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Upon migrating to a new country, immigrants will often turn to their ethnic communities for support, forming bonding social ties in the process. However, there are also those who form bridging ties by reaching outside of one's immediate ethnic group. The social position occupied by individuals in society is maintained and reproduced by the cultural and human capital they possess, wherein the socialised dispositions, conceptions, and level of education unite and differentiate social groups. As a result, immigrant network formation occurs not only on the lines of ethnicity, but also on cultural and human capital. In this paper, we use the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to investigate how immigrants use social ties upon arrival to Canada. We find that newcomers with lower levels of human capital will be more likely to bond, whereas higher human capital newcomers will often bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contrasting social and economic inequalities that exist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples has been the focus of many Canadian studies. Several interlinking factors have been found to impact the socioeconomic status of Canada's Indigenous peoples, including social distance, education, gender, and occupational characteristics. Few of these studies, however, look at the gender wage gap amongst Indigenous populations, and in this paper, we identify some of the factors that drive both income and differences in income between men and women, amongst Indigenous peoples. Using data from the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), we examine key socioeconomic factors and identify how these are linked to income. We find that education and employment industry are major indicators of socioeconomic status, as are the interactions between gender and income. We also find a persistent gender wage gap amongst Canada's Indigenous peoples, but we find that this gap can be explained by differences in the returns to education, skill levels, and industry of employment. Plusieurs études canadiennes se sont penchées sur les inégalités sociales et économiques contrastées entre les peuples autochtones et non-autochtones. Quelques facteurs interdépendants ont été trouvés pour influencer le statut socio-économique des peuples autochtones du Canada, ainsi que la distance sociale, l'éducation, le sexe et les caractéristiques professionnels. Certains de ces études n'ont cependant pas mis l'accent sur l'écart salarial entre les hommes et les femmes de la population autochtone et, dans cet article, nous avons identifié non seulement les facteurs qui déterminent le revenu, mais aussi les facteurs de différence entre les revenus des hommes et ceux des femmes dans la communauté autochtone. En nous servant des données de Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2017 (APS), nous examinons les principaux facteurs socio-économiques et identifions comment ceux-ci sont liés au revenu. Nous postulons que l'éducation et l'industrie de l'emploi sont des indicateurs majeurs du statut socio-économique, tout comme les interactions entre les hommes, les femmes et le revenu. Nous notons aussi un écart salarial persistant entre hommes et femmes de la population autochtone du Canada, mais trouvons que cet écart peut s'expliquer par des différences dans les rendements de l'éducation, des niveaux de compétence et de l'industrie de l'emploi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]