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Following the relaxation of control measures for COVID-19 in China in December 2022, there was a resurgence of influenza A among children in Linyi. This research aims to analyze the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of influenza A viruses circulating among children in Linyi from April 2022 to March 2024. Throat swab specimens were collected from children with influenza-like illness (ILI), and the types of influenza were identified. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of influenza A viruses were amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then sequenced. Subsequently, the gene characteristics and phylogenetics of these sequences were analyzed. A total of 6258 cases of influenza A were tested from 54,926 children with ILI over two years, showing three epidemic waves: one in summer 2022 and two in spring and winter 2023. The epidemic waves in summer 2022 and winter 2023 were caused by influenza A(H3N2) viruses. In spring 2023, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses accounted for 77.1% and A(H3N2) viruses accounted for 22.9%, respectively. The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses belonged to clade 6B.1A.5a.2a, while the influenza A(H3N2) viruses evolved from clade 3C.2a1b.2a.1a to 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1. Compared with the vaccine strain of the Northern Hemisphere of the current year, multiple amino acid substitutions and glycosylation sites changes were observed in the HA protein that most likely resulted in antigenic drift. The influenza A viruses have been circulating and evolving persistently in Linyi from 2022 to 2024. Continuous surveillance is essential for comprehending the dynamics of influenza in the post-COVID-19 era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To clarify the psychological experience and coping strategies in patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy (APIP) and propose interventional measures to improve pregnancy outcomes in these women. With an increasing trend of pregnant women in advanced ages and multiparous women, the incidence of APIP has significantly increased. Pregnancy accompanied by concurrent pancreatitis may subject these women to notable psychological stress, which is a factor that has been infrequently reported in previous studies. Methods: APIP patients were interviewed from December 2020 to June 2021. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews based on an outline, including six questions. The interviews were recorded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis until data saturation was reached. Results: Ten APIP patients were interviewed and four themes were identified, including excessive psychological burden, uncomfortable experience, urgent requirement for adequate medical resources, and importance of social support. Conclusion: Patients with APIP suffer from significant psychological stress due to their medical conditions and management. They desired adequate medical resources and social support. The local health department, hospital administrators, and medical staff should understand the psychological requirements and provide adequate healthcare and education that are easily accessible to these APIP patients. In addition, family support should also be encouraged to promote APIP patients' recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, earthquakes, and human activities are accelerating the degradation of permafrost, leading to loess failures and slope instability. Some engineering corridors (ECs)/infrastructures located on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (NE-QTP) of China are heavily influenced by landslide phenomena due to being built on permafrost, loess, and seasonally frozen ground. However, few systematic investigations have been carried out in this area. To compile a comprehensive landslide inventory, we visually interpreted 11,914 landslides in GaoFen-6 images taken from 2021 to 2022. We observe that approximately 44.85% of the infrastructures are affected by landslides. Then, based on the ground types and triggering factors, landslides are classified into three types: freeze‒thaw landslides (FTLs), loess landslides (LLs), and general landslides (GLs). More specifically, FTLs are mainly distributed in the boundary regions between permafrost and seasonally frozen ground. The LLs exhibit high-density clustered distribution characteristics. GLs have significant transitional characteristics and commonalities between FTLs and LLs. Furthermore, we apply the geographical detector to determine the controlling factors of the landslides that occurred. We find that the temperature change is the primary controller on the FTLs. The water exhibits a certain correlation with LLs. And the earthquake is the most important factor on the GLs. Our study provides a significant dataset for quantifying the analysis of landslides in NE-QTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social isolation not only increases the risk of mortality in later life but also causes depressive symptoms, cognitive and physical disabilities. Although RNA m6A modifications are suggested to play key roles in brain development, neuronal signaling and neurological disorders, both the roles of m6A and the enzymes that regulate RNA m6A modification in social isolation induced abnormal behavior is unknown. The present study aims to explore the possible epitranscriptomic role of RNA m6A modifications and its enzymes in social isolation induced impaired behavior. 3–4 weeks mice experiencing 8 weeks social isolation stress (SI) were used in the present study. We quantified m6A levels in brain regions related to mood and cognitive behavior. And the expression of hippocampal m6A enzymes was also determined. The role of hippocampal m6A and its enzymes in SI induced abnormal behavior was further verified by the virus tool. SI led to not only depressive and anxiety-like behaviors but also cognitive impairment, with corresponding decreases in hippocampal m6A and METTL14. Hippocampal over-expression METTL14 with lentivirus not only rescued these behaviors but also enhanced the hippocampal m6A level. Hippocampal over-expression METTL14 resulted in increased synaptic related genes. We provide the first evidence that post-weaning social isolation reduces hippocampal m6A level and causes altered expression of m6A enzyme in mice. Importantly, hippocampal METTL14 over-expression alleviated the SI-induced depression/anxiety-like and impaired cognitive behaviors and enhanced m6A level and synaptic related genes expression. • Social isolation (SI) causes abnormal behaviors such as depression-like behavior in mice. • SI leads to decreased hippocampal m6A and METTL14 level. • Hippocampal METTL14 over-expression enhances m6A level and alleviates the SI-induced abnormal behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NO3RR) is an effective route to ammonia synthesis with the characteristics of low energy input. However, the complex multi‐electron/proton transfer pathways associated with this reaction may trigger the accumulation of competitive by‐products. Herein, boron (B)‐doped Cu electrode (denoted as B–Cu2O/Cu/CP) as "all‐in‐one" catalyst is prepared by one‐step electrodeposition strategy. Caused by the B doping, the charge redistribution and local coordination environment of Cu2O/Cu species are modulated, resulting in the exposure of active sites on the Cu2O/Cu/CP catalyst. In‐situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and theoretical investigations demonstrate that both Cu2O and Cu sites modulated by B can effectively enhance the adsorption of NO3− and facilitate the conversion of intermediate by‐products, thus promoting the direct reduction of NO3− to NH3. Consequently, a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 92.74% can be obtained on B–Cu2O/Cu/CP catalyst with minimal accumulation of by‐products. It is expected that this work, based on the heterogeneous B doping, will open a maneuverable and versatile way for the design of effective catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban heat island (UHI) effect, a significant environmental challenge within the global urbanization process, poses severe threats to human health, ecological security, and life safety while also impacting the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This study proposes a multi-scenario optimization method for urban thermal environments based on local climate zones (LCZs) in Changsha City. The research employs a genetic algorithm to optimize the LCZ quantity structure in order to improve the urban temperature environment. Subsequently, the optimized quantity structure is integrated with the future land use simulation (FLUS) model under multi-scenario constraints to achieve optimal spatial distribution of LCZs, providing scientific guidance for urban planning decision-makers. Results demonstrate that the LCZ-based optimization method can effectively regulate the urban thermal environment and maintain a suitable urban temperature range, offering both theoretical foundation and practical guidance for mitigating UHI effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently emerging perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have drawn considerable attention due to the superior optoelectronic performances. However, the terrible stability of red emissive PNCs (r‐PNCs) limits their broader application in aqueous media. Despite various encapsulation methods are proposed, the preparation of aqueous r‐PNCs with facile operation and excellent durability is still challenging. Herein, aqueous green emissive PNCs (g‐PNCs) by employing water as an external stimulus to treat oleyamine‐capped CsPbBr3 PNCs are synthesized initially, and then aqueous‐stable pure red emissive PNCs by anion‐exchange reaction and subsequently thiocyanate (SCN‐) passivation treatment (SCN‐r‐PNCs) are prepared. The obtained aqueous‐stable SCN‐r‐PNCs display high brightness, outstanding stability, and extended photoluminescence lifetime. Moreover, by combining aqueous r‐PNCs and portable smartphones, a fluorescence chemosensor for the detection of aqueous SCN− ions is constructed, which exhibits simple operation, high sensitivity, high selectivity, low detection limit, and visualized sensing. This work not only provides a new and facile strategy to prepare aqueous‐stable red emissive PNCs, but also further extends the application of red emissive PNCs in aqueous‐based fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the mechanical performance of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites (CF/EPs), a series of γ‐Al2O3 nanosheet/graphene (AG) composites were prepared by hydrothermal method, and successfully introduced into the carbon fiber (CF) surface via self‐assembly process, which significantly improved the interfacial bonding force between CF and EP. Mechanical test results showed that the AG modified CF/EPs exhibited superior properties in interfacial shear strength (IFSS), interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile strengths, and flexural strengths compared with the untreated CF/EPs, which were enhanced by 142.9%, 59.6%, 152.5%, and 40.5%, respectively. This is mainly because AG largely increases the CF surface roughness and penetrates into the matrix to enhance the mechanical interlocking effect, crack deflection effect, and Van der Waals forces between CF and polymer matrix. Briefly, the AG synthesized in this study will provide an experimental validation for the development of high‐performance carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) and exhibit potential application prospects in automotive and other fields. Highlights: Graphene effectively inhibits the agglomeration of γ‐Al2O3 nanosheet.γ‐Al2O3 nanosheet/graphene increases the interfacial properties of CF/EPs.γ‐Al2O3 nanosheet/graphene largely enhances the mechanical performance of CF/EPs.The as‐prepared AGCF/EPs have potential application in automotive and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical garnet transparent ceramic used in high-energy solid-state laser systems, terbium aluminum garnet (Tb3Al5O12, TAG) magneto-optic ceramics have become a focal point of research due to their excellent magneto-optic properties and high-power performance. This paper focuses on TAG magneto-optic ceramics prepared by vacuum solid-state reaction, with particular emphasis on the optimization of sintering aids and lattice doping modifications. By comparison, the most suitable additives for TAG ceramics were identified. The study highlights the longstanding challenge in improving the quality of TAG ceramics, which arises from the reliance on large doses of sintering aids and the resulting compositional inhomogeneity caused by sintering aid residues. To address these issues, we present our latest research, which involves co-doping the lattice with Mg2+ and Si4+. This approach enables the preparation of higher optical quality TAG ceramics via a one-step vacuum solid-state sintering process, without reducing the absolute amount of MgO and TEOS. The best sample achieve a transmittance of 82.48% at 1 064 nm, which, to our knowledge, is the highest value reported using a similar sintering method based on domestic powders. This lattice doping strategy, rather than the traditional mass-ratio addition of sintering aids, offers a promising new approach for further improving the quality of garnet transparent ceramics used in high-energy laser systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The kidney is the most vulnerable organ in severe patients. In severe cases, the fatality rate of acute kidney damage is as high as 30% ∼ 60%. Severe ultrasound is a non-invasive method to evaluate renal blood flow. It can give a semi-quantitative score of renal blood flow and measure the Resistance Index (RI), which can reflect renal artery blood flow to a certain extent. OBJECTIVE: There is little literature on hemodynamic regulation in septic shock patients, but almost no research report on the relationship between hemodynamics and RI exists. Therefore, this paper proposed the analysis of severe ultrasound and gene diagnosis in cardiac index and peripheral vascular RI of shock patients. METHODS: This paper mainly expounded on detecting renal function parameters and RI in patients with viral shock to understand further the correlation between them and renal flow and RI. RESULTS: It could be seen from the experimental results that the P values before and after resuscitation in the two groups with and without elevated Cardiac Output (CO) were 0.41 and 0.12, respectively, which were more significant than 0.05. CONCLUSION: RI had no apparent relationship with CO, and RI could not be used as an evaluation index for patients with early septic shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the excessive use and improper disposal of antibiotics have led to their pervasive presence in the environment, resulting in significant antibiotic pollution. To address this pressing issue, the present study synthesized nickel–iron-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDHs) with varying molar ratios using a hydrothermal method, employing these LDHs as catalysts for the oxidative degradation of doxycycline, with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) serving as the oxidant. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the synthesized NiFe-LDHs exhibited a hexagonal crystal structure characteristic of layered double hydroxides. Experimental results demonstrated that the catalytic efficiency of NiFe-LDHs increased with both the dosage of the catalyst and the concentration of PMS, achieving a high degradation efficiency for doxycycline at a catalyst concentration of 0.5 g/L. Furthermore, the catalytic performance was notably effective across a range of pH conditions, with the highest degradation efficiency being observed at a Ni–Fe molar ratio of 3:1. The activation of PMS by NiFe-LDHs for the catalytic degradation of pollutants primarily occurs through singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals (O2−·), and sulfate radicals (SO4−·). The study also proposed three potential degradation pathways for doxycycline, indicating that the final degradation products have lower environmental toxicity. This research offers novel approaches and methodologies for the treatment of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate associations between tissue diffusion, stiffness, and different tumor microenvironment features in resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Seventy-two patients were prospectively included for preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted imaging and MR elastography examination. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and stiffness value were measured on the central three slices of the tumor and peri-tumor area. Cell density, tumor-stroma ratio (TSR), lymphocyte-rich HCC (LR-HCC), and CD8 + T cell infiltration were estimated in resected tumors. The interobserver agreement of MRI measurements and subjective pathological evaluation was assessed. Variables influencing ADC and stiffness were screened with univariate analyses, and then identified with multivariable linear regression. The potential relationship between explored imaging biomarkers and histopathological features was assessed with linear regression after adjustment for other influencing factors. Results: Seventy-two patients (male/female: 59/13, mean age: 56 ± 10.2 years) were included for analysis. Inter-reader agreement was good or excellent regarding MRI measurements and histopathological evaluation. No correlation between tumor ADC and tumor stiffness was found. Multivariable linear regression confirmed that cell density was the only factor associated with tumor ADC (Estimate = −0.03, p = 0.006), and tumor-stroma ratio was the only factor associated with tumor stiffness (Estimate = −0.18, p = 0.03). After adjustment for fibrosis stage (Estimate = 0.43, p < 0.001) and age (Estimate = 0.04, p < 0.001) in the multivariate linear regression, intra-tumoral CD8 + T cell infiltration remained a significant factor associated with peri-tumor stiffness (Estimate = 0.63, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Tumor ADC surpasses tumor stiffness as a biomarker of cellularity. Tumor stiffness is associated with tumor-stroma ratio and peri-tumor stiffness might be an imaging biomarker of intra-tumoral immune microenvironment. Clinical relevance statement: Tissue stiffness could potentially serve as an imaging biomarker of the intra-tumoral immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma and aid in patient selection for immunotherapy. Key Points: Apparent diffusion coefficient reflects cellularity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumor stiffness reflects tumor-stroma ratio of hepatocellular carcinoma and is associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Tumor and peri-tumor stiffness might serve as imaging biomarkers of intra-tumoral immune microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXene and MBene, with diverse and adjustable surface and bulk structures, show many unique chemical properties and are applied in various energy storage technologies, and the latest developments for them are reviewed respectively. However, the current reports on the synthesis of the two materials and the application of related devices are still separate and limited to the macro details. In this review, the microscopic chemistry of synthesis strategies for MXene and MBene and the differences in synthesis strategies caused by the structure differences between them are elucidated. Later, the impact of synthesis strategies on their overall morphologies and subsequent material property differences are discussed, and key considerations in the field of energy storage are described. Next, it is elaborated on how the surface and bulk phases of MXene and MBene utilize these properties to participate in electrochemical reactions individually or synergistically. Unlike previous reviews, MXene and MBene are incorporated into a unified framework from a microscopic perspective for discussion, and the relationship of synthesis‐structure/properties‐function is elucidated. Finally, the “skipping strategy” and “joint devices” as the next‐generation design concepts of MXene in the synthesis and application fields, and the development template for MBene materials are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an optimized operational strategy for user-side proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer hydrogen production systems, considering the degradation of hydrogen production efficiency over time. The work is divided into three parts. First, a combined hydrogen production efficiency model based on operational data is established, using polynomial surface fitting (PSF) and gaussian process regression (GPR) to model the electrolyzer's efficiency from two perspectives: operational time and input power. Second, an optimization model for the operational strategy of the user-side electrolytic hydrogen production system is constructed, aiming to enhance overall system efficiency by adjusting the electrolyzer's input power. Finally, the hydrogen efficiency model from the first part is applied to the optimization strategy in the second part for empirical analysis. The results show that the optimized strategy, which accounts for the degradation of hydrogen production efficiency, significantly improves system performance, validating the method's effectiveness and practicality. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the efficient operation of user-side electrolyzers, contributing to the promotion and application of green hydrogen technologies. • The simplified model estimates electrolyzer efficiency for any given range. • Comparison of power-efficiency and time-power-efficiency models. • Ignoring performance degradation leads to a 15.9% overestimation of production. • The optimization strategy boosts profitability by 16.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-reporting is often used in large epidemiologic research to identify hypertensive participants, but its validity in young adults has not been sufficiently assessed. We aimed to validate self-reported hypertension diagnosis from questionnaires by using medical records among a sample of young adults aged 22–39 years in the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS), during a time of transition in national hypertension definitions. Methods: A sample of 1,000 GUTS participants were asked for permission to access their medical records, to confirm their self-reported hypertension status on questionnaires from 2010 to 2019. Paired self-reported and medical record information was available for 318 participants. Medical records were reviewed by a clinical hypertension specialist. We evaluated agreement, kappa statistic, sensitivity and specificity of self-reporting. We assessed the correlations between blood pressure measurements self-reported on the 2019 questionnaire and those from medical records and compared the measurements using paired t-tests. Results: The selected sample was generally representative of the full GUTS cohort. Agreement, kappa coefficient, sensitivity and specificity of self-reported hypertension were 85.5%, 0.72, 100%, and 75.3%. Although the absolute differences in blood pressure measurements between self-report and medical records were small (e.g., the average difference in typical recent blood pressures was 3.5/1.2 mm Hg), these measures were only moderately correlated. Conclusions: Validity of self-reported hypertension was high in GUTS, ensuring use as an endpoint in future studies with confidence. We demonstrated that young adults likely without formal medical training are able to report hypertension status with reasonable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Woodsmoke from household fireplaces contributes significantly to outdoor air pollution in the Netherlands. The current understanding of the respiratory health effects of exposure to smoke from residential wood burning is limited. This study investigated the association between short-term changes in outdoor woodsmoke exposure and lung function, respiratory symptoms, and medication use in adults in the Netherlands. Methods: This study was co-created with citizen scientists and other relevant stakeholders. A panel study was conducted with repeated observations in 46 adults between February and May 2021 in four Dutch towns. Participants recorded their symptoms and medication use in daily diaries, and conducted morning and evening home spirometry measurements. Woodsmoke exposure was characterized by measuring levoglucosan (most specific marker for woodsmoke exposure), black/brown carbon, fine and ultrafine particulate matter at central monitoring sites. Individual woodsmoke perception (smell) was recorded in daily diaries. Linear and logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between respiratory health and woodsmoke exposure. Models were adjusted for time-varying confounders and accounted for repeated observations within participants. Results: Consistent positive associations were found between levoglucosan and shortness of breath (SOB) during rest and extra respiratory medication use. Odds ratios for current day exposure to levoglucosan were 1.12 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.30) for SOB during rest and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.33) for extra medication use, expressed per interquartile range of levoglucosan concentrations (69.16 ng/m3). Positive non-significant associations were found between levoglucosan and nasal symptoms, cough and waking up with SOB. No consistent association was found between levoglucosan and lung function. Associations found between woodsmoke markers, SOB during rest and extra medication use remained after the inclusion of PM2.5 and UFP in two-pollutant models. Conclusions: Adults experienced more SOB during rest, nasal symptoms and used more medication to treat respiratory symptoms on days with higher levels of outdoor woodsmoke concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct aromatization of cyclohexanones to synthesize substituted phenols represents a significant challenge in modern synthetic chemistry. Herein, we describe a novel ene‐reductase (TsER) catalytic system that converts substituted cyclohexanones into the corresponding phenols. This process involves the successive dehydrogenation of two saturated carbon‐carbon bonds within the six‐membered ring of cyclohexanones and utilizes molecular oxygen to drive the reaction cycle. It demonstrates a versatile and efficient approach for the synthesis of substituted phenols, providing a valuable complement to existing chemical methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct aromatization of cyclohexanones to synthesize substituted phenols represents a significant challenge in modern synthetic chemistry. Herein, we describe a novel ene‐reductase (TsER) catalytic system that converts substituted cyclohexanones into the corresponding phenols. This process involves the successive dehydrogenation of two saturated carbon‐carbon bonds within the six‐membered ring of cyclohexanones and utilizes molecular oxygen to drive the reaction cycle. It demonstrates a versatile and efficient approach for the synthesis of substituted phenols, providing a valuable complement to existing chemical methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of renewable energy sources underscores the importance of developing efficient battery technologies. Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), with its superior performance as an electrolyte, is widely utilized in lithium-ion batteries. However, the production of EMC through green transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with ethanol encounters challenges due to low EMC selectivity and catalyst reusability issues. In this study, we present the initial instance of utilizing an imidazole-based ionic framework, [CPIL-M]n[PhO], which exhibits an interaction between its cationic backbone and basic anions. This interaction is specifically designed to catalyse the selective transformation of basic anions with suitable Lewis basicity in the production of EMC via transesterification. The introduction of N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole into the ionic framework allows for tunable modulation of Lewis basicity on an electronic level, enhancing catalytic activity without compromising selectivity. These innovative designs enable [CPIL-M]4[PhO] to exhibit remarkable performance, achieving 69.02% EMC yield and 90.19% selectivity, outperforming most reported catalysts. These findings could pave the way for the accelerated development of efficient catalysts for the sustainable production of EMC through transesterification methods in the future, thereby supporting the energy-efficient transition towards renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study assessed the prospective link between childhood maltreatment and sleep quality in adulthood, with a specific focus on examining whether different coping style tendencies influence these associations. The baseline sample included 1600 adult participants, with 1140 participants successfully followed up 5 years later. The key variables were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Generalized linear mixed models were employed to estimate unstandardized β estimates and 95 % confidence intervals (95%CIs). Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediation model. Individuals reported childhood maltreatment at baseline were at an increased risk for sleep disturbances at follow-up. Childhood maltreatment negatively predicted the baseline coping style tendency (β = −0.29, P < 0.001), the baseline coping style tendencies negatively predicted the follow-up sleep quality (β = −0.10, P < 0.001), and childhood maltreatment positively predicted the follow-up sleep quality (β = 0.42, P < 0.01). The mediating effect of baseline coping style tendencies between childhood maltreatment and the follow-up sleep quality was significant, with an effect value of 0.03. First, the sample was from a single province (Shandong), which limits the generalizability of the findings. Second, recall bias was unavoidable in this adult sample study. Developing positive coping strategies is an important way to reduce the risk of sleep problems in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. • Childhood maltreatment and negative coping tendencies were positively associated with adult sleep quality. • Individuals suffering childhood maltreatment in childhood are at increased risk of developing sleep disorders in adulthood. • The mediating effect of coping style tendencies between childhood maltreatment and sleep quality was significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of the distribution of ceramic particles WC in Cu matrix on the nano-cutting behavior was investigated using molecular dynamics, and the cutting force, friction coefficient, machined surface quality, sub-surface damage depth, atomic displacement and internal defects were systematically studied, and the performance comparison at different cutting speeds was also investigated. It was found that due to the location of the WC phase, the overall removal of the material by the tool can be divided into the following three ways: When WC particles are above the cutting plane, there is less fluctuation in cutting forces and friction coefficients, and less impact on machined surface and subsurface damage; When the WC particles are below the cutting plane, the fluctuation of cutting force and friction coefficient is slow. Meanwhile, shallow craters are produced at the WC location; When the center of mass of WC particles is on the same level as the cutting plane, the cutting force and friction coefficient fluctuate drastically, the quality of the machined surface deteriorates sharply, and at the same time the hard particles pulled out by the tool remain on the machined surface. It was also found that the WC particles underwent different degrees of counterclockwise deflection in the three stages and caused a diversion of the atomic displacement in front of the tool. In addition, different degrees of dislocation plugging are formed between the WC and the tool at different positions, and the density of dislocation lines increases, which makes the substrate near the WC particles strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's accession to the ICH has accelerated the advancement of its regulatory science. To foster innovation and improve the efficiency of pharmaceutical research and development, the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) encourages the use of real-world evidence (RWE) to support drug regulatory decision-making and has constructed a series of real-world study (RWS) related guidance, reflecting the contribution of the NMPA to the field of RWS in drug clinical development. Based on the four guidelines on RWE, real-world data (RWD), RWS design and protocol development, and communication with regulatory authorities, the guidance has been extended to more specific clinical applications, such as oncology, rare diseases, pediatric drugs, and traditional Chinese medicine. This paper reviews the core content and features of the series of RWS guidelines, presents their role in promoting drug development, and discusses challenges of using RWE in support of drug regulatory decision-making in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose ether (hydroxyethyl cellulose ether, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether) was used to modify the bonding properties of fly ash-based thin spray materials, and the effects of viscosity and substituent of cellulose ether on the bonding strength, consistency, and its tensile strength and compressive strength of the fly ash-based thin spray materials were studied, and the microstructure of the fly ash-based thin spray materials before and after the incorporation of cellulose ether into the 28 d specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the bond strength of the thin-sprayed materials was significantly improved af ter the addition of cellulose ether, with a maximum increase of 294.23% compared with that of the unadulterated cellulose ether group. Under the same substituent, the bonding performance of the cellulose ether samples with low viscosity was higher. Under different substituents, the bond strength of hydroxyethyl cellulose ether specimens was higher, and the adverse effect on mechanical properties was smaller. The 28 d bond strength of fly ash-based thin spray material incorporated with 0.05% (mass percentage of cementitious material) hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC) reached 1.67 MPa, and the compressive strength was 11.4 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connected sum of two flat virtual knots depends on the choice of diagrams and basepoints. We show that any minimal crossing diagram of a composite flat virtual knot is a connected sum diagram. We also show that the crossing number of flat virtual knots is super-additive under connected sum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an isolate-free graph G , a subset S of vertices is a semitotal dominating set of G if it is a dominating set of G and every vertex in S is within distance 2 of another vertex of S. The semitotal domination number of G , denoted by $\gamma _{t2}(G)$ , is the minimum cardinality of a semitotal dominating set in G. Using edge weighting functions on semitotal dominating sets, we prove that if $G\neq N_2$ is a connected claw-free graph of order $n\geq 6$ with minimum degree $\delta (G)\geq 3$ , then $\gamma _{t2}(G)\leq \frac{4}{11}n$ and this bound is sharp, disproving the conjecture proposed by Zhu et al. ['Semitotal domination in claw-free cubic graphs', Graphs Combin. 33 (5) (2017), 1119–1130]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a deep learning method, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) can be used in image recognition, fault diagnosis and so on. Due to the internal parameter optimisation problem, the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) has been introduced, but PSO is easy to fall into local optimal solution. In this paper, an adaptive CNN based on Quantum Particle Swarm Optimisation (QPSO-CNN) is proposed and applied to rolling bearings fault diagnosis, which increases the richness of particles and makes it easy to find the global optimal solution. Firstly, the one-dimensional time-series data is compressed by piecewise aggregate approximation algorithm and converted into the heat map by the Gramian angular field algorithm; Secondly, QPSO algorithm is used to search the best CNN model to fit the data set; Finally, the training and validation set are used to search the best network architecture, and the test set is used to test the diagnostic accuracy of the best CNN model, which show that the proposed method has high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low-intensity resistance exercise therapy (LIRET) based on myofascial chains, applied to both affected and nonlocal joints, is an effective method for knee osteoarthritis (OA) rehabilitation. This study applied LIRET in a comparison of prevalues and postvalues of lower-limb tension in female patients with knee OA and asymptomatic participants. Methods: Twenty-four female participants with knee OA and 20 asymptomatic women took part in a 3-month long application of LIRET. Participants' ankle passive torque and ankle range of motion in the sagittal plane were assessed with an isokinetic dynamometer. The collected values were used to estimate the sagittal-plane lower-limb tension. Results: Compared with the asymptomatic group, participants with knee OA presented decreased maximum ankle dorsiflexion (P <.001), decreased ankle plantar flexion range (P =.023), ankle resting position more inclined to dorsiflexion (P =.017), increased ankle dorsiflexion stiffness (P =.005), and lower ankle plantar flexion stiffness (P =.034). After exercise intervention, the knee OA group self-reported less knee pain (P <.001), improved physical function (P <.001), increased maximum dorsiflexion (P =.021), and increased plantar flexion range (P <.001). While plantar flexion stiffness increased (P =.037), dorsiflexion stiffness decreased (P =.015) and ankle resting position moved toward dorsiflexion (P =.002). Results suggest possible decreased anterior leg tension and possible increased posterior leg tension in patients with knee OA. Conclusions: The results supported that knee OA patients present imbalanced myofascial tension of lower limbs. LIRET based on myofascial chains appears to decrease pain, and stiffness, and improve physical function of patients with knee OA and change their lower-limb tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastering the self‐organization of nanoparticle morphologies is pivotal in soft matter physics and film growth. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles are an archetypical model of nanomotor in soft matter. Here, the emphasis is on the self‐organizing behavior of SiO2 nanoparticles under extreme conditions. It is unveiled that manipulating the states of the metal substrate profoundly dictates the motion characteristics of SiO2 nanoparticles. This manipulation triggers the emergence of intricate morphologies and distinctive patterns. Employing a reaction‐diffusion model, the fundamental roles played by Brownian motion and Marangoni‐driven motion in shaping fractal structures and radial Turing patterns are demonstrated, respectively. Notably, these radial Turing patterns showcase hyperuniform order, challenging conventional notions of film morphology. These discoveries pave the way for crafting non‐equilibrium morphological materials, poised with the potential for self‐healing, adaptability, and innovative applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission towers serve as crucial safety pillars within the power transmission system, and their damage can lead to severe consequences. The structural failure of a tower undergoes a process from the initiation of local damage to overall failure, emphasizing the importance of conducting detailed local safety research. This paper introduces a nonlinear damage analysis method rooted in the continuous damage theory, specifically designed for critical areas of transmission towers. A material subroutine for elastic‐plastic‐damage constitutive equations is developed using commercial software, and thorough verification ensures the accuracy of both the subroutine and the algorithm. The proposed algorithm is then applied to analyze the damage in critical areas of a tower, simulating the plasticity‐damage coupling evolution of the main leg during the collapse of the transmission tower. Regarding the treatment of bolt connections in the local model, it indicates that there is a small difference between the contact model and the rigid‐joint model results. Taking computational efficiency into consideration, it is recommended to employ rigid‐joint model to simulate the evolution of damage. The presented example illustrates damage occurring on the outer side of the main leg, ultimately leading to lateral damage under the combined influence of bending and torsion. This research offers a novel method for investigating the failure mechanisms of transmission towers under extreme weather conditions and proposes precise reinforcement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advanced digital technologies as the key support, many scholars and researchers have proposed various random warranty models by integrating mission cycles into the warranty stage. However, these existing warranty models are designed only from the manufacturer's subjective perspective, ignoring certain consumer requirements. For instance, they overlook a wide range of warranty coverage, the pursuit of reliability improvement rather than mere minimal repair, and the need to limit the delay in repair. To address these consumer requirements, this paper proposes a novel random collaborative preventive maintenance warranty with repair-time threshold (RCPMW-RTT). This model incorporates terms that are jointly designed by manufacturers and consumers to meet specific consumer needs, thereby overcoming the limitations of existing warranty models. The introduction of a repair-time threshold aims to limit the time delay in repairing failures and to compensate for any losses incurred by consumers. Using probability theory, the RCPMW-RTT is evaluated in terms of cost and time, and relevant variants are derived by analyzing key parameters. As an exemplary representation of the RCPMW-RTT, two random replacement policies named the discrete random renewable back replacement (DRRBR) and the discrete random renewable front replacement (DRRFR) are proposed and modelled to ensure reliability after the expiration of the RCPMW-RTT. In both policies, product replacement is triggered either by the occurrence of the first extreme mission cycle or by reaching the limit on the number of non-extreme mission cycles, whichever comes first. Probability theory is used to present cost rates for both policies in order to determine optimal values for decision variables. Finally, numerical analysis is performed on the RCPMW-RTT to reveal hidden variation tendencies and mechanisms; numerical analysis is also performed on the DRRBR and the DRRFR. The numerical results show that the proposed random replacement policies are feasible and unique; the replacement time within the post-warranty coverage increases as the maintenance quality improves and the cost rate can be reduced by setting a smaller repair-time threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of upper ocean mixing processes, including their dynamics and thermodynamics, has been a primary focus for oceanographers and meteorologists. Wave breaking in deep water is believed to play a significant role in these processes, affecting air–sea interactions and contributing to the energy dissipation of surface waves. This, in turn, enhances the transfer of gas, heat, and mass at the ocean surface. In this paper, we use the FVCOM-SWAVE coupled wave and current model, which is based on the MY-2.5 turbulent closure model, to examine the response of upper ocean turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and temperature to various wave breaking parametric schemes. We propose a new parametric scheme for wave breaking energy at the sea surface, which is based on the correlation between breaking wave parameter R B and whitecap coverage. The impact of this new wave breaking parametric scheme on the upper ocean under typhoon conditions is analyzed by comparing it with the original parametric scheme that is primarily influenced by wave age. The wave field simulated by SWAVE was verified using Jason-3 satellite altimeter data, confirming the effectiveness of the simulation. The simulation results for upper ocean temperature were also validated using OISST data and Argo float observational data. Our findings indicate that, under the influence of Typhoon Nanmadol, both parametric schemes can transfer the energy of sea surface wave breaking into the seawater. The new wave breaking parameter R B scheme effectively enhances turbulent mixing at the ocean surface, leading to a decrease in sea surface temperature (SST) and an increase in mixed layer depth (MLD). This further improves upon the issue of uneven mixing of seawater at the air–sea interface in the MY-2.5 turbulent closure model. However, it is important to note that wave breaking under typhoon conditions is only one aspect of wave impact on ocean disturbances. Therefore, further research is needed to fully understand the impact of waves on upper ocean mixing, including the consideration of other wave mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe distribution of discrete piezoelectric patches critically influences the vibration control performance of beams. However, few studies have comprehensively addressed this issue for piezoelectric beams under different boundary conditions, especially when both traditional and optimal control strategies are considered. This paper investigates the optimal placement of piezoelectric actuator/sensor pairs for beams with cantilever, simply supported, and clamped boundary conditions, using a genetic algorithm (GA) based on the principle of minimum retained energy. The performance of active vibration control laws, including classical methods such as direct proportional feedback, constant gain negative velocity feedback, and model-based linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control, is thoroughly investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome congression and alignment are essential for cell cycle progression and genomic stability. Kinesin‐7 CENP‐E, a plus‐end‐directed kinesin motor, is required for chromosome biorientation, congression and alignment in cell division. However, it remains unclear how chromosomes are aligned and segregated in the absence of CENP‐E in mitosis. In this study, we utilize the CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing method and high‐throughput screening to establish CENP‐E knockout cell lines and reveal that CENP‐E deletion results in defects in chromosome congression, alignment and segregation, which further promotes aneuploidy and genomic instability in mitosis. Both CENP‐E inhibition and deletion lead to the dispersion of spindle poles, the formation of the multipolar spindle and spindle disorganization, which indicates that CENP‐E is necessary for the organization and maintenance of spindle poles. In addition, CENP‐E heterozygous deletion in spleen tissues also leads to the accumulation of dividing lymphocytes and cell cycle arrest in vivo. Furthermore, CENP‐E deletion also disrupts the localization of key kinetochore proteins and triggers the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. In summary, our findings demonstrate that CENP‐E promotes kinetochore‐microtubule attachment and spindle pole organization to regulate chromosome alignment and spindle assembly checkpoint during cell division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is inherently organic and renewable, promoting a circular economy ecosystem. As global consumption patterns change, circular economy strategies have turned into sustainable net-zero strategies for developing countries and developed countries, and its value chain is now included in important biomass energy policies. Many countries are actively transforming their economic growth patterns, developing their own circular economy, targeting ecological sustainable development, and adjusting domestic industrial structures. The concept of a circular society, synergistic with the social economy and developed on the basis of the circular economy, has production and consumption at its core. This research aims to verify the important roles that biomass plays in the circular economy and to initiate a virtuous resource circulation model, promote material recycling and reuse, form a "resources-products-renewable resources" model, and promote better resource use efficiency. It discusses the important roles that the bioeconomy plays when achieving a circular economy and also proposes new economic and policy concepts. The key conclusions cover: (1) the biomass energy–circular economy business model; (2) recognizing the co-benefit of consumers and a prosumer circular economy; and (3) challenges to a renewable cycle under economic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of a passive control method on the leading stability of a cloud cavity around a hydrofoil. Two differently positioned micro vortex generators (mVG) are installed on the leading edge (LE) of a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 66 hydrofoil. The structural parameters of mVG-1 are the same as those of mVG-2, but closer to the LE of the hydrofoil. A high-speed camera is employed to capture the transient evolution of cavitating flow. The results show that the cloud cavities on the baseline hydrofoil are divided into the hybrid cavity mode (α = 6°) and the fingerlike cavity mode (α = 8°–12°), relying on the cavity LE structure. The hybrid cavity consists of coupled traveling bubbles and fingerlike cavities, dominated by fingerlike cavities. The fingerlike cavity is attached to cavities with only a single form of LE. The hybrid cavity is replaced by fingerlike vortex cavitation on the mVG hydrofoil, leading to a fixed incipient position of the cavity. Fingerlike cavity structures on the three hydrofoils are generated by different mechanisms. The fingerlike vortex cavity of the mVG-1 hydrofoil is induced by the mVG, whereas the other two hydrofoils are induced by boundary layer separation and spanwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has gained increasing popularity in numerical studies of active flow control, practical implementations of this technique in experiments remain challenging, particularly for fast air flows. In this study, we proposed a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based DRL framework for high-speed experimental active flow control. By splitting the training and execution process of artificial neural network and implementing them effectively in central processing unit (CPU) and FPGA, experimental DRL control with an interaction frequency up to 10–100 kHz can be realized, which is two orders higher than that of the traditional CPU-based DRL framework. Such a new framework is tested in the classical problem of airfoil leading flow separation control at Rec = 2.13 × 105, with a plasma actuator and a hotwire serving as the flow disturber and the state sensor, respectively. As a result, experimental DRL control is rather attractive in terms of the time cost, able to find a converged closed-loop control strategy in only one run of 5 min, eliminating the tedious parameter tuning process in open-loop control (time cost: dozens of minutes to hours). Moreover, the magnitude of lift increment in the case of optimal DRL control is 3.2% higher than that of the best open-loop periodical control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and Background: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a life‐threatening complication in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. However, the related risk factors in pediatric and young adult HSCT recipients remain unclear. Thus, we conducted this meta‐analysis to identify potential risk factors for SOS in children and young adults undergoing HSCT. Method: We acquired related articles through searching PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to May 31, 2024. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to identify potential risk factors. Results: A total of 12 studies with 7644 HSCT recipients were included. Bone marrow transplantation (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.77, I2 = 0%), busulfan (BU) (OR = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.78–7.38, I2 = 70%), and fludarabine (FLU) (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.09–2.21, I2 = 16%) were risk factors for SOS after HSCT in children and young adults. Conclusion: Bone marrow transplantation and the use of BU or FLU might be risk factors for SOS after HSCT in children and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the influence of the errors of time difference of arrivals (TDOA) and the premeasured velocity in the propagation medium, the existing methods always hold the low location accuracy and efficiency. To increase the location accuracy, the joint inversion of AE/MS sources and propagation velocity is proposed using the full measurements and residual estimation. First, the control equation of the unknown wave velocity is constructed using sensor coordinates and full TDOA measurements, and it is linearized by introducing the additive variables. Second, considering the influence of TDOA errors, the residuals of the TDOA equations are calculated to obtain weights. Finally, the orthogonal projection is applied to separate the additive variables and solve the weighted linear equations for source coordinates. The pencil–lead breaks experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. The results show that the novel method holds better accuracy and wave velocity inversion than the pre-existing methods. The average positioning error of the novel method is only 3.49 mm, while the errors of the traditional methods are 4.62 mm, 5.08 mm, 6.57 mm, and 11.93 mm, respectively. The positioning performance of the proposed method under different TDOA errors is further proved by simulation tests. The simulation results demonstrate that the positioning performance of the proposed method is better than that of the existing methods under different errors. Moreover, the blast vibration experiment validates that the proposed method holds the location accuracy of 16.65 m, which presents good prospects in engineering applications. Highlights No prior measurement of wave speeds and selection of reference sensors reduce the effect of velocity and arrival errors. Analytical solution being given by linearizing the control equation, complex computations and local convergence are circumvented. Estimating the noise term in the arrival time difference, the tolerance to TDOA errors is improved. Redundant time-difference-of-arrival measurements are fully used to provide new constraints. Blasting experiments reveal that positioning accuracy of the method is 72% more accurate than the traditional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave-induced mixing can enhance vertical mixing in the upper ocean, facilitating the exchange of heat and momentum between the surface and deeper layers, thereby influencing ocean circulation and climate patterns. Building on previous research, this study proposes a wave-induced mixing parameterization scheme (referred to as EXP3) specifically designed for typhoon periods. This scheme was integrated into the fully coupled ocean–wave–atmosphere model COAWST and applied to analyze Typhoon In-Fa (2021) as a case study. The simulation results were validated against publicly available data, demonstrating a good overall match with observed phenomena. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was conducted between the EXP3 scheme, the previous scheme (EXP2) and the original model scheme (EXP1). Validation against Argo and Drifter buoy data revealed that both EXP2 and EXP3, which include wave-induced mixing effects, resulted in a decrease in the simulated mixed layer depth (MLD) and mixed layer temperature (MLT), with EXP3 showing closer alignment with the observed data. Compared to the other two experiments, EXP3 enhanced vertical motion in the ocean due to intensified wave-induced mixing, leading to increased upper-layer water divergence and upwelling, a decrease in sea surface temperature and accelerated rightward deflection of surface currents. This phenomenon not only altered the temperature structure of the ocean surface layer but also significantly impacted the regional ocean dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we synthesized and characterized gadolinium-based hyperbranched polymers, POADGd and PODGd, through RAFT polymerization as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for detecting fibrosis. POADGd and PODGd contain biocompatible short-chain OEGMA to prolong blood circulation, and they can be decomposed in response to ROS after MRI examination to prevent potential accumulation. The relaxivities of POADGd and PODGd are 9.81 mM−1 s−1 and 9.58 mM−1 s−1 respectively, which are significantly higher than that of DTPA-Gd, a clinically used agent (3.74 mM−1 s−1). In comparison with PODGd, POADGd can specifically target allysine in fibrosis tissues through its oxyamine groups. Therefore, it displays a sharp spatial resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio in the liver and lung fibrosis tissue at a field strength of 3.0 T or 7.0 T, and the morphology of these fibrosis tissues is accurately delineated. Our MRI diagnosis results based on POADGd are highly aligned with those from pathological examinations, while MRI diagnosis could avoid invasive biopsy. In addition, POADGd shows excellent biosafety and low toxicity. Therefore, POADGd could be applied to non-invasively and accurately diagnose liver and lung fibrosis diseases. Fibrosis-specific macromolecular magnetic resonance contrast agent (POADGd), through the structure of the oxyamine, specifically targets the allysine in fibrotic tissue, to achieve non-invasive accurate diagnosis of liver and lung fibrosis. [Display omitted] • PEGylated hyperbranched macromolecular imaging probe with good biosafety were design and prepared. • The imaging probe have strong collagen-targeting capability to liver and lung fibrotic tissue. • The imaging probe showed high-stability, high-sensitivity imaging of liver and lung fibrosis morphology. • The imaging probe realizes timely and accurate diagnosis liver and lung fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the continuous reform and innovation of classroom teaching methods and pedagogy in higher education, the support provided by traditional classrooms for new classes seems to be insufficient. Empirical exploration into the impact of learning spaces on student learning motivation, particularly in terms of how and to what extent, has been limited. This study focuses on student intrinsic learning motivation as the dependent variable and constructs an influence model incorporating factors such as learning space, pedagogy and classroom relationships. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess the differential influence between two learning space types: active learning spaces and traditional classrooms. Utilizing a convenience sampling method, students engaged in coursework at University A's 'Future Learning Experience Center' and traditional multimedia learning spaces over three academic terms were selected. Differential tests were performed on data collected from various learning environment types, and the impact of learning space, teaching methods and social relationships on students' intrinsic learning motivation was validated using structural equation modelling. Results indicate that scores in the dimensions of learning space, teacher–student relationships, student–student relationships and student intrinsic learning motivation were significantly higher in the active learning space compared to traditional classrooms. Surprisingly, learning space exhibited no significant direct effect on student intrinsic learning motivation but demonstrated a significant indirect effect. The influencing factors model presented in this study sheds light on the type of learning space's impact on student intrinsic learning motivation, offering theoretical guidance and practical data for future research endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of reading networks across different languages and cultures provides an important window to address gene‐culture interactions in brain functionality development. Previous meta‐analyses have explored the neural correlates of reading in different languages with diverse orthographic transparencies. However, it remains unknown whether the neural topographic relationship of different languages varies when taking development into account. To address this issue, we conducted meta‐analyses of neuroimaging studies with approaches of activation likelihood estimation and seed‐based effect size mapping and focused on two highly contrasting languages, Chinese and English. The meta‐analyses covered 61 studies of Chinese reading and 64 studies of English reading by native speakers. The brain reading networks of child and adult readers were further separately analyzed and compared to explore the developmental effects. The results revealed that the commonalities and differences in reading networks for Chinese and English were inconsistent between children and adults. In addition, the reading networks converged with development, and the effects of writing systems on brain function organizations were more salient in the initial stages of reading. An interesting finding was that the left inferior parietal lobule demonstrated increased effect sizes in adults compared with children in both Chinese and English reading, indicating a common developmental feature of reading mechanisms across the two languages. These findings provide new insights into the functional evolution and cultural modulation of brain reading networks. Research Highlights: Meta‐analyses with approaches of activation likelihood estimation and seed‐based effect size mapping were performed to evaluate the developmental characteristics of brain reading networks.The engagement of universal and language‐specific reading networks was different between children and adults, and the reading networks converged with increased reading experience.Overall the middle/inferior occipital and inferior/middle frontal gyrus were specific to Chinese and the middle temporal, right inferior frontal gyrus were specific to English.The left inferior parietal lobule was engaged more in adults than children in Chinese and English reading, demonstrating a common developmental feature of reading mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromite ore processing residue (COPR), which is created during the chromite preparation process of chromite compounds, is considered hazardous waste because it contains chromium trivalent and chromium hexavalent. Recently, the harmless disposal of COPR has received a lot of research interest. COPR is a type of resource attributable to its abundant content of chromium, iron, aluminum, etc. This article starts from the main sources, properties, and pollution characteristics of COPR. It summarizes the methods and approaches used by scholars in recent years to handle COPR: chemical reduction, dry detoxification, pyrolysis, mineralization, solidification/stabilization, biotechnology, electrochemical methods, and resource utilization, achieving harmless treatment of COPR. Among them, research on resource utilization stands out, not only improving resource utilization efficiency but also reducing environmental pollution. This provides new ideas and directions for our future treatment of COPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stable hydrogen isotope in precipitation is an effective environmental tracer for climatic and hydrologic studies. However, accurate and high-precision precipitation hydrogen isoscapes are currently unavailable in China. In this study, a data fusion method based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is used to fuse the hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2Hp) of observations and isotope-equipped general circulation model (iGCM) simulations. A precipitation hydrogen isoscape with a temporal resolution of monthly and a spatial resolution of 50–60 km is established for East China for the 1969–2017 period. Prior to building the isoscape, the performance of three data fusion methods (DFMs) and two bias correction methods (BCMs) is compared. The results indicate that the CNN fusion method performs the best with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.90 and root mean square error smaller than 10.5‰when using observation as a benchmark. The fusion methods based on back propagation and long short-term memory neural network perform similarly, while slightly outperforming the bias correction methods. Thus, the CNN method is used to generate the hydrogen isoscape, and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the hydrogen isotope in precipitation are analyzed based on this dataset. The generated isoscape shows similar spatial and temporal distribution characteristics to observations. In general, the distribution pattern of δ2Hp is consistent with the temperature effect in northern China, and consistent with the precipitation amount effect in southern China. The trend of the δ2Hp time series is consistent with that of observed precipitation and temperature. Overall, the generated isoscape effectively reproduces the observations, and has the characteristics of time continuity and relative spatial regularity, which can provide valuable data support for tracking atmospheric and hydrological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mung beans are highly nutritious but their leguminous flavor limits their development. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation can decrease unwanted bean flavors in legumes and enhance their flavor. This study examined the influence of Lactobacillus fermentation on the flavor characteristics of mung bean flour (MBF) using volatile compounds and non‐targeted metabolomics. RESULTS: Lactobacillus plantarum LP90, Lactobacillus casei LC89, and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA85 eliminated 61.37%, 48.29%, and 43.73%, respectively, of the primary bean odor aldehydes from MBF. The relative odor activity value (ROAV) results showed that fermented mung bean flour (FMBF) included volatile chemicals that contributed to fruity, flowery, and milky aromas. These compounds included ethyl acetate, hexyl formate, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, and 2,3‐butanedione. The levels of amino acids with a fresh sweet flavor increased significantly by 93.89, 49.40, and 35.27% in LP90, LC89, and LA85, respectively. A total of 49 up‐regulated and 13 down‐regulated significantly differential metabolites were annotated, and ten metabolic pathways were screened for contributing to the flavor. The correlation between important volatile compounds and non‐volatile substances relies on two primary metabolic pathways: the citric acid cycle pathway and the amino acid metabolic system. CONCLUSION: The flavor of MBF was enhanced strongly by the process of Lactobacillus fermentation, with LP90 having the most notable impact. These results serve as a reference for identifying the flavor of FMBF. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we show the necessary and sufficient conditions for the inequality \begin{equation*} \|u\|_{L_t^qL_x^r}\lesssim \|u\|_{X^{s,b}}, \end{equation*} where \|u\|_{X^{s,b}}≔\|\hat {u}(\tau,\xi)\langle \xi \rangle ^s\langle \tau +|\xi |^2\rangle ^b \|_{L_{\tau,\xi }^2}. These estimates are also referred to as Strichartz estimates related to Schrödinger equation. We also give a new proof of the maximal function estimates for solutions to Schrödinger and Airy equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists have been shown to reduce major cardiovascular events in diabetic patients, but their role in heart failure (HF) remains controversial. Recent evidence implies their potential benefits on cardiometabolism such as lipid metabolism, which may contribute to lowering the risk of HF. Consequently, we designed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the causal relationships of circulating lipids mediating GLP1R agonists in HF. Methods: The available cis-eQTLs for GLP1R target gene were selected as instrumental variables (IVs) of GLP1R agonism. Positive control analyses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and body mass index (BMI) were conducted to validate the enrolled IVs. Two-sample MR was performed to evaluate the associations between GLP1R agonism and HF as well as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Summary data for HF and LVEF were obtained from two genome-wide association studies (GWASs), which included 977,323 and 40,000 individuals of European ancestry, respectively. The primary method employed was the random-effects inverse variance weighted, with several other methods used for sensitivity analyses, including MR-Egger, MR PRESSO, and weighted median. Additionally, multivariable MR and mediation MR were applied to identify potentially causal lipid as mediator. Results: A total of 18 independent IVs were included. The positive control analyses showed that GLP1R agonism significantly reduced the risk of T2DM (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.75–0.85, p < 0.0001) and decreased BMI (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.93–0.96, p < 0.0001), ensuring the effectiveness of selected IVs. We found favorable evidence to support the protective effect of GLP1R agonism on HF (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.71–0.79, p < 0.0001), but there was no obvious correlation with increased LVEF (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.95–1.06, p = 0.8332). Among the six blood lipids, only low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was both associated with GLP1R agonism and HF. The causal effect of GLP1R agonism on HF was partially mediated through LDL-C by 4.23% of the total effect (95% CI = 1.04–7.42%, p = 0.0093). Conclusions: This study supported the causal relationships of GLP1R agonists with a reduced risk of HF. LDL-C might be the mediator in this association, highlighting the cardiometabolic benefit of GLP1R agonists on HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn‐Co/air hybrid batteries showcase enhanced energy efficiency, power density, and stability compared to Zn‐air batteries. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate multi‐functional cathode materials with fast reaction kinetics. Herein the synthesis of a wheat‐like cathode composed of the “cereal‐grains” of densely arranged Co/Co2P heterostructures grown on the “central stems” of P/N codoped carbon nanofibers (denoted as Co/Co2P@PNCF) is presented. The biomimetic nanostructures not only offer abundant exposed active sites to maximize accessibility but also establish efficient multi‐channel networks for both electron transfer and O2/OH− diffusion. Furthermore, the active species of high‐valent Co, resulting from self‐reconstruction of the Co/Co2P heterojunction during the first cycle, create efficient Co2+ ↔ Co4+ redox pairs and provide additional charging‐discharging voltage plateaus. In situ Raman spectroscopy measurement combined with ex situ X‐ray diffraction evidence supports the reversible process of Co3+/4+Ox(OH)y ↔ KxCo2+/3+Oy, leading to improved efficiency and durability of the battery. As a result, Zn‐Co/air hybrid battery based on the Co/Co2P@PNCF exhibits a remarkable power density (321 mW cm−2), ultralong cycle stability (700 h), and a large energy efficiency (62% at 20 mA cm−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXene usually exhibits weak pseudo‐capacitance behavior in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries, which cannot provide sufficient reversible capacity, resulting in the decline of overall capacity when used as the cathode materials. Taking inspiration from polymer electrolyte engineering, we have conceptualized an in situ induced growth strategy based on MXene materials. Herein, 5.25 % MXene was introduced into the nucleation and growth process of vanadium oxide (HVO), providing the heterogeneous nucleation site and serving as an initiator to regulate the morphology and structural of vanadium oxide (T‐HVO). The resulted materials can significantly improve the capacity and rate performance of zinc‐ion batteries. The growth mechanism of T‐HVO was demonstrated by both characterizations and DFT simulations, and the improved performance was systematically investigated through a series of in situ experiments related to dynamic analysis steps. Finally, the evaluation and comparison of various defect introduction strategies revealed the efficient, safety, and high production output characteristics of the in situ induced growth strategy. This work proposes the concept of in situ induced growth strategy and discloses the induced chemical mechanism of MXene materials, which will aid the understanding, development, and application of cathode in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]