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Solving maximum matching problems in bipartite graphs is critical in fields such as computational biology and social network analysis. This study introduces HybridGNN, a novel Graph Neural Network model designed to efficiently address complex matching problems at scale. HybridGNN leverages a combination of Graph Attention Networks (GATv2), Graph SAGE (SAGEConv), and Graph Isomorphism Networks (GIN) layers to enhance computational efficiency and model performance. Through extensive ablation experiments, we identify that while the SAGEConv layer demonstrates suboptimal performance in terms of accuracy and F1-score, configurations incorporating GATv2 and GIN layers show significant improvements. Specifically, in six-layer GNN architectures, the combinations of GATv2 and GIN layers with ratios of 4:2 and 5:1 yield superior accuracy and F1-score. Therefore, we name these GNN configurations HybridGNN1 and HybridGNN2. Additionally, techniques such as mixed precision training, gradient accumulation, and Jumping Knowledge networks are integrated to further optimize performance. Evaluations on an email communication dataset reveal that HybridGNNs outperform traditional algorithms such as the Hopcroft–Karp algorithm, the Hungarian algorithm, and the Blossom/Edmonds' algorithm, particularly for large and complex graphs. These findings highlight HybridGNN's robust capability to solve maximum matching problems in bipartite graphs, making it a powerful tool for analyzing large-scale and intricate graph data. Furthermore, our study aligns with the goals of the Symmetry and Asymmetry Study in Graph Theory special issue by exploring the role of symmetry in bipartite graph structures. By leveraging GNNs, we address the challenges related to symmetry and asymmetry in graph properties, thereby improving the reliability and fault tolerance of complex networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Keloids are benign fibroproliferative tumors that are unique to humans. However, the exact mechanism of keloid formation remains unclear. The inflammatory cytokines released by immune cells can activate fibroblasts, connective tissue cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Hypoxia is common in the process of fibrosis in many diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between immune response, hypoxia, and keloid formation. Methods. Gene methylation and expression data were downloaded from the GEO database. Thereafter, differentially methylated genes associated with immunity and hypoxia were identified. Machine learning was performed to identify potential diagnostic/immunity/hypoxia‐related differentially methylated/expressed genes, followed by analysis of functional enrichment, transcription factors, protein‐protein interactions, and expression validation by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results. In total, 16 immunity/hypoxia‐related hypermethylated low‐expression genes and 18 immunity/hypoxia‐related hypomethylated high‐expression genes were identified in keloids. Based on machine learning, nine differentially methylated and expressed genes were selected as potential diagnostic markers for keloids, including two hypoxia‐related genes (CDKN1A and PGAM2) and seven immunity‐related genes (DCD, PTGDS, WFIKKN1, SEMA5A, IL1R1, ITGAL, and SOS1). Some significantly enriched signaling pathways were identified, including the FoxO, PI3K‐Akt, focal adhesion, and ErbB signaling pathways. SOS1 is involved in disease regulation with 65 transcription factors and has a higher interaction score with other molecules. Conclusions. Two hypoxia‐related genes (CDKN1A and PGAM2) and seven immunity‐related genes (DCD, PTGDS, WFIKKN1, SEMA5A, IL1R1, ITGAL, and SOS1) could be considered potential diagnostic markers for keloids, and may be helpful in understanding the importance of oxygen balance and immune regulation in keloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High salinity has plagued wastewater treatment for a long time by hindering pollutant removal, thereby becoming a global challenge for water pollution control that is difficult to overcome even with massive energy consumption. Herein, we propose a novel process for rapid salinity-mediated water self-purification in a dual-reaction-centers (DRC) system with cation-p structures. In this process, local hydrogen bond networks of H2O molecules can be distorted through the mediation of salinity, thereby opening the channels for the preferential contact of pollutants on the DRC interface. As the result, the elimination rate of pollutants increased approximately 32-fold at high salinity (100 mM) without any external energy consumption. Our findings provide a novel technology for high-efficiency and low-consumption water self-purification, which is of great significance in environmental remediation and even fine chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of developing a hydrogen economy for decarbonization and focuses on electrocatalytic water splitting as a key method to produce hydrogen from intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind. It highlights the challenges associated with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE) and presents a novel approach involving a quinary high-entropy oxide catalyst.

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality, and glia-mediated inflammation is a major contributor to neurological deficits. However, there is currently no proven effective treatment for clinical ICH. Recently, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), a non-invasive method, has shown potential for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of LIPUS on glia-mediated inflammation in ICH. Methods: This study used 289 mice to investigate the effects of LIPUS on ICH. ICH was induced by injecting bacterial collagenase (type VII-S; 0.0375 U) into the striatum of the mice. LIPUS was applied noninvasively for 3 days, including a 2-h-delayed intervention to mimic clinical usage. The study evaluated neurological function, histology, brain water content, hemoglobin content, MRI, and protein expression of neurotrophic factors, inflammatory molecules, and apoptosis. In vitro studies investigated glia-mediated inflammation by adding thrombin (10 U/mL) or conditioned media to primary and cell line cultures. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was used to confirm the effects of PI3K/Akt signaling after LIPUS treatment. Results: LIPUS treatment improved neurological deficits and reduced tissue loss, edema, and neurodegeneration after ICH. The protective effects of LIPUS resulted from decreased glia-mediated inflammation by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-NF-κB signaling, which reduced cytokine expression and attenuated microglial activation-induced neuronal damage in vitro. Conclusions: LIPUS treatment improved neurological outcomes and reduced glia-mediated inflammation by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-NF-κB signaling after ICH. LIPUS may provide a non-invasive potential management strategy for ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding geospatial impacts of multi-sourced influencing factors on the epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is of great significance for formulating disease control policies tailored to regional-specific needs, yet the knowledge is very limited. We aim to identify and further quantify the spatiotemporal heterogeneous effects of environmental and socioeconomic factors on HFMD dynamics. Methods: We collected monthly province-level HFMD incidence and related environmental and socioeconomic data in China during 2009–2018. Hierarchical Bayesian models were constructed to investigate the spatiotemporal relationships between regional HFMD and various covariates: linear and nonlinear effects for environmental covariates, and linear effects for socioeconomic covariates. Results: The spatiotemporal distribution of HFMD cases was highly heterogeneous, indicated by the Lorenz curves and the corresponding Gini indices. The peak time (R2 = 0.65, P = 0.009), annual amplitude (R2 = 0.94, P<0.001), and semi-annual periodicity contribution (R2 = 0.88, P<0.001) displayed marked latitudinal gradients in Central China region. The most likely cluster areas for HFMD were located in south China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan) from April 2013 to October 2017. The Bayesian models achieved the best predictive performance (R2 = 0.87, P<0.001). We found significant nonlinear associations between monthly average temperature, relative humidity, normalized difference vegetation index and HFMD transmission. Besides, population density (RR = 1.261; 95%CI, 1.169–1.353), birth rate (RR = 1.058; 95%CI, 1.025–1.090), real GDP per capita (RR = 1.163; 95%CI, 1.033–1.310) and school vacation (RR = 0.507; 95%CI, 0.459–0.559) were identified to have positive or negative effects on HFMD respectively. Our model could successfully predict months with HFMD outbreaks versus non-outbreaks in provinces of China from Jan 2009 to Dec 2018. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of refined spatial and temporal data, as well as environmental and socioeconomic information, on HFMD transmission dynamics. The spatiotemporal analysis framework may provide insights into adjusting regional interventions to local conditions and temporal variations in broader natural and social sciences. Author summary: Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is one of the most common pediatric infectious diseases worldwide and it has affected up to two million children annually in China since 2008. This study used Bayesian spatiotemporal modeling to analyze provincial-level HFMD cases, environmental and socioeconomic data during 2009–2018. We found that both environmental (temperature, relative humidity and normalized difference vegetation index) and socioeconomic covariates (population density, birth rate, real GDP per capita and school vacation) are associated with HFMD occurrence under spatiotemporal scales. This model may help to (1) identify outbreaks of HFMD, including their timing, location and severity; (2) understand the transmission dynamics by mapping the spread of HFMD over time and space; (3) indicate areas of higher risk or the emergence of new outbreaks by detecting clusters of HFMD cases in specific geographic locations. Overall, this study provides valuable information for public health decision-makers and researchers, allowing them to better understand the spread of the disease and target their efforts more efficiently to control its transmission and prevent outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case of a 59-year-old woman who was rushed to a clinic due to a 3-month-old nonpainful left neck mass to discuss cervical tuberculosis along with papillary thyroid carcinoma with lateral neck metastasis. Also cited are the effectiveness of using fine needle aspiration (FNA) to diagnose cervical tuberculosis and her treatment of bilateral total thyroidectomy with central neck and left lateral neck dissections.

Highway construction reduces the production costs of enterprises, which is conducive to their increased investment in environmental management and the adoption of green production technologies, thereby promoting regional green economic growth. Traditional research mainly focuses on the pollution problem in the transportation infrastructure and transportation process, and it is difficult to explain the spatial spillover problem of the green economy brought by transportation. We measured the shortest passage time and market access of the Yangtze River Economic Belt highway from 2005 to 2019. Meanwhile, we measured the green total factor productivity based on the Malmquist-Luenberger index. The empirical results show that highway construction has a significant role in promoting green economic growth in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. However, there is obvious regional heterogeneity in the degree of effect. Market access has the largest effect in large cities, followed by medium cities, and has the smallest effect on small cities. This suggests that there is an environmental "bottoming-out effect" in highway-induced industrial transfer. Further, we find that green technology innovation is the mechanism by which highways affect green economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces a complex sequence of apoptotic cascades and inflammatory responses, leading to neurological impairment. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective cation channel with high calcium permeability, has been implicated in neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses. This study used a mouse ICH model and neuronal cultures to examine whether TRPV1 activation exacerbates brain damage and neurological deficits by promoting neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation. ICH was induced by injecting collagenase in both wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and TRPV1−/− mice. Capsaicin (CAP; a TRPV1 agonist) or capsazepine (a TRPV1 antagonist) was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 30 min before ICH induction in WT mice. The effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 using CAP or capsazepine on motor deficits, histological damage, apoptotic responses, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neuroinflammatory reactions were explored. The antiapoptotic mechanisms and calcium influx induced by TRPV1 inactivation were investigated in cultured hemin‐stimulated neurons. TRPV1 expression was upregulated in the hemorrhagic brain, and TRPV1 was expressed in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes after ICH. Genetic deletion of TRPV1 significantly attenuated motor deficits and brain atrophy for up to 28 days. Deletion of TRPV1 also reduced brain damage, neurodegeneration, microglial activation, cytokine expression, and cell apoptosis at 1 day post‐ICH. Similarly, the administration of CAP ameliorated brain damage, neurodegeneration, brain edema, BBB permeability, and cytokine expression at 1 day post‐ICH. In primary neuronal cultures, pharmacological inactivation of TRPV1 by CAP attenuated neuronal vulnerability to hemin‐induced injury, suppressed apoptosis, and preserved mitochondrial integrity in vitro. Mechanistically, CAP reduced hemin‐stimulated calcium influx and prevented the phosphorylation of CaMKII in cultured neurons, which was associated with reduced activation of P38 and c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling. Our results suggest that TRPV1 inhibition may be a potential therapy for ICH by suppressing mitochondria‐related neuronal apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the electrical characteristics of a p‐type negative‐capacitance field‐effect transistor are investigated using an ultrathin 2.5 nm‐thick HfAlOx. The optimized performance exhibits a steep subthreshold slope of 35 mV dec−1, a negligible hysteresis of 4 mV, and a low off‐state current of 3 × 10−13 A μm−1. Appropriate aluminum doping into HfAlOx film can not only improve the leakage current but also stabilize the negative‐capacitance matching. The prominent improvement on the capacitance matching and ferroelectricity can be ascribed to the reduced defect traps and less dielectric crystalline phase during annealing, which is important for the practical application of energy‐efficient logic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory responses significantly contribute to neuronal damage and poor functional outcomes following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is known to induce neuroinflammatory responses via degradation of anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET), and sEH is upregulated in response to brain injury. The present study investigated the involvement of sEH in ICH-induced neuroinflammation, brain damage, and functional deficits using a mouse ICH model and microglial cultures.Methods: ICH was induced by injecting collagenase in both wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and sEH knockout (KO) mice. WT mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), a selective sEH inhibitor, 30 min before ICH. Expression of sEH in the hemorrhagic hemisphere was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH by AUDA on neuroinflammatory responses, EET degradation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, histological damage, and functional deficits were evaluated. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sEH inactivation was investigated in thrombin- or hemin-stimulated cultured microglia.Results: ICH induced an increase in sEH protein levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere from 3 h to 4 days. sEH was expressed in microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells in the perihematomal region. Genetic deletion of sEH significantly attenuated microglia/macrophage activation and expression of inflammatory mediators and reduced EET degradation at 1 and 4 days post-ICH. Deletion of sEH also reduced BBB permeability, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, neutrophil infiltration, and neuronal damage at 1 and 4 days. Likewise, administration of AUDA attenuated proinflammatory microglia/macrophage activation and EET degradation at 1 day post-ICH. These findings were associated with a reduction in functional deficits and brain damage for up to 28 days. AUDA also ameliorated neuronal death, BBB disruption, MMP-9 activity, and neutrophil infiltration at 1 day. However, neither gene deletion nor pharmacological inhibition of sEH altered the hemorrhage volume following ICH. In primary microglial cultures, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH by AUDA reduced thrombin- and hemin-induced microglial activation. Furthermore, AUDA reduced thrombin- and hemin-induced P38 MAPK and NF-κB activation in BV2 microglia cultures. Ultimately, AUDA attenuated N2A neuronal death that was induced by BV2 microglial conditioned media.Conclusions: Our results suggest that inhibition of sEH may provide a potential therapy for ICH by suppressing microglia/macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendritic arborization is highly regulated and requires tight control of dendritic growth, branching, cytoskeletal dynamics, and ion channel expression to ensure proper function. Abnormal dendritic development can result in altered network connectivity, which has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). How neuronal growth control programs tune dendritic arborization to ensure function is still not fully understood. Using Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons as a model, we identified the conserved Ste20-like kinase Tao as a negative regulator of dendritic arborization. We show that Tao kinase activity regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and sensory channel localization required for proper sensory function in both male and female flies. We further provide evidence for functional conservation of Tao kinase, showing that its ASD-linked human ortholog, Tao kinase 2 (Taok2), could replace Drosophila Tao and rescue dendritic branching, dynamic microtubule alterations, and behavioral defects. However, several ASD-linked Taok2 variants displayed impaired rescue activity, suggesting that Tao/Taok2 mutations can disrupt sensory neuron development and function. Consistently, we show that Tao kinase activity is required in developing and as well as adult stages for maintaining normal dendritic arborization and sensory function to regulate escape and social behavior. Our data suggest an important role for Tao kinase signaling in cytoskeletal organization to maintain proper dendritic arborization and sensory function, providing a strong link between developmental sensory aberrations and behavioral abnormalities relevant for Taok2-dependent ASDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is significant interest in preparing packaging film from sustainable polysaccharides, especially hemicellulose (HC). Hemicellulose isolated from wheat straw tends to aggregate into dissolved particles in aqueous solutions and to form poor films. When methylcellulose (MC) was added into the HC solution, HC and MC formed a HC-MC complex. With increased MC content, the size of the HC-MC complex decreased, and its surface charge increased at the same time. When 35 wt% MC was added into the HC, a continuous HC-MC film formed in the layer structure. The HC-MC film with 75 wt% MC showed a more compact layer structure compared with other films. The tensile strengths of the HC-MC film increased with the MC addition. When MC was added to 75 wt%, the tensile strengths of the HC-MC film reached their maximum values, which were higher than that of MC film. This high film strength suggested these HC-MC composite films have potential applications in packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces a series of inflammatory processes that contribute to neuronal damage and neurological deterioration. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that negatively regulate transcriptional processes involved in inflammatory responses, but their role in the pathology following ICH remains unclear. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory actions of TO901317, a synthetic LXR agonist, in a model of collagenase-induced ICH and in microglial cultures.Methods: Mice subjected to collagenase-induced ICH injury were injected with either TO901317 (30 mg/kg) or vehicle 10 min after ICH and subsequently daily for 2 days. Behavioral studies, histology analysis, and assessments of hematoma volumes, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were performed. The protein expression of LXR-α, LXR-β, ATP binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA-1), and inflammatory molecules was analyzed. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of TO901317 was investigated in cultured microglia that were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or thrombin.Results: ICH induced an increase in LXR-α protein levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere at 6 h whereas LXR-β expression remained unaffected. Both LXR-α and LXR-β were expressed in neurons and microglia in the peri-ICH region and but rarely in astrocytes. TO901317 significantly attenuated functional deficits and brain damage up to 28 days post-ICH. TO901317 also reduced neuronal death, BBB disruption, and brain edema at day 4 post-ICH. These changes were associated with marked reductions in microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, and expression levels of inflammatory mediators at 4 and 7 days. However, TO901317 had no effect on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. In BV2 microglial cultures, TO901317 attenuated LPS- and thrombin-stimulated nitric oxide production and reduced LPS-induced p38, JNK, MAPK, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Moreover, delaying administration of TO901317 to 3 h post-ICH reduced brain tissue damage and neuronal death.Conclusions: Our results suggest that enhancing LXR activation may provide a potential therapy for ICH by modulating the cytotoxic functions of microglia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we reported a ferroelectric HfAlOx negative capacitor transistor with gate-stress (GS) engineering. Compared to control device, the HfAlOx transistor with GS engineering percentage of $\text{I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ enhancement and 27% $\text{V}_{T}$ reduction under the assistance of the negative capacitance (NC) effect. The orthorhombic phase transition played a crucial role in realizing the NC effect. From the results of the material analysis, the theoretical Landau simulation and electrical measurement, we demonstrated that the GS is favorable for inducing orthorhombic phase crystallization of HfAlOx and stabilizing the NC effect, which shows the potential for the application of advanced technology node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, we successfully demonstrated the dopant-free HfO2 negative capacitance (NC) transistor featuring a low gate-overdrive voltage and a nearly hysteresis-free sub-40 mV/dec swing. These excellent performances can be ascribed to the reduction of the monoclinic phase suppressed with the thickness scaling and gate stress engineering favorably rearranging oxygen vacancies to boost orthorhombic phase transition. The highly scalable and dopant-free NC transistor shows the potential for the application of advanced CMOS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigated the negative capacitance behavior of novel ferroelectric versatile memory with low-voltage-driven and fast ferroelectric switching. The combined storage mechanism strengthened the stability of ferroelectric polarization by interface aligned dipoles. The simulation results of first principle calculation indicated that the monoclinic-like orthorhombic phase of ferroelectric hafnium oxide facilitated the occurrence of S-shaped negative capacitance behavior. Furthermore, the control of phase transition may affect ferroelectric property and negative capacitance effect during program and erase states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief, we reported a ferroelectric versatile memory with strained-gate engineering. The versatile memory with high-strain-gate showed a >40% improvement on ferroelectric hysteresis window, compared to low-strain case. The high compressive stress induced from high nitrogen-content TaN enhances monoclinic-to-orthorhombic phase transition to reach stronger ferrolectric polarization and lower depolarization field. The versatile memory featuring ferroelectric negative capacitance exhibited excellent transfer characteristics of the sub-60-mVdec subthreshold swing, ultralow off-state leakage of <1fA/ \mu \textm and > 10^\mathsf 8 on/off current ratio. Furthermore, the ferroelectric versatile memory can be switched by ±5 V under 20-ns speed for a long endurance cycling (~1012 cycles). The low-power operation can be ascribed to the amplification of the surface potential to reach the strong inversion and fast domain polarization at the correspondingly low program/erase voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this work, we report a ferroelectric memory with strained-gate engineering. The memory window of the high strain case was improved by ∼71% at the same ferroelectric thickness. The orthorhombic phase transition (from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric transition) plays a key role in realizing negative capacitance effect at high gate electric field. Based on a reliable first principles calculation, we clarify that the gate strain accelerates the phase transformation from metastable monoclinic to orthorhombic and thus largely enhances the ferroelectric polarization without increasing dielectric thickness. This ferroelectric strain technology shows the potential for emerging device application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By synthesizing GO-Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites (graphene oxide coated with magnetite), this study investigated chlorpheniramine (a widely used pharmaceutical) adsorption on magnetic GO-Fe 3 O 4 , with respect to the influences of using the nanocomposite suspension or particles, mass ratios of Fe 3 O 4 /GO in the synthesis, pH, and contact time. GO-Fe 3 O 4 was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory. Nano-sized Fe 3 O 4 anchored on GO uniformly, resulting in hybrid structures with well combination between GO and Fe 3 O 4 . By fitting to the pseudo 2nd-order model, chlorpheniramine adsorption onto GO-Fe 3 O 4 likely occurred due to a chemical adsorption. The adsorption maximums decreased in the order: GO-Fe 3 O 4 particles > GO-Fe 3 O 4 suspension > activated carbon. With Fe 3 O 4 changing the surface charge of GO-Fe 3 O 4 suspension, pH variation enhanced chlorpheniramine adsorption on GO-Fe 3 O 4 suspension. The GO-Fe 3 O 4 particles exhibited a relatively better but slow chlorpheniramine adsorption. More importantly, additional nanopore volumes and surface areas were created in GO-Fe 3 O 4 particles due to low Fe 3 O 4 contents to more effectively capture and remove chlorpheniramine, as Fe 3 O 4 crystals on the GO surface potentially prevented the compaction of GO sheets. These factors interactively affected and determined the approach of using GO for removing chlorpheniramine or other pharmaceuticals with similar molecular characteristics in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High speed stamping process is used to high strength and high electrical conductivity phosphor bronze with extremely high strain rates more than 10³ s-1. This study on the dynamic tensile behaviour and deformational mechanism is to optimise the high speed stamping processes and improve geometrical precision in finished products. Thus, the tensile properties and deformation behaviour of C5191 phosphor bronze under quasi-static tensile condition at a strain rate of 0.001 s-1 by electronic universal testing machine, and dynamic tensile condition at strain rate of 500, 1000 and 1500 s-1 by split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) apparatus were studied. The effects of strain rate and the deformation mechanism were investigated by means of SEM and TEM. The results showed that the yield strength and tensile strength of C5191 phosphor bronze under high strain rates deformation increased by 32.77% and 11.07% respectively compared with quasi-static condition, the strain hardening index increases from 0.075 to 0.251, and the strength of the material strain rates sensitivity index change from 0.005 to 0.022, which presented a clear sensitive to strain rates. Therefore, it is claimed that the dominant deformation mechanism was changed by the dislocation motion under different strain rates, and the ability of plastic deformation of C5191 phosphor bronze increased due to the number of movable dislocations increased significantly, started multi-line slip, and the soft effect of adiabatic temperature rise at the strain rate ranging from 500 to 1500 s-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of fringe electric field applied during photopolymerization on the electro-optic properties of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals (PS-BPLCs) was investigated. It has been found that the thermal stability would not degrade if the electric field was less than a critical value. The contrast ratio of PS-BPLC can be improved significantly because the uniformity of blue phase liquid crystal domain was enhanced by the electric fields, which were applied during photopolymerization. Meanwhile, with the electric filed, the potential energy of the BPLC molecules may lower the anchoring energy of the polymer network resulting in the improvement of electro-optic response properties. With optimized electric field during polymerization, the contrast ratio and the Kerr constant of PS-BPLC can be improved by 4.1 times and 15%, respectively, and the hysteresis can be decreased by 10%, while the response time and residual birefringence have no degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the excellent catalytic performance of manganese oxide (K-OMS-2) in a wide range of applications, incorporation of various dopants has been commonly applied for K-OMS-2 to acquire additional functionality or activities. However, the understanding of its substitution mechanism with respect to the catalytic performance of doped K-OMS-2 materials remains unclear. Here we present the structural distortion (from tetragonal to monoclinic cell) and morphological evolution in K-OMS-2 materials by doping hexavalent molybdenum. With a Mo-to-Mn ratio of 1:20 (R-1:20) in the preparation, the resultant monoclinic K-OMS-2 shows a small equidimensional particle size (∼15 nm), a high surface area of 213 m²g–1, and greatly improved catalytic activity toward CO oxidation with lower onset temperatures (40 °C) than that of pristine K-OMS-2 (above 130 °C). HR-TEM analyses reveal direct evidence of structural distortion on the cross-section of 2 × 2 tunnels with the absence of 4-fold rotation symmetry expected for a tetragonal cell, which are indexed using a monoclinic cell. Our results suggest that substitution of Mo6+ for Mn3+ (rather than Mn4+) coupled with the vacancy generation results in a distorted structure and unique morphology. The weakened Mn–O bonds and Mn vacancies associated with the structural distortion may be mainly responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity of monoclinic K-OMS-2 instead of dopant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene hybrids comprised of diverse functional materials have shown exceptional performance. However, only 2D composites were widely studied, the understanding of graphene hybridization behavior with complex 3D nanostructures remains unclear. In this work, we investigate how the graphene hybridization is affected by the presence of 3D nanovoids, and the corresponding influence on the electrocatalysis of hydrogen peroxide reduction. The 3D nanovoids of the cobalt manganese oxide (CMO) increase the amount of graphene captured in the composites for the higher surface areas, uniform porosity, and improved electrocatalytic activities. The formation of graphene/CMO interfaces contributes to the efficient H 2 O 2 reduction at the more positive onset potentials than graphene or CMO material alone. Controls of the inhomogeneous distribution and void-filling behavior of graphene on CMO surface are critical to achieve optimal, synergistic electrocatalysis. The graphene/CMO hybrids with full graphene coverage exhibit the greatly enhanced H 2 O 2 sensitivity by 2900 and 48 times greater than commercial products and bare CMO, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have suggested the potential association between air pollution and tuberculosis incidence, but this association remains inconclusive and evidence to assess causality is particularly lacking. We aimed to draw causal inference between fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and tuberculosis in China. Methods: Granger causality (GC) inference was performed within vector autoregressive models at levels and/or first-differences using annual national aggregated data during 1982–2019, annual provincial aggregated data during 1982–2019 and monthly provincial aggregated data during 2004–2018. Convergent cross-mapping (CCM) approach was used to determine the backbone nonlinear causal association based on the monthly provincial aggregated data during 2004–2018. Moreover, distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was applied to quantify the causal effects. Results: GC tests identified PM2.5 driving tuberculosis dynamics at national and provincial levels in Granger sense. Empirical dynamic modeling provided the CCM causal intensity of PM2.5 effect on tuberculosis at provincial level and demonstrated that PM2.5 had a positive effect on tuberculosis incidence. Then, DLNM estimation demonstrated that the PM2.5 exposure driven tuberculosis risk was concentration- and time-dependent in a nonlinear manner. This result still held in the multi-pollutant model. Conclusions: Causal inference showed that PM2.5 exposure driving tuberculosis, which showing a concentration gradient change. Air pollutant control may have potential public health benefit of decreasing tuberculosis burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe2O3 and/or Al2O3 were supported on mesoporous SBA-15 by wet impregnation and calcinations with AlCl3 and FeCl3 as the metal precursor and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of adsorbed pyridine. Fe2O3/Al2O3@SBA-15 was found to be highly effective for the mineralization of ibuprofen aqueous solution with ozone. The characterization studies showed that Al-O-Si was formed by the substitution of Al3+ for the hydrogen of surface Si-OH groups, not only resulting in high dispersion of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 on SBA-15, but also inducing the greatest amount of surface Lewis acid sites. By studies of in situ attenuated total reflection FTIR (ATR-FTIR), in situ Raman, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra, the chemisorbed ozone was decomposed into surface atomic oxygen species at the Lewis acid sites of Al3+ while it was converted into surface adsorbed •OHads and O2•- radicals at the Lewis acid sites of Fe3+. The combination of both Lewis acid sites of iron and aluminum onto Fe2O3/Al2O3@SBA-15 enhanced the formation of •OHads and O2•- radicals, leading to highest reactivity. Mechanisms of catalytic ozonation were proposed for the tested catalysts on the basis of all the experimental information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signaling is critical for promoting neuronal survival following brain damage. The present study investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of TrkB activation by the TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) on traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact received intraperitoneal 7,8-DHF or vehicle injection 10 min post-injury and subsequently daily for 3 days. Behavioral studies, histology analysis and brain water content assessment were performed. Levels of TrkB signaling-related molecules and apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed. The protective effect of 7,8-DHF was also investigated in primary neurons subjected to stretch injury. Treatment with 20 mg/kg 7,8-DHF attenuated functional deficits and brain damage up to post-injury day 28. 7,8-DHF also reduced brain edema, neuronal death, and apoptosis at day 4. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in cleaved caspase-3 and increase in Bcl-2/Bax ratio. 7,8-DHF enhanced phosphorylation of TrkB, Akt (Ser473/Thr308), and Bad at day 4, but had no effect on Erk 1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, 7,8-DHF increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and promoted cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation. This beneficial effect was attenuated by inhibition of TrkB or PI3K/Akt. 7,8-DHF also promoted survival and reduced apoptosis in cortical neurons subjected to stretch injury. Remarkably, delayed administration of 7,8-DHF at 3 h post-injury reduced brain tissue damage. Our study demonstrates that activation of TrkB signaling by 7,8-DHF protects against TBI via the PI3K/Akt but not Erk pathway, and this protective effect may be amplified via the PI3K/Akt-CREB cascades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a high-performance thin-film transistor (TFT) fabricated using TiO2 and InGaZnO semiconducting layers. Favorable transistor characteristics, including a low threshold voltage of 0.45 V, a small subthreshold swing of 174 mV/decade, and a high field effect mobility of 19 cm²/V s at a low drive voltage of <2 V, were achieved. This favorable performance mainly resulted from the combined effect of the high-dielectric-constant gate dielectric and the TiO2-InGaZnO active semiconductor bilayer, which reduced the operating voltage, enhanced the device mobility, and improved the transistor gate swing. This TiO2-InGaZnO TFT exhibits great potential for future high-speed and high-resolution display applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Ru(II) sensitizers TCR-1 and TCR-2 bearing four carboxy anchoring groups were prepared using 4,4',5,5'-tetraethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine chelate and 4-(5-hexylthien-2-yl)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine and 6-t-butyl-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)isoquinoline, respectively. Dissolution of these sensitizers in DMF solution afforded a light green solution up to 10-5 M, for which their color gradually turned red upon further dilution and deposition on the surface of a TiO2 photoanode due to the spontaneous deprotonation of carboxylic acid groups. These sensitizers were characterized using electrochemical means and structural analysis time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) simulation and were also subjected to actual device fabrication. The as-fabricated DSC devices showed overall efficiencies η = 6.16% and 6.23% versus their 4,4'-dicarboxy counterparts TFRS-2 and TFRS-52 with higher efficiencies of 7.57% and 8.09%, using electrolyte with 0.2 M LiI additive. Their inferior efficiencies are possibly caused by the combination of blue-shifted absorption on TiO2, inadequate dye loading, and the perpendicularly oriented central carboxy groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chaihu-Shugan-San (CHSGS), a traditional Chinese medicinal herbal formula, registered in Jingyue Quanshu, has been indicated that oral administration of the extract from it can remit depressive disorder. C-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK) signal transduction plays a key role in the apoptosis of nerve cells, be reported closely correlated with depression. This study was designed to investigate CHSGS antidepressant-like effects in rat models of depression and probe its possible mechanism. Materials and Methods: The classical experimental depression model chronic mild unpredictable stress (CMUS) was used to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of CHSGS. The extracts were administered orally for 14 days, while the parallel positive control was given at the same time using fluoxetine hydrochloride. The expressions of JNK in the hippocampus were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitation PCR and Western blot assay. Results: Intragastric administration of CHSGS for 14 days caused a significant improvement of weight and locomotor activity in the open-field test. In addition, CHSGS treatment inhibited the expressions of JNK in the hippocampus tissue in CMUS rats. Conclusion: CHSGS could obviously improve the depressive state of the model rats and its mechanism may be correlated with regulating the expressions of JNK in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to various advantages such as energy efficiency, reliability and self-monitoring, the smart grid technology has been emerging as the next-generation intelligent power grid system. Some of the well-known telecommunication, IT and power industries have already adopted smart grid technology along their daily business operations. This paper mainly focuses on the prevention of power outage issue in a smart grid environment. More specifically, consider a utility company which sets a threshold on the total power usage of households from a neighbourhood. Whenever the total power usage from the neighbourhood exceeds the threshold, some of the households need to reduce their energy consumptions, thereby avoiding the possibility of power outage. In the literature, this problem is referred to as threshold-based power usage control (TPUC). In order to solve the TPUC problem, the utility company is required to collect the power usage data of households in a periodic fashion. However, due to privacy reasons, the above problem is not straightforward in a privacy-preserving environment. We emphasise that the existing privacy-preserving TPUC algorithms are either insecure or inefficient. Therefore, this paper proposes two novel secure and distributed TPUC protocols by preserving the privacy of households in a given neighbourhood. Furthermore, we empirically show the practical value of the proposed protocols through various experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The diffusion behavior was originated from high-vapor-pressure Te atom. [•] Te out-diffusion is main driving force to cause inter-diffusion effect. [•] Mid-band Ta and TaN with favored ohmic-like contact showed small diffusion tail. [•] Strong Ta-N bonding and high total energy suppressed interfacial layer formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The delayed high-energy γ ray method is an approach used to detect the presence of nuclear materials. To study the features and functions of the effective half-life (EHL) in this method, a scenario where a beam of 14MeV neutrons is used to irradiate a pure 238U indefinitely thin target was assumed. In this work, a population for study was built, consisting of the seven fission products that are the dominant contributors to the β-delayed γ rays with energies above 3MeV. Based on this population for study, calculations were performed to trace the decay of the integral intensity of the γ rays above 3MeV for a variety of beam-on intervals, to study the EHL at a variety of beam-off intervals, and to investigate the features and functions of the EHL. The study showed that the EHL has a feature that means that any measured EHL should fall within an appropriate range if nuclear material is present. Because of this feature, the EHL can be used as complementary evidence to confirm the presence of nuclear materials, on the precondition that a ‘clear’ spectral region of interest can be settled upon. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, we report a resistive random access memory (RRAM) using trilayer SiO x /a-Si/TiO y film structure. The low switching energy of <10 pJ, highly uniform current distribution (<13% variation), fast 50-ns speed and stable cycling endurance for 106 cycles are simultaneously achieved in this RRAM device. Such good performance can be ascribed to the use of interface-engineered dielectric stack with 1D1R-like structure. The SiO x tunnel barrier in contact with top Ni electrode to form diode-like rectifying element not only lowers self-compliance switching currents, but also improves cycling endurance, which is favorable for the application of high-density 3D memory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose. To evaluate sex-related differences in the prevalence of and cardiovascular risk factors related to gallstone disease (GSD) in an elderly agricultural and fishing population of Taipei, Taiwan. Methods. The study sample consisted of 6511 healthy elderly participants (3971 men and 2540 women) who were voluntarily admitted to a teaching hospital for a physical checkup in 2010. The participants' blood samples and real-time ultrasound fatty liver results were collected. Results. The prevalence of GSD in the study population was 13.2%, which increased significantly with population age (P <.0001). Women were associated with significantly higher GSD prevalence than men (14.8% versus 12.2%; for the chi-square test, P = .003). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, female sex, older age, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were significantly associated with GSD. Multiple logistic regression analysis also revealed that obesity (odds ratio (OR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.44) and metabolic factors (one or 2 versus none, OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.08-1.76) were significantly associated with GSD in women but not in men. Conclusion. In the study population, female sex, older age, and MetS were associated with higher GSD prevalence. The population exhibited other sex-related differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) interacts with and mediates protein trafficking and various cellular functions. Derlin-1 is a candidate for the retrotranslocation channel of endoplasmic reticulum proteins. However, little is known about how Derlin-1 mediates glycosylated protein degradation. Here, we identified Cav-1 as a key player in Derlin-1- and p97-mediated cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) ubiquitination and degradation. Derlin-1 augmented the interaction of Cav-1 and COX-2 and mediated the degradation of COX-2 in a COX-2 C terminus-dependent manner. Suppression of Cav-1 decreased the ubiquitination of COX-2, and mutation of Asn-594 to Ala to disrupt N-glycosylation at the C terminus of COX-2 reduced the interaction of COX-2 with Cav-1 but not Derlin-1. Moreover, suppression of p97 increased the ubiquitination of COX-2 and up-regulated COX-2 but not COX-1. Cav-1 enhanced the interaction of p97 with Ufd1 and Derlin-1 and collaborated with p97 to interact with COX-2. Cav-1 may be a cofactor in the interaction of Derlin-1 and N-glycosylated COX-2 and may facilitate Derlin-1- and p97 complex-mediated COX-2 ubiquitination, retrotranslocation, and degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing a tantalum nitride (TaN) thin film as a diffusion barrier and buffer layer for p-type bismuth telluride [(Bi,Sb)2Te3] thermoelectric devices. A network of TaN with nitrogen (N) incorporation is structurally more stable on (Bi,Sb)2Te3 than the conventional Ni diffusion barrier because of less inter-diffusion and a greater likelihood of stoichiometry in the TaN/(Bi,Sb)2Te3 interface. The atomic inter-diffusion between the barrier layers and (Bi,Sb)2Te3 was evaluated in terms of interface adhesion energy using nanoscratching, and proved with first-principles calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess restorative treatment outcomes in the mixed dentition of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) patients and determine the postrehabilitation oral health status and satisfaction of the patients. Methods: Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed on eight AI patients, who had 74 restorations placed in permanent incisors and molars, to allow evaluation of the integrity of the restorations and periodontal status post-treatment. Subjects completed o survey regarding esthetics, function, and sensitivity. Results: Among the 74 restorations evaluated, seven were lost; of the remaining restorations, 31 were posterior, and 36 were anterior. Ten were rated clinically unacceptable. Teeth with stainless steel crowns had a moderate gingival index (mean=23) and plaque index (mean=2.0) scores. Widening of the periodontal ligament and pulp canal obliteration were common radiographic findings. Subjects recall of satisfaction regarding esthetics (P=.002) and sensitivity (brushing-P=.03; eating-P=.01) showed a statically significant difference before and offer treatment. Conclusions: During mixed dentition, teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta may be restored with conventional treatment modalities. Direct restorations should be considered "interim" with multiple repairs anticipated. Post-treatment, gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation were observed. Subjects were satisfied with their appearance and reported a decrease of hypersensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium head blight, caused by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), is among the most destructive and economically important diseases of small grain crops, including wheat. To determine the phylogenetic species and mycotoxin (trichothecene) chemotypes of the FGSC in the major winter-wheat-producing areas of China, 530 isolates were collected from diseased wheat during the years 2008, 2009, and 2010, and typed using a polymerase chain reaction- based trichothecene genotype assay. Virulence of isolates with different chemotypes was also compared. Of the 530 isolates typed, 348 were F asiaticum and 182 were F graminearum. Subdividing the 530 isolates by the trichothecene predicted to be expressed, 482 were of the deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotype and 48 were nivalenol (NIV). Acetylated derivatives of DON included 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON; 300 isolates), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON; 182 isolates). Chemotypes of the F asiaticum isolates were either 3-Ac- DON or NIV, with 3-AcDON being predominant. F graminearum isolates were all of the 15-AcDON chemotype. F asiaticum was the predominant phylogenetic species in the Yangtze River Basin and F graminearum was dominant in the north of China. Two areas of cooccurrence of trichothecene chemotypes were found. The 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON isolates had similar levels of virulence. The DON isolates were significantly more virulent than those of the NIV. The 3- AcDON and 15-AcDON chemotypes were predominant in the Yangtze River Basin and areas north of the Yangtze River Basin, respectively, and it is suggested that geographic distribution is associated with differences in temperature as well as crop rotation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Air plasma sprayed (APS) Gd2Zr2O7 thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are found to be highly effective in resisting high-temperature (1200°C) penetration of molten Ca–Mg–Al–silicate (CMAS) glass deposit for prolonged durations (up to 1week). In contrast, conventional APS 7YSZ TBCs are found to be fully penetrated by the molten CMAS glass under the same testing conditions. This resistance is attributed to the formation of a sealing layer made of crystalline Ca–apatite phase (based on Ca2Gd8(SiO4)6O2) as a result of the high-temperature chemical interactions between the APS Gd2Zr2O7 TBC and the CMAS glass. The resistance to penetration of molten silicate deposits offered by Gd2Zr2O7 composition TBCs is relatively insensitive to both the type of molten silicate deposits (CMAS sand, volcanic ash, coal fly ash) and the TBC microstructure (APS, EB-PVD). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This review concerns a summary of synthesis, characterization, and applications of octahedral molecular sieve (OMS) materials. These OMS systems have been the focus of our research program for over 20 years. This review primarily covers the past 10 years with an emphasis on the most recent developments in this area. Some current areas of concern include the systematic synthesis of well ordered materials, control of particle sizes, generation of nano-size particles, and development of new synthetic methods like pulse laser deposition and epitaxial growth of oxidic materials. Applications include use of OMS in environmental catalysis, adsorption, clean energy materials, activation of the Greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, and selective oxidations. OMS catalysts are outstanding selective oxidation catalysts and can also drive total oxidations. The highly selective of OMS systems may be related to redox cycling and redox catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and potential toxicity of synthetic musks in environmental media have aroused concerns for the impacts of these chemicals on ecosystems and human health. Here, we present the first method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-APPI-MS/MS) for analysis of the six most important synthetic musks. Analysis was performed on an API 3000 triple quadrupole equipped with a PhotoSpray APPI source. Two pairs of precursor/product ions are presented that are essential for confirmation. Chromatographic separation is completed in 7 min in the positive mode and 5.1 min in the negative mode. Furthermore, three dopant solutions (0.5% anisole in toluene, 0.5% 2,4-difluoroanisole (DFA) in bromobenzene, and 0.5% DFA in chlorobenzene) are compared in terms of sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The best sensitivity is associated with 0.5% anisole in toluene as the dopant; all LODs are below 6 pg. The linear range is 5 to 500 ppb with fairly good precision and accuracy. This analytical method has also proven its applicability by analyzing real air samples. In summary, we present a fast, sensitive, and reliable UPLC-APPI-MS/MS method for six important synthetic musks; it can be readily applied to environmental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excitotoxicity mediated by overactivation of A-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) has been implicated in a variety of neuropathological conditions in the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotoxicity is developmentally regulated, but the definite pattern of the regulation has been controversial, and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that NMDA treatment leads to significant cell death in mature (9 and 12 days in vitro) hippocampal neurons or hippocampi of young postnatal day 12 and adult rats but not in immature (3 and 6 days in vitro) neurons or embryonic day 18 and neonatal rat hippocampi. In contrast, NMDA promotes survival of immature neurons against tropic deprivation. Interestingly, it is found that NMDA preferentially activates p38 MAPK in mature neuron and adult rat hippocampus, but it favors ERK½ activation in immature neuron and postnatal day 0 rat hippocampus. Moreover, it is shown that NMDA neurotoxicity in mature neuron is mediated via p38 MAPK activation, and neuroprotection in immature neuron is mediated via ERK½ activation, whereas all these effects are NR2B-containing NMDAR-dependent, as well as Ca2+-dependent. We also revealed that mature and immature neurons showed no difference in the amplitude of NMDA-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) increase. However, the basal level of [Ca2+]i is shown to elevate with the maturation of neuron, and this elevation is attributable to the changes in NMDA neurotoxicity but not to the switch of the NMDAR signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that a switch of NMDA receptor-favorite intracellular signal pathways from ERK½ to p38 MAPK and the elevated basal level of [Ca2+]i with age might be critical for the developmental changes in NMDA neurotoxicity in the hippocampal neuron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites of MgO with YO have been produced from the respective nitrates by an esterification reaction with ethylene glycol and citric acid. The evolution of nitrous oxides during the reaction causes the product to foam, and the calcination of this foam gives nanocomposite powders with extremely fine, uniform grains, and phase domains. These microstructures are remarkably stable both under postcalcination heat treatment and during consolidation by hot pressing. These stable microstructures arise as a result of the decomposition sequence: this involves the formation of a metastable amorphous/vitreous intermediate followed by concurrent crystallization and phase separation on the nanoscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plasmon-induced photocatalytic inactivation of enteric pathogenic microorganisms in water using Ag-AgI/Al2O3 under visible-light irradiation was investigated. The catalyst was found to be highly effective at killing Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and human rotavirus type 2 Wa (HRV-Wa). Its bactericidal efficiency was significantly enhanced by HCO3- and SO42- ions, which are common in water, while phosphate had a slightly positive effect on the disinfection. Meanwhile, more inactivation of E. coli was observed at neutral and alkaline pH than at acid pH in Ag-AgI/Al2O3 suspension. Furthermore, the effects of inorganic anions and pH on the transfer of plasmon-induced charges were investigated using cyclic voltammetry analyses. Two electron-transfer processes occurred, from bacteria to Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and from inorganic anions to Ag NPs to form anionic radicals. These inorganic anions including OH- in water not only enhanced electron transfer from plasmon-excited Ag NPs to AgI and from E. coli to Ag NPs, but their anionic radicals also increased bactericidal efficiency due to their absorbability by cells. The plasmon-induced electron holes (h+) on Ag NPs, O2∙-, and anionic radicals were involved in the reaction. The enhanced electron transfer is more crucial than the electrostatic force interaction of bacteria and catalyst for the plasmon-induced inactivation of bacteria using Ag-AgI/Al2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology was applied to organic Echinacea purpurea ( E. purpurea) roots and flowers to determine the feasibility of using this technology for cold herb pasteurization, to produce microbiologically safe and shelf-stable products for the natural health products (NHPs) industry. HHP significantly ( P < 0.01) reduced microbial contamination in both roots and flowers without affecting the phytochemical retention of chicoric and chlorogenic acids, and total alkamide contents. The antioxidant activity of E. purpurea methanol-derived extracts, evaluated in both chemical (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) [ABTS] and oxygen radical absorption capacity [ORAC] assay) and in cell culture models (RAW264, 7 macrophage, HO-induced intracellular oxidation, and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-induced nitric oxide production), was not adversely affected by the application of HHP at both 2 and 5 min at 600 mPa. Furthermore, HHP did not affect the capacity of E. purpurea extracts to suppress nitric oxide production in LPS-activated macrophage cells. Therefore, our results show that HHP is an effective pasteurization process treatment to reduce microbial-contamination load while not adversely altering chemical and bioactive function of active constituents present in organic E. purpurea. Our study reports for the first time, the effectiveness of using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology pressure to pasteurize E. purpurea root and flower, and the comparative retention of bioactive phytochemicals. Therefore, this technique can be used in food and natural health product industries to produce high-quality, microbiologically safe, and shelf-stable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Binary copper manganese oxides were prepared by a novel redox method and their catalytic activity for CO oxidation at ambient temperature evaluated. The catalytic activity was found to be high, and compared favorably with a commercial Hopcalite catalyst. The most active catalyst was able to completely oxidize CO at ambient temperature. Catalytic activity decay, most likely due to carbon dioxide retention was observed. The catalysts were deactivated by moisture but expelling water at moderate temperatures easily restored their catalytic activity. The catalysts were characterized by means of BET, FE-SEM, TEM, EDAX, XPS, TPD and X-ray powder diffraction. The optimum copper loading was determined to be ∼9% of the manganese content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. (1) To understand nurses’ subjective perceptions of the current nursing workforce in their emergency departments, (2) to examine the relationship between nurses’ workforce perceptions and its impact on the managerial outcomes and (3) to analyse the correlation between nurses’ characteristics and the scores on workforce perception. Background. While the association between workforce perceptions and nurse outcomes is well-documented, few studies have examined how emergency department nurses perceive current workforce and related outcomes. Design. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Method. A self-reported workforce perception questionnaire was used to survey 538 registered nurses in the emergency departments of 19 hospitals in northern Taiwan, during May to October 2006. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent t-test, Pearson correlation and one-wayanova. Results. The mean score of workforce perception was 6·28 points (total = 10 points). Both overtime ( p = 0·02) and number of callbacks on days off ( p = 0·01) were significantly correlated to current nursing workforce and hospital level. Older nurses tended to have more emergency department experience ( r = 0·37; p = 0·01) and those with more emergency department experience tended to have vacation accumulation ( r = 0·09; p = 0·04), overtime ( r = 0·10; p = 0·03) and better perception of their emergency department’s current workforce ( r = 0·09; p = 0·05). Conclusions. Although nurses’ perceptions were found to be only moderate, overtime and number of callbacks on days off are potential problems that should be addressed by nursing leaders to benefit future emergency nurses. Relevance to clinical practice. The findings can help drive strategies to ensure adequate staffing, to stabilise the nursing workforce and to prevent nurses from burnout factors such as working long hours, unpredictable schedules and a stressful work environment that may impact both the quality of emergency care and the quality of the nurses’ work environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]