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The majority of investigations on mechanisms underlying yield difference between superior and conventional cultivars has focused on the grain-filling stage after anthesis. However, the physiological process before anthesis has been less explored. We aimed to quantify the contribution of canopy photosynthesis at pre-anthesis stage to grain yield formation and clarify the mechanism underlying the yield advantage of the superior cultivars. This study selected representative cultivars of indica and japonica rice, each type having a pair of cultivars with ideal plant architecture (IPA) and conventional architecture. Field experiments over four years (2019–2022) were conducted to compare the relevance of canopy photosynthesis to yield formation between the phases before and after anthesis. The two IPA cultivars, JYZK-6 and ZZY-1, produced higher grain yield than the two conventional cultivars, NJ-5055 and HHZ. JYZK-6 and ZZY-1 also had good distribution of light interception inside the canopy, with the middle and lower part receiving more light than NJ-5055 and HHZ. At leaf level, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic rate between the two types of cultivars. At canopy level, the IPA cultivars had stronger photosynthetic activities before anthesis, outperforming NJ-5055 by 35.56% in averaged canopy photosynthesis, and by 46.65% in averaged daily net photosynthetic accumulation in 2021–2022. By contrast, canopy photosynthesis after anthesis was not significantly different between the two types. The IPA cultivars stored heavier biomass in internodes and sheaths before anthesis and remobilized more reserves to the developing grains, with the remobilization rate being 16.42% (internodes) and 35.34% (sheaths) higher than NJ-5055 and HHZ. The higher canopy productivity before anthesis is one of the main reasons accounting for the superior IPA cultivars, suggesting the necessity of optimizing plant growth and development during the vegetative and reproductive phases. • Canopy photosynthesis was compared between IPA and conventional cultivars. • IPA cultivars had a good distribution of light interception inside the canopy. • IPA cultivars had stronger canopy photosynthetic activities before anthesis. • We suggest the necessity of optimizing canopy structure development before anthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrastive Loss is frequently used as loss function in CNN for face recognition, but it can result in the overfitting and low sampling efficiency for the positive samples. In this paper, a Modified Contrastive Loss (MCL) is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of contrastive loss. MCL and ResNet are combined with a Joint Bayesian technique to develop a ResNet-Modified Contrastive Loss-Joint Bayesian (ResNet-MCL-JB) model. First, ResNet is used as the basic network structure, and several ResNets are trained to use the MCL. Then, the ResNet with the Joint Bayesian for metric learning is integrated. The state-of-the-art performance of ResNet-MCL-JB attests to its effect. For further improvement, a Progressive Soft Filter Pruning method (PSFP) is applied in the neural network. PSFP can effectively diminish the size of the network while maintaining high accuracy. This method gradually prunes the filters on each layer by the weight of each filter. We combine the MCL and PSFP together with ResNet, and thus, we achieve considerable much improvement in both accuracy and computational cost.Keywords: Modified contrastive loss; Face recognition; Joint bayesian [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tumor immunotherapy can not only eliminate the primary lesion, but also produce long-term immune memory, effectively inhibiting tumor metastasis and recurrence. However, immunotherapy also showed plenty of limitations in clinical practice. In recent years, the combination of nanomaterials and immunotherapy has brought new light for completely eliminating tumors with its fabulous anti-tumor effects and negligible side effects. Methods: The Core Collection of Web of Science (WOSCC) was used to retrieve and obtain relevant literatures on antitumor nano-immunotherapy since the establishment of the WOSCC. Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, GraphPad Prism, and Excel were adopted to perform statistical analysis and visualization. The annual output, active institutions, core journals, main authors, keywords, major countries, key documents, and impact factor of the included journals were evaluated. Results: A total of 443 related studies were enrolled from 2004 to 2022, and the annual growth rate of articles reached an astonishing 16.85%. The leading countries in terms of number of publications were China and the United States. Journal of Controlled Release, Biomaterials, Acta Biomaterialia, Theranostics, Advanced Materials, and ACS Nano were core journals publishing high-quality literature on the latest advances in the field. Articles focused on dendritic cells and drug delivery accounted for a large percentage in this field. Key words such as regulatory T cells, tumor microenvironment, immune checkpoint blockade, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, tumor-associated macrophages were among the hottest themes with high maturity. Dendritic cells, vaccine, and T cells tend to become the popular and emerging research topics in the future. Conclusions: The combined treatment of nanomaterials and antitumor immunotherapy, namely antitumor nano-immunotherapy has been paid increasing attention. Antitumor nano-immunotherapy is undergoing a transition from simple to complex, from phenotype to mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]