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This research investigates and robustly verifies the impact of expansionary monetary policy actions on green innovation, conducted on a panel covering 133 countries from 1960 to 2018. Overall, we find that such actions have a significantly positive effect on green innovation performance, no matter in the static or dynamic model. A lower degree of central bank independence and poorer property rights protection in developing countries may hinder monetary policies' effect to be transmitted to green innovation activities smoothly. Moreover, stringent environmental regulation contributes to magnifying the expansionary monetary policy's positive effect on green innovation, but such a positive moderating effect should be supported by good national governance quality (including better control over corruption, higher efficiency of governments and a complete law system). Accordingly, several policy suggestions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the long-run co-movement and causal relationship between GDP and social security expenditures, and employs data on 12 Asian countries from 1972 to 2000. Design/methodology/approach - The Pedroni's panel cointegration test. Findings — Test results show strong evidence in favor of the existence of a long-run equilibrium cointegrating relationship between GDP, capital stock and social security expenditures after allowing for heterogeneous country effects. Research limitations/implications — Ever since Diamond in 1965 and Feldstein in 1974 analyzed social security in a growth model, how social security affects savings has become a central issue of policy debate. Social security may influence savings and therefore growth; this is a good issue which should be included for future research. Practical implications — The policy implication shows that in the long run, economic growth must be based on the social welfare policy contiguously, and the economic growth process can allow the social welfare policy to proceed further. Originality/value — Analyses of relationships among between social security expenditures and GDP have thus far ignored the panel unit root or panel cointegration properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the long-run co-movement and causal relationship between GDP and social security expenditures. Design/methodology/approach — The paper uses panel data unit root tests and panel cointegration tests, as well as estimation techniques appropriate for heterogeneous panels such as fully modified OLS. Data are employed on 12 Asian countries from 1972 to 2000. Findings — The cointegration test results show strong evidence in favor of the existence of a long-run equilibrium cointegrating relationship between GDP, capital stock and social security expenditures after allowing for heterogeneous country effects. Regarding the panel-based error correction model and the Granger causality test, there are long-run, bi-directional causal linkages between social security expenditures and economic growth. In addition to the robust test, they display similar results. Originality/value — The paper shows that in every moment, economic growth must be based in the social welfare policy contiguously, and the economic growth process can allow the social welfare policy to proceed contiguously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Solow–Swan growth model and the time‐trend included in the aggregate production function, this study applies the multivariate cointegration approach to re-investigate the long-run and causal relationships between defence expenditures and GDP while controlling for capital and labour input in Taiwan during the 1955–2002 period. It examines the long-run causal relationship using the weak exogeneity test and utilizes general impulse response functions to determine whether a shock to defence expenditures affects economic growth or vice versa. Our findings provide substantive evidence in favour of the existence of a long-run equilibrium cointegrated relationship between defence expenditures, GDP, labour and capital stock. The results of the weak exogeneity test indicate that a bi-directional causal relationship exists in the long-run between defence expenditures and GDP. Thus, the main policy implication that emerges from the long-run results is that increasing defence expenditures in Taiwan is an effective means to boost overall economic performance and, with this improved economy, it should then be able to increase its defence expenditures further. Lastly, from our dynamic vector error correction model estimations, it is found that defence expenditures are a major means of adjusting for disequilibria that occur within the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial for the advancement of political economics and innovation economics to examine the relationship between income inequality and green innovation (GI). Using the panel fixed effect model, this study investigates the influence of income inequality on GI across 97 countries from 1991 to 2018 and demonstrates a significant non-linear association between the two. The empirical data exhibit an inverted U-shape relationship, suggesting that there is an optimal degree of income inequality that optimizes GI output, and the inflection point of our overall sample is at a Gini coefficient of 0.366. Additionally, we choose a set of robustness tests to validate the results by substituting explained variables, adding omitted variables, and employing the difference and system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimations. Moreover, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the non-linear patterns vary among samples, with the U-shape relationship being more significant in countries with lower income, higher corruption, and weaker government effectiveness. Our findings provide government decision-makers with a crucial reference for maximizing the importance of income distribution in fostering GI and achieving sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemics and their resulting pandemics have become essential factors influencing economic development, financial stability, poverty, and ultimately a country's innovation level, including green technology innovation. This research thus investigates epidemic events' correlation to green innovation by operating with skewed panel data involving 134 countries from 1971 to 2018 and provides compelling proof that Epidemics have a detrimental effect on green innovation, not only for the current year but also for the next six years. We also show that the quality of institutions and financial development levels weaken epidemics' detrimental effects on green innovation. Overall, the findings would draw particular attention from policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the causal relationship between environmental quality and corruption for 129 countries, using the panel cointegration and panel-based error correction models for the period 2002-2015. In the paper, we use EPI, EHI, and EVI to represent environmental quality, which are more reasonable and comprehensive. We further take industry growth into consideration and investigate its impact on environmental quality. Our results corroborate that there exists a long-term equilibrium cointegrated relationship among the variables, both of corruption and industry growth have a negative effect on environmental quality and the corruption can seriously decrease environmental quality in the long term, while industry growth weakens environmental quality no matter in the short or long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on annual panel data of OECD countries from 1995 to 2014, this paper analyzes the impact of air quality (including per capita CO2, PM2.5, and SO emissions) on the immigrant population through a panel fixed-effect model, while employing control factors such as GDP, unemployment rate, and education level. Overall, we provide evidence that air quality is a key determinant of immigration in the selected countries, and in particular the host country's emissions have a negative impact on immigrants. Greater emissions imply fewer immigrants, while fewer emissions denote more immigrants. Our findings provide countries with a way to more accurately estimate migrant inflow and offer an idea for OECD members on how to attract immigrants via an improvement in environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on green innovation by using the panel fixed effects model from 2000 to 2017 for the samples of 31 provinces in China. The general conclusion is that there exists a positive link from EPU to green innovation, and that the impact of EPU varies significantly among different provinces that have diverse levels of marketization and trade openness. Specifically, provinces with higher marketization and degrees of trade openness have witnessed stronger positive effects from EPU on green innovation, whereas the correlation is rather weak in regions with low levels of those two factors. Our findings serve as a research reference for how governments may boost green innovation in the face of increasing EPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since China is facing a complicated international situation and sustainable development requirement at the same time, this paper examines the effects of external uncertainty, international sanctions, on green innovations by adopting the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation for 30 provinces (autonomous region and municipalities) from 1997 to 2019. We employ green inventions as the dependent variable and 5 indicators of sanctions (including unilateral, plurilateral, multilateral, economic, and intensity) as the main explanatory variables alternately. For further robustness tests, we use substitution variable green utility models, adopt sub-samples in different regions, change the empirical methodology, and add omitted variables. We also examine the mechanism effects of three possible channels. The conclusion is that plurilateral and economic sanctions both present significant negative impacts on green innovations, whereas China was not affected by unilateral or multilateral sanctions during the sample period. GDP, interpersonal globalization, and environment are proved to be the possible channels through which sanctions affect green innovations. Our research findings should assist Chinese-listed companies suffering from sanctions to make better responses on their way to green innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacing the conventional pyrazole 5-aryl substituent of 1(SR141716A) with the 2-thienyl moiety appended with an appropriate alkynyl unit, a novel class of 5-(5-alkynyl-2-thienyl)pyrazole derivatives, behaving as highly potent CB1 receptor antagonists with good CB1/2 selectivity, was discovered, many of which, as typified by compound 18, showed significant weight reduction in diet-induced obese mouse model, thus pharmacologically validating that the bioisosteric replacement described above is viable. Also encouraging was the finding that a subtle structural modification of the newly developed series could result in a distinct difference in the intrinsic property, as demonstrated by compounds 12(NA) and its methylated structural isomers 15(PA) and 18(IA). Moreover, current structure−activity relationship studies revealed that around the pyrazole 5-position of 1, a deep and flat crevice surrounded by a sequence of hydrophobic/aromatic residues as indicated by the CB1-receptor homology model might exist in the binding site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the impact of government effectiveness on innovation by using unbalanced panel data from the World Bank on 166 countries spanning 1996 to 2018. We analyze the impact of government efficiency on innovation through various panel fixed-effects models, while incorporating control variables such as GDP, education, and industrial structure into the analysis framework. The empirical results conclude that, in our selected countries, government efficiency has a significantly positive impact on innovation output and more importantly verify the positive impact from the improvement of bureaucracy quality on innovation. The evidence again shows the positive impacts of government efficiency on innovation output by addressing endogenous and robustness checking via the series of methods. Furthermore, the heterogeneity and mechanism of this relationship would be explored. Therefore, the research results provide an alternative method for national governments to promote innovation output by improving government effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the impacts of income inequality (proxied by the Gini index) on environmental governance (proxied by per capita government investments on industrial pollution prevention) by employing the panel fixed effect model, system generalized method of moments and bias-corrected least-squares dummy variables model for 23 provinces from 1995 to 2014. The results indicate that income inequality exhibits significantly positive impacts on government environmental governance investment in China, which reveals that an increase in income inequality may help to improve environmental governance in China; we thus offer several remittable implications for those policy makers in Chinese provinces as well as governments of emergent economies like China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the influence of age structure and gender on air pollution, dividing the age structure into four groups and use CO2 emissions as a measure of air pollution, which can be separated into four categories to obtain more complete findings, then employing panel cointegration techniques and panel-based error correction models. The data are collected from 29 OECD and 40 non-OECD countries in the period 1990-2014. For case of total CO2 emissions, younger (people under 30) and older people (people 65 and above) emit less than people in the intermediate age group, but the impact of age group on CO2 emissions is different when looking at CO2 emissions from coal, gas, and oil. While we take gender into account, the causality between age structure and CO2 emissions becomes significant, especially for the relationship between population and total CO2 emissions in OECD and non-OECD countries. We also note that more people who are aged 15-29 increase total CO2 emissions in OECD countries and more people who are aged 30-44 decrease CO2 emissions from coal in non-OECD countries. Our findings suggest that an energy and environmental policy should consider both age structure and gender effects on environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the long-run relationships among environmental performance, political stability, and trade openness for 126 countries as well as the sub-samples of OECD and non-OECD countries, using the panel cointegration and panel-based error correction models for the period 2002-2014. For the full sample and the non-OECD countries, our results corroborate that there exists a long-term equilibrium cointegrated relationship among the variables. Moreover, the panel fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) estimations present that political stability and trade openness have a negative effect on environmental performance in full samples case as well as the non-OECD countries, whereas trade openness exhibits a positive influence on environmental performance in OECD countries. The vector error correction model (VECM) shows a diversified negative causalities running from trade openness and political stability to environmental performance in the long run for both full samples and the sub-samples countries. The policy implication is that pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) is supported and trade regulations can help promote environmental performance; meanwhile, political stability accelerates macroeconomic performance and attracts more foreign investment. Overall, the government can carry on a policy to lower pollution levels, thus further advancing environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have discovered a novel series of quinazoline-based CXCR4 antagonists. Of these, compound 19 mobilized CXCR4+ cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, more efficiently than the marketed 1 (AMD3100) with subcutaneous administration at the same dose (6 mg/kg) in mice. This series of compounds thus provides a set of valuable tools to study diseases mediated by the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cancer metastasis. More importantly, treatment with compound 19 significantly lowered levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, providing evidence for its therapeutic potential in preventing ischemic acute kidney injury. CXCR4 antagonists such as 19 might also be useful to increase circulating levels of adult stem cells, thereby exerting beneficial effects on damaged and/or inflamed tissues in diseases that currently are not treated by standard approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the active metabolite 5as an initial template, further structural modifications led to the identification of the titled compound 24(BPR-890) as a highly potent CB1 inverse agonist possessing an excellent CB2/1 selectivity and remarkable in vivo efficacy in diet-induced obese mice with a minimum effective dose as low as 0.03 mg/kg (po qd) at the end of the 30-day chronic study. Current SAR studies along with those of many existing rimonabant-mimicking molecules imply that around the pyrazole C3-position, a rigid and deep binding pocket should exist for CB1 receptor. In addition, relative to the conventional carboxamide carbonyl, serving as a key hydrogen-bond acceptor during ligand−CB1 receptor interaction, the corresponding polarizable thione carbonyl might play a more critical role in stabilizing the Asp366-Lys192 salt bridge in the proposed CB1-receptor homology model and inducing significant selectivity for CB1R over CB2R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]