basic psychological needs, behavioral regulations, and intentions. Data from past behavior and future exercise adherence were collected using computerized records of their attendance at the gym. Results: Positive and significant correlations paths were evidenced among perceived supportive behaviors, needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, intentions and future exercise adherence. Similar results were presented among perceived thwarting behaviors, needs frustration, and controlled motivation. Regression paths showed that perceived supportive behavior, basic needs satisfaction, and autonomous motivation displayed positive and significant effects on future behaviors; thus, past behavior displayed the highest coefficient on future exercise adherence. Fitness professionals should aim at creating supportive environments, thus, improving the likelihood of being perceived by exercisers as need-supportive individuals. By doing so, as a result, exercisers would experience increased levels of autonomous motivation and higher rates of future exercise attendance at the gym. Hence, exercisers will gradually form their positive past exercise experience, increasing the probability of engaging in an exercise in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De acordo com o último relatório de saúde na união europeia mais de 4,3 milhões de cidadãos morrem anualmente por doenças cardiovasculares associadas ao estilo de vida e ao sedentarismo. A esta circunstância acresce o consistente aumento que se tem verificado nos últimos anos ao nível das despesas de saúde diretas e indiretas relacionadas aos cuidados médicos e de tratamento, estimados em cerca de 192 mil milhões de euros anuais no ano transato. Igualmente alarmante é o facto de estas enfermidades se estarem a verificar cada vez mais precocemente. Atualmente uma em cada três crianças na união europeia é obesa. Estes indicadores são suficientemente alarmantes para que os governos dos diferentes países adotem medidas preventivas abrindo perspetivas para o desenvolvimento de novas profissões associadas à promoção de um estilo de vida mais ativo e saudável, devendo as instituições de ensino estar preparadas para responder a esta necessidade da sociedade. Face a este enquadramento é apresentado um modelo de intervenção profissional para a área do desporto, centrado na promoção de um estilo de vida mais ativo e saudável em ligação com os setores do desporto de formação e do exercício físico em ginásios/ health clubs. É também discutido o perfil de competências profissionais de intervenção neste domínio, considerando o foco da mudança comportamental e a sinergia e pontes com outras profissões e profissionais de saúde. Por fim, atendendo a que vários autores têm identificado a autorregulação como um importante mediador psicológico de numerosos comportamentos de saúde, incluindo o de prática de atividade física, são apresentados um conjunto de investigações centradas na intervenção para a mudança comportamental com base na teoria da autodeterminação e que suportam o sucesso de uma intervenção desta natureza na mudança a longo prazo de comportamentos de saúde e no bem-estar subjetivo em todas as idades e condições. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]