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African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic additives with high‐reduction potentials are generally applied in aqueous electrolytes to stabilize the Zn anode, while compromise safety and environmental compatibility. Highly concentrated water‐in‐salt electrolytes have been proposed to realize the high reversibility of Zn plating/stripping; however, their high cost and viscosity hinder their practical applications. Therefore, exploring low‐concentration Zn salts, that can be used directly to stabilize Zn anodes, is of primary importance. Herein, we developed an asymmetric anion group, bi(difluoromethanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (DFTFSI‐)‐based novel zinc salt, Zn(DFTFSI)2, to obtain a high ionic conductivity and a highly stable dendrite‐free Zn anode. Experimental tests and theoretical calculations verified that DFTFSI− in the Zn2+ solvation sheath and inner Helmholtz plane would be preferentially reduced to construct layer‐structured SEI films, inhibiting hydrogen evolution and side reactions. Consequently, the Zn|| ${||}$ Zn symmetric cell with 1M Zn(DFTFSI)2 aqueous electrolyte delivers an ultralong cycle life for >2500 h outperforming many other conventional Zn salt electrolytes. The Zn|| ${||}$ Br2 battery also exhibits a long lifespan over 1200 cycles at ~99.8 % Coulombic efficiency with a high capacity retention of 92.5 %. Furthermore, this outstanding performance translates well to a high‐areal‐capacity Zn|| ${||}$ Br2 battery (~5.6 mAh ⋅ cm‐2), cycling over 320 cycles with 95.3 % initial capacity retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic additives with high‐reduction potentials are generally applied in aqueous electrolytes to stabilize the Zn anode, while compromise safety and environmental compatibility. Highly concentrated water‐in‐salt electrolytes have been proposed to realize the high reversibility of Zn plating/stripping; however, their high cost and viscosity hinder their practical applications. Therefore, exploring low‐concentration Zn salts, that can be used directly to stabilize Zn anodes, is of primary importance. Herein, we developed an asymmetric anion group, bi(difluoromethanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (DFTFSI‐)‐based novel zinc salt, Zn(DFTFSI)2, to obtain a high ionic conductivity and a highly stable dendrite‐free Zn anode. Experimental tests and theoretical calculations verified that DFTFSI− in the Zn2+ solvation sheath and inner Helmholtz plane would be preferentially reduced to construct layer‐structured SEI films, inhibiting hydrogen evolution and side reactions. Consequently, the Zn|| ${||}$ Zn symmetric cell with 1M Zn(DFTFSI)2 aqueous electrolyte delivers an ultralong cycle life for >2500 h outperforming many other conventional Zn salt electrolytes. The Zn|| ${||}$ Br2 battery also exhibits a long lifespan over 1200 cycles at ~99.8 % Coulombic efficiency with a high capacity retention of 92.5 %. Furthermore, this outstanding performance translates well to a high‐areal‐capacity Zn|| ${||}$ Br2 battery (~5.6 mAh ⋅ cm‐2), cycling over 320 cycles with 95.3 % initial capacity retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries are cost effectiveness, intrinsicly safe, and high activity, they are also known for bringing rampant hydrogen evolution reaction and corrosion. While eutectic electrolytes can effectively eliminate these issues, its high viscosity severely reduces the mobility of Zn2+ ions and exhibits poor temperature adaptability. Here, we infuse acetamide molecules with Lewis base and hydrogen bond donors into a solvated shell of Zn[(H2O)6]2+ to create Zn(H2O)3(ace)(BF4)2. The viscosity of 1ace‐1H2O is 0.032 Pa s, significantly lower than that of 1ace‐0H2O (995.6 Pa s), which improves ionic conductivity (9.56 mS cm−1) and shows lower freezing point of −45 °C, as opposed to 1ace‐0H2O of 4.04 mS cm−1 and 12 °C, respectively. The acidity of 1ace‐1H2O is ≈2.8, higher than 0ace‐1H2O at ≈0.76, making side reactions less likely. Furthermore, benefiting from the ZnCO3/ZnF2‐rich organic/inorganic solid electrolyte interface, the Zn || Zn cells cycle more than 1300 hours at 1 mA cm−2, and the Zn || Cu operated over 1800 cycles with an average Coulomb efficiency of ≈99.8 %. The Zn || PANI cell cycled over 8500 cycles, with a specific capacity of 99.8 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 at room temperature, and operated at −40 °C with a capacity of 66.8 mAh g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries are cost effectiveness, intrinsicly safe, and high activity, they are also known for bringing rampant hydrogen evolution reaction and corrosion. While eutectic electrolytes can effectively eliminate these issues, its high viscosity severely reduces the mobility of Zn2+ ions and exhibits poor temperature adaptability. Here, we infuse acetamide molecules with Lewis base and hydrogen bond donors into a solvated shell of Zn[(H2O)6]2+ to create Zn(H2O)3(ace)(BF4)2. The viscosity of 1ace‐1H2O is 0.032 Pa s, significantly lower than that of 1ace‐0H2O (995.6 Pa s), which improves ionic conductivity (9.56 mS cm−1) and shows lower freezing point of −45 °C, as opposed to 1ace‐0H2O of 4.04 mS cm−1 and 12 °C, respectively. The acidity of 1ace‐1H2O is ≈2.8, higher than 0ace‐1H2O at ≈0.76, making side reactions less likely. Furthermore, benefiting from the ZnCO3/ZnF2‐rich organic/inorganic solid electrolyte interface, the Zn || Zn cells cycle more than 1300 hours at 1 mA cm−2, and the Zn || Cu operated over 1800 cycles with an average Coulomb efficiency of ≈99.8 %. The Zn || PANI cell cycled over 8500 cycles, with a specific capacity of 99.8 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 at room temperature, and operated at −40 °C with a capacity of 66.8 mAh g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though massive efforts have been devoted to exploring Br‐based batteries, the highly soluble Br2/Br3− species causing rigorous "shuttle effect", leads to severe self‐discharge and low Coulombic efficiency. Conventionally, quaternary ammonium salts such as methyl ethyl morpholinium bromide (MEMBr) and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) are used to fix Br2 and Br3−, but they occupy the mass and volume of battery without capacity contribution. Here, we report an all‐active solid interhalogen compound, IBr, as a cathode to address the above challenges, in which the oxidized Br0 is fixed by iodine (I), thoroughly eliminating cross‐diffusing Br2/Br3− species during the whole charging and discharging process. The Zn||IBr battery delivers remarkably high energy density of 385.8 Wh kg−1, which is higher than those of I2, MEMBr3, and TPABr3 cathodes. Our work provides new approaches to achieve active solid interhalogen chemistry for high‐energy electrochemical energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though massive efforts have been devoted to exploring Br‐based batteries, the highly soluble Br2/Br3− species causing rigorous "shuttle effect", leads to severe self‐discharge and low Coulombic efficiency. Conventionally, quaternary ammonium salts such as methyl ethyl morpholinium bromide (MEMBr) and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) are used to fix Br2 and Br3−, but they occupy the mass and volume of battery without capacity contribution. Here, we report an all‐active solid interhalogen compound, IBr, as a cathode to address the above challenges, in which the oxidized Br0 is fixed by iodine (I), thoroughly eliminating cross‐diffusing Br2/Br3− species during the whole charging and discharging process. The Zn||IBr battery delivers remarkably high energy density of 385.8 Wh kg−1, which is higher than those of I2, MEMBr3, and TPABr3 cathodes. Our work provides new approaches to achieve active solid interhalogen chemistry for high‐energy electrochemical energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: The strong interaction between Ti3C2Sx and FeN4 species induces the central metal Fe(II) in FeN4 species with intermediate spin state transferred to high spin state, in which the latter is favorable to initiate the reduction of oxygen. This strong interaction induces a remarkable Fe 3d electron delocalization with d band center upshift, boosting oxygen-containing groups adsorption on FeN4 species and oxygen reduction reaction kinetics. The resulting FeN4–Ti3C2Sx with FeN4 moieties in high spin state exhibits high half-wave potential of 0.89 V vs. RHE and high limiting current density of 6.5 mA cm−2, enabling wearable zinc–air battery showing a good discharge performance with a maximum power density of 133.6 mW cm−2. Transition metal–nitrogen–carbon materials (M–N–Cs), particularly Fe–N–Cs, have been found to be electroactive for accelerating oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. Although substantial efforts have been devoted to design Fe–N–Cs with increased active species content, surface area, and electronic conductivity, their performance is still far from satisfactory. Hitherto, there is limited research about regulation on the electronic spin states of Fe centers for Fe–N–Cs electrocatalysts to improve their catalytic performance. Here, we introduce Ti3C2 MXene with sulfur terminals to regulate the electronic configuration of FeN4 species and dramatically enhance catalytic activity toward ORR. The MXene with sulfur terminals induce the spin-state transition of FeN4 species and Fe 3d electron delocalization with d band center upshift, enabling the Fe(II) ions to bind oxygen in the end-on adsorption mode favorable to initiate the reduction of oxygen and boosting oxygen-containing groups adsorption on FeN4 species and ORR kinetics. The resulting FeN4–Ti3C2Sx exhibits comparable catalytic performance to those of commercial Pt-C. The developed wearable ZABs using FeN4–Ti3C2Sx also exhibit fast kinetics and excellent stability. This study confirms that regulation of the electronic structure of active species via coupling with their support can be a major contributor to enhance their catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline aqueous batteries such as the Zn||Ni batteries have attracted substantial interests due to their merits of high energy density, high safety and low cost. However, the freeze of aqueous electrolyte and the poor cycling stability in alkaline condition have hindered their operation in subzero conditions. Herein, we construct a stable aqueous electrolyte with lowest freezing point down to −90 °C by adding dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as alkaline tolerant antifreezing additive into 1 M KOH solution. Meanwhile, we find the DMSO can also retard Zn anode corrosion and prevent Zn dendrite formation in alkaline condition, which enables the Zn plating/stripping over 700 h cycle at 1 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2. The fabricated Zn||Ni battery can endure low working temperature even down to −60 °C and its dischage capacity retains 84.1 % at −40 °C, 60.6 % at −60 °C at 0.5 C. Meanwhile, it can maintain 600 cycles with a specific capacity retention of 86.5 % at −40 °C at 2 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline aqueous batteries such as the Zn||Ni batteries have attracted substantial interests due to their merits of high energy density, high safety and low cost. However, the freeze of aqueous electrolyte and the poor cycling stability in alkaline condition have hindered their operation in subzero conditions. Herein, we construct a stable aqueous electrolyte with lowest freezing point down to −90 °C by adding dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as alkaline tolerant antifreezing additive into 1 M KOH solution. Meanwhile, we find the DMSO can also retard Zn anode corrosion and prevent Zn dendrite formation in alkaline condition, which enables the Zn plating/stripping over 700 h cycle at 1 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2. The fabricated Zn||Ni battery can endure low working temperature even down to −60 °C and its dischage capacity retains 84.1 % at −40 °C, 60.6 % at −60 °C at 0.5 C. Meanwhile, it can maintain 600 cycles with a specific capacity retention of 86.5 % at −40 °C at 2 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn batteries are usually considered as safe aqueous systems that are promising for flexible batteries. On the other hand, any liquids, including water, being encapsulated in a deformable battery may result in problems. Developing completely liquid‐free all‐solid‐state Zn batteries needs high‐quality solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs). Herein, we demonstrate in situ polymerized amorphous solid poly(1,3‐dioxolane) electrolytes, which show high Zn ion conductivity of 19.6 mS cm−1 at room temperature, low interfacial impedance, highly reversible Zn plating/stripping over 1800 h cycles, uniform and dendrite‐free Zn deposition, and non‐dry properties. The in‐plane interdigital‐structure device with the electrolyte completely exposed to the open atmosphere can be operated stably for over 30 days almost without weight loss or electrochemical performance decay. Furthermore, the sandwich‐structure device can normally operate over 40 min under exposure to fire. Meanwhile, the interfacial impedance and the capacity using in situ‐formed solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) remain almost unchanged after various bending tests, a key criterion for flexible/wearable devices. Our study demonstrates an approach for SSEs that fulfill the requirement of no liquid and mechanical robustness for practical solid‐state Zn batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn batteries are usually considered as safe aqueous systems that are promising for flexible batteries. On the other hand, any liquids, including water, being encapsulated in a deformable battery may result in problems. Developing completely liquid‐free all‐solid‐state Zn batteries needs high‐quality solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs). Herein, we demonstrate in situ polymerized amorphous solid poly(1,3‐dioxolane) electrolytes, which show high Zn ion conductivity of 19.6 mS cm−1 at room temperature, low interfacial impedance, highly reversible Zn plating/stripping over 1800 h cycles, uniform and dendrite‐free Zn deposition, and non‐dry properties. The in‐plane interdigital‐structure device with the electrolyte completely exposed to the open atmosphere can be operated stably for over 30 days almost without weight loss or electrochemical performance decay. Furthermore, the sandwich‐structure device can normally operate over 40 min under exposure to fire. Meanwhile, the interfacial impedance and the capacity using in situ‐formed solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) remain almost unchanged after various bending tests, a key criterion for flexible/wearable devices. Our study demonstrates an approach for SSEs that fulfill the requirement of no liquid and mechanical robustness for practical solid‐state Zn batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn‐air batteries (ZABs) offer promising commercialization perspectives for stretchable and wearable electronic devices as they are environment‐friendly and have high theoretical energy density. However, current devices suffer from limited energy efficiency and durability because of the sluggish oxygen reduction and evolution reactions kinetics in the air cathode as well as degenerative stretchability of solid‐state electrolytes under highly alkaline conditions. Herein, excellent bifunctional catalytic activity and cycling stability is achieved by using a newly developed Co–N–C nanomaterial with a uniform virus‐like structure, prepared via a facile carbonization of a prussian blue analogue (PBA). Furthermore, a solid‐state dual‐network sodium polyacrylate and cellulose (PANa‐cellulose) based hydrogel electrolyte is synthesized with good alkaline‐tolerant stretchability. A solid‐state fiber‐shaped ZAB fabricated using this hydrogel electrolyte, the virus‐like Co–N–Cs air cathode, and a zinc spring anode display excellent stretchability of up to 500% strain without damage, and outstanding electrochemical performance with 128 mW cm−2 peak power density and good cycling stability for >600 cycles at 2 mA. The facile synthesis strategy demonstrated here opens up a new avenue for developing highly active PBA‐derived catalyst and shows, for the first time, that virus‐like structure can be favorable for electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White yak is a unique economic livestock animal on the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Here, 369 mitochondrial D-loop sequences from three Chinese white yak breeds/populations (Tianzhu, Menyuan and Huzhu) were comprehensively analyzed to indicate their maternal genetic diversity, differentiation and phylogenetic relationship. Our results showed that the haplotype diversity (Hd) was found to be highest in Tianzhu white yak (Hd ± SD = 0.9501 ± 0.0058), while the lowest was recorded in Huzhu white yak (Hd ± SD = 0.7178 ± 0.0474). Totally, the haplotype and nucleotide diversities of white yak were 0.9407 ± 0.0069 and 0.0187 ± 0.0094, respectively, indicating an abundant maternal genetic diversity in white yak. Estimates of FST (Fixation Index) values showed a high genetic differentiation between Tianzhu and Menyuan populations (FST = 0.2928, p < 0.05) as well as that between Tianzhu and Huzhu populations (FST = 0.2721, p < 0.05), but a moderate genetic differentiation between Menyuan and Huzhu populations (FST = 0.1352, p > 0.05) was observed. Cluster analysis based on FST values among populations indicated that the genetic relationship between Menyuan and Huzhu white yak was closer, but they had a far genetic relationship with Tianzhu white yak. Maternal phylogenetic analysis revealed that white yak represented two maternal lineages (I and II), suggesting two maternal origins. In addition, it is notable that taurine mtDNA haplotypes were detected in Tianzhu and Huzhu white yak populations, indicating taurine genetic introgression to some extent. Our study would provide useful information for the conservation and utilization of white yak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the increasing demand for clean energy storage in modern society, the development of efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts that can overcome and accelerate the sluggish kinetics of electrochemical reactions is required. NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) is regarded as an effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst, but most of the current synthesis methods, such as electrochemical deposition and calcination, are complex and difficult to operate on a large scale. Herein, we report the preparation of NiFe-LDH directly on a NiFe foam substrate using a simple two-step method in which the surface oxide layer is first removed from NiFe foam using a room-temperature hydrochloric acid bath for 10 min, followed by soaking in hydrochloric acid solution at 80 °C for 20 h. The prepared NiFe foam etched by hydrochloric acid for 20 h (NiFe-20-H) exhibited a unique hydrangea flower-like structure with a large surface area and abundant active sites, which is favorable for OER. Combining the structural advantages of large number of exposed active sites, synergistic effects of nickel and iron, and the convenient charge transfer path provided by the NiFe foam, the resulting NiFe-20-H sample achieved a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an extremely low overpotential (241 mV) and a small Tafel slope of 44.2 mV dec−1, providing excellent long-term stability in alkaline electrolyte, surpassing pristine NiFe foam reported in our work, as well as many state-of-the-art electrocatalysts and IrO 2. This efficient synthesis of NiFe-LDH provides a new approach for the development of non-noble OER electrocatalysts and has wide application prospects in the field of electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • NiFe-LDH with flower-like structure was designed by a simple two-step hydrochloric acid treatment. • The existence of NiFe-LDH was proved by a series of qualitative and quantitative characterization methods. • NiFe-20-H has excellent electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction. • The reason for the outstanding OER performance of NiFe-20-H is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrasting Y-chromosomal lineage distributions in Chinese domestic yak Yak ( I Bos grunniens i ) is a valuable bovine species that lives in the central Asian highlands with more than 15 million animals living in China.[1] Previous Y-SNP markers analyses revealed two yak paternal lineages, Y1 and Y2, in the Gaoyuan, Datong, Huanhu and Tianzhu breeds.[[2]] Here, we present a comprehensive survey of the lineage distributions in the 12 recognized Chinese domestic yak breeds. The differential distributions of the yak lineages Y1 and Y2 reveal a clear phylogeographical structure among Chinese domestic yak breeds, in clear contrast to nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial analyses on domestic yak.[[4]]. [Extracted from the article]

Efficient and stable bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are urgently needed to unlock the full potential of zinc‐air batteries (ZABs). High‐valence oxides (HVOs) and high entropy oxides (HEOs) are suitable candidates for their optimal electronic structures and stability but suffer from demanding synthesis. Here, a low‐cost fluorine‐lodged high‐valent high‐entropy layered double hydroxide (HV‐HE‐LDH) (FeCoNi2F4(OH)4) is conveniently prepared through multi‐ions co‐precipitation, where F− are firmly embedded into the individual hydroxide layers. Spectroscopic detections and theoretical simulations reveal high valent metal cations are obtained in FeCoNi2F4(OH)4, which enlarge the energy band overlap between metal 3d and O 2p, enhancing the electronic conductivity and charge transfer, thus affording high intrinsic OER catalytic activity. More importantly, the strengthened metal‐oxygen (M−O) bonds and stable octahedral geometry (M−O(F)6) in FeCoNi2F4(OH)4 prevent structural reorganization, rendering long‐term catalytic stability. Furthermore, an efficient three‐phase reaction interface with fast oxygen transportation was constructed, significantly improving the ORR activity. ZABs assembled with FeCoNi2F4(OH)4@HCC (hydrophobic carbon cloth) cathodes deliver a top performance with high round‐trip energy efficiency (61.3 % at 10 mA cm−2) and long‐term stability (efficiency remains at 58.8 % after 1050 charge–discharge cycles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and stable bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are urgently needed to unlock the full potential of zinc‐air batteries (ZABs). High‐valence oxides (HVOs) and high entropy oxides (HEOs) are suitable candidates for their optimal electronic structures and stability but suffer from demanding synthesis. Here, a low‐cost fluorine‐lodged high‐valent high‐entropy layered double hydroxide (HV‐HE‐LDH) (FeCoNi2F4(OH)4) is conveniently prepared through multi‐ions co‐precipitation, where F− are firmly embedded into the individual hydroxide layers. Spectroscopic detections and theoretical simulations reveal high valent metal cations are obtained in FeCoNi2F4(OH)4, which enlarge the energy band overlap between metal 3d and O 2p, enhancing the electronic conductivity and charge transfer, thus affording high intrinsic OER catalytic activity. More importantly, the strengthened metal‐oxygen (M−O) bonds and stable octahedral geometry (M−O(F)6) in FeCoNi2F4(OH)4 prevent structural reorganization, rendering long‐term catalytic stability. Furthermore, an efficient three‐phase reaction interface with fast oxygen transportation was constructed, significantly improving the ORR activity. ZABs assembled with FeCoNi2F4(OH)4@HCC (hydrophobic carbon cloth) cathodes deliver a top performance with high round‐trip energy efficiency (61.3 % at 10 mA cm−2) and long‐term stability (efficiency remains at 58.8 % after 1050 charge–discharge cycles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batteries usually deliver mass loading‐dependent electrochemical performance. Taking the selenium cathode as an example, the Se reaction kinetics, utilization, and cycling lifespan seriously deteriorate with increased Se mass loading. Here, an electrocatalytic Se reduction/oxidation reaction strategy to realize high‐Se‐loading Zn||Se batteries with fast kinetics and high Se utilization is proposed. Specifically, the synergetic effects of Cu and Co transition‐metal species inside the channel structure of the host can effectively immobilize and catalytically convert Sen during cycling, which thus facilitates Se utilization and 6‐electron (Se4+ ↔ Se2–) conversion kinetics. In particular, the Cu[Co(CN)6] host exhibits a remarkably low energy barrier (1.63 kJ mol–1) and low Tafel slope (95.23 mV dec–1) for the Se reduction, and the highest current response for Se oxidation. Accordingly, the Zn battery employing a Se‐in‐Cu[Co(CN)6] cathode delivers a capacity of 664.7 mAh g–1 at 0.2 A g–1, an excellent rate capability with 430.6 mAh g–1 achieved even at 10 A g–1, and long‐cyclic life over 6000 cycles with 90.6% capacity retention. Furthermore, an A‐h‐level (≈1350 mAh) Zn||Se pouch‐type battery with high Se loading (≈12.3 mg(Se) cm–2) shows a high Se utilization of 83.3% and outstanding cyclic stability with 89.4% initial capacity retained after 400 cycles at exceeding 98% Coulombic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a two‐species redox reaction of Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) incorporated in cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoFe(CN)6) is proposed as a breakthrough to achieve jointly high‐capacity and high‐voltage aqueous Zn‐ion battery. The Zn/CoFe(CN)6 battery provides a highly operational voltage plateau of 1.75 V (vs metallic Zn) and a high capacity of 173.4 mAh g−1 at current density of 0.3 A g−1, taking advantage of the two‐species redox reaction of Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) couples. Even under extremely fast charge/discharge rate of 6 A g−1, the battery delivers a sufficiently high discharge capacity of 109.5 mAh g−1 with its 3D opened structure framework. This is the highest capacity delivered among all the batteries using Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) cathode up to now. Furthermore, Zn/CoFe(CN)6 battery achieves an excellent cycling performance of 2200 cycles without any capacity decay at coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. One further step, a sol–gel transition strategy for hydrogel electrolyte is developed to construct high‐performance flexible cable‐type battery. With the strategy, the active materials can adequately contact with electrolyte, resulting in improved electrochemical performance (≈18.73% capacity increase) and mechanical robustness of the solid‐state device. It is believed that this study optimizes electrodes by incorporating multi redox reaction species for high‐voltage and high‐capacity batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, highly contagious disease in pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Our previous study identified that the ASFV MGF300-2R protein functions as a virulence factor and found that MGF300-2R degrades IKKβ via selective autophagy. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for IKKβ ubiquitination during autophagic degradation still remains unknown. In order to solve this problem, we first pulled down 328 proteins interacting with MGF300-2R through immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Next, we analyzed and confirmed the interaction between the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 and MGF300-2R and demonstrated the catalytic role of TRIM21 in IKKβ ubiquitination. Finally, we indicated that the degradation of IKKβ by MGF300-2R was dependent on TRIM21. In summary, our results indicate TRIM21 is the E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the degradation of IKKβ by MGF300-2R, thereby augmenting our understanding of the functions of MGF300-2R and offering insights into the rational design of live attenuated vaccines and antiviral strategies against ASF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qaidam cattle are a typical Chinese native breed inhabiting northwest China. They bear the characteristics of high cold and roughage tolerance, low‐oxygen adaptability and good meat quality. To analyze the genetic diversity of Qaidam cattle, 60 samples were sequenced using whole‐genome resequencing technology, along with 192 published sets of whole‐genome sequencing data of Indian indicine cattle, Chinese indicine cattle, North Chinese cattle breeds, East Asian taurine cattle, Eurasian taurine cattle and European taurine cattle as controls. It was found that Qaidam cattle have rich genetic diversity in Bos taurus, but the degree of inbreeding is also high, which needs further protection. The phylogenetic analysis, principal component analysis and ancestral component analysis showed that Qaidam cattle mainly originated from East Asian taurine cattle. Qaidam cattle had a closer genetic relationship with the North Chinese cattle breeds and the least differentiation from Mongolian cattle. Annotating the selection signals obtained by composite likelihood ratio, nucleotide diversity analysis, integrated haplotype score, genetic differentiation index, genetic diversity ratio and cross‐population extended haplotype homozygosity methods, several genes associated with immunity, reproduction, meat, milk, growth and adaptation showed strong selection signals. In general, this study provides genetic evidence for understanding the germplasm characteristics of Qaidam cattle. At the same time, it lays a foundation for the scientific and reasonable protection and utilization of genetic resources of Chinese local cattle breeds, which has great theoretical and practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable devices need elastic hydrogel electrolyte as an essential component, while most hydrogels will lose their stretchability after being incorporated with strong alkaline solution. This is why highly stretchable zinc–air batteries have never been reported so far. Herein, super‐stretchable, flat‐ (800% stretchable) and fiber‐shaped (500% stretchable) zinc–air batteries are first developed by designing an alkaline‐tolerant dual‐network hydrogel electrolyte. In the dual‐network hydrogel electrolyte, sodium polyacrylate (PANa) chains contribute to the formation of soft domains and the carboxyl groups neutralized by hydroxyls as well as cellulose as potassium hydroxide stabilizer are responsible for vastly enhanced alkaline tolerance. The obtained super‐stretchable, flat zinc–air battery exhibits a high power density of 108.6 mW⋅cm−2, increasing to 210.5 mW⋅cm−2 upon being 800% stretched. Similar phenomena are observed for the 500% stretchable fiber‐shaped batteries. The devices can maintain stable power output even after being heavily deformed benefiting from the highly soft, alkaline‐tolerant hydrogel electrolyte developed. A bendable battery‐display system and water proof weavable fiber zinc–air battery are also demonstrated. This work will facilitate the progress of using zinc–air battery powering flexible electronics and smart clothes. Moreover, the developed alkaline‐tolerant super‐stretchable electrolyte can also be applied for many other alkaline electrolyte‐based energy storage/conversion devices. An alkaline‐tolerant, dual‐network hydrogel electrolyte‐based sodium polyacrylate and cellulose is developed. The hydrogel infiltrated by 6 m KOH solution as electrolyte still shows over 1000% stretchability, together with a 0.28 S∙cm−1 ion conductivity. Super‐stretchable, flat‐ (800% stretchable) and fiber‐shaped (500% stretchable) zinc–air batteries with high electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility are developed based on the hydrogel electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inv22-1 present in 45% of inhibitor-positive HA patients, but also present in 33% of inhibitor-negative HA patients (see Figure 1A), so Inv22-1 is not a good genetic marker for inhibitor production. Low FVIII activity is also found in other diseases, such as von Willebrand disease (vWD) and acquired haemophilia A (AHA), so diagnosis of HA should be more cautious. Dear Editor, Haemophilia A (HA) is a coagulation disorder with deficiency/dysfunction of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) and is one of the most common recessive X-linked hereditary diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Proposed are Prussian blue analogue hosts with ordered and continuous channels, and electrocatalytic functionality with open Co and Fe species, which facilitate maximum I2 utilization efficiency and direct I2 to I− conversion kinetics of the I2 reduction reaction, and free up 1/3 I− from I3−. Co[Co1/4Fe3/4(CN)6] exhibits a low energy barrier (0.47 kJ mol−1) and low Tafel slope (76.74 mV dec−1). Accordingly, the Co[Co1/4Fe3/4(CN)6]/I2//Zn battery delivers a capacity of 236.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a rate performance with 151.4 mAh g−1 achieved even at 20 A g−1. The battery delivers both high energy density and high‐power density of 305.5 Wh kg−1 and 109.1 kW kg−1, higher than I2//Zn batteries reported to date. Furthermore, solid‐state flexible batteries were constructed. A 100 mAh high capacity solid‐state I2//Zn battery is demonstrated with excellent cycling performance of 81.2 % capacity retained after 400 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proposed are Prussian blue analogue hosts with ordered and continuous channels, and electrocatalytic functionality with open Co and Fe species, which facilitate maximum I2 utilization efficiency and direct I2 to I− conversion kinetics of the I2 reduction reaction, and free up 1/3 I− from I3−. Co[Co1/4Fe3/4(CN)6] exhibits a low energy barrier (0.47 kJ mol−1) and low Tafel slope (76.74 mV dec−1). Accordingly, the Co[Co1/4Fe3/4(CN)6]/I2//Zn battery delivers a capacity of 236.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a rate performance with 151.4 mAh g−1 achieved even at 20 A g−1. The battery delivers both high energy density and high‐power density of 305.5 Wh kg−1 and 109.1 kW kg−1, higher than I2//Zn batteries reported to date. Furthermore, solid‐state flexible batteries were constructed. A 100 mAh high capacity solid‐state I2//Zn battery is demonstrated with excellent cycling performance of 81.2 % capacity retained after 400 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing images are very vulnerable to cloud interference during the imaging process. Cloud occlusion, especially thick cloud occlusion, significantly reduces the imaging quality of remote sensing images, which in turn affects a variety of subsequent tasks using the remote sensing images. The remote sensing images miss ground information due to thick cloud occlusion. The thick cloud removal method based on a temporality global–local structure is initially suggested as a solution to this problem. This method includes two stages: the global multi-temporal feature fusion (GMFF) stage and the local single-temporal information restoration (LSIR) stage. It adopts the fusion feature of global multi-temporal to restore the thick cloud occlusion information of local single temporal images. Then, the featured global–local structure is created in both two stages, fusing the global feature capture ability of Transformer with the local feature extraction ability of CNN, with the goal of effectively retaining the detailed information of the remote sensing images. Finally, the local feature extraction (LFE) module and global–local feature extraction (GLFE) module is designed according to the global–local characteristics, and the different module details are designed in this two stages. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method performs significantly better than the compared methods in the established data set for the task of multi-temporal thick cloud removal. In the four scenes, when compared to the best method CMSN, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) index improved by 2.675, 5.2255, and 4.9823 dB in the first, second, and third temporal images, respectively. The average improvement of these three temporal images is 9.65%. In the first, second, and third temporal images, the correlation coefficient (CC) index improved by 0.016, 0.0658, and 0.0145, respectively, and the average improvement for the three temporal images is 3.35%. Structural similarity (SSIM) and root mean square (RMSE) are improved 0.33% and 34.29%, respectively. Consequently, in the field of multi-temporal cloud removal, the proposed method enhances the utilization of multi-temporal information and achieves better effectiveness of thick cloud restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: The porous structure and interconnected conductive pathways accommodate a large amount of iodine, entrap polyiodides and guarantee its efficient utilization. While the Fe single atom catalyst efficiently catalyzes the iodine/polyiodide conversion. With "confinement-catalysis" host, the ZnǀǀI2 battery delivers a high capacity of 188.2 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A g−1, excellent rate capability with a capacity of 139.6 mAh g−1 at 15 A g−1 and ultra-long cyclic stability over 50,000 cycles with 80.5% initial capacity retained under high iodine loading of 76.72 wt%. Rechargeable aqueous zinc iodine (ZnǀǀI2) batteries have been promising energy storage technologies due to low-cost position and constitutional safety of zinc anode, iodine cathode and aqueous electrolytes. Whereas, on one hand, the low-fraction utilization of electrochemically inert host causes severe shuttle of soluble polyiodides, deficient iodine utilization and sluggish reaction kinetics. On the other hand, the usage of high mass polar electrocatalysts occupies mass and volume of electrode materials and sacrifices device-level energy density. Here, we propose a "confinement-catalysis" host composed of Fe single atom catalyst embedding inside ordered mesoporous carbon host, which can effectively confine and catalytically convert I2/I− couple and polyiodide intermediates. Consequently, the cathode enables the high capacity of 188.2 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A g−1, excellent rate capability with a capacity of 139.6 mAh g−1 delivered at high current density of 15 A g−1 and ultra-long cyclic stability over 50,000 cycles with 80.5% initial capacity retained under high iodine loading of 76.72 wt%. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic host can also accelerate the I + ↔ I 2 conversion. The greatly improved electrochemical performance originates from the modulation of physicochemical confinement and the decrease of energy barrier for reversible I−/I2 and I2/I+ couples, and polyiodide intermediates conversions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The white yak, a type of unique and valuable farm animals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are mainly distributed in Tianzhu (County of Gansu Province), Menyuan, Huzhu and Ledu (three Counties of Qinghai Province) in China. In the present study, the Y-chromosomal genetic diversity, differentiation and phylogeny of three Chinese white yak breeds/populations (Tianzhu, Huzhu and Menyuan) were comprehensively explored using five Y-SNPs (SRY4, USP9Y, UTY19, AMELY3 and OFD1Y10) and one Y-STR (INRA189) markers. The results showed that six Y-haplotypes (H1Y1, H9Y1, H10Y1, H11Y2, H12Y2 and H13Y2) were identified in 97 male yak from three white yak breeds/populations. Among these haplotypes, H1Y1, H10Y1 and H11Y2 were shared by all of breeds/populations and H12Y2 was shared by Tianzhu and Huzhu populations. However, H9Y1 and H13Y2 haplotypes were only detected in Menyuan and Tianzhu white yak populations, respectively. The Y-haplotype diversity was maximum in Huzhu white yak (0.7500 ± 0.0349), the medium in Tianzhu white yak (0.6881 ± 0.0614) and the lowest in Menyuan white yak (0.5720 ± 0.0657). The total Y-haplotype diversity of three white yak breeds/populations was 0.7567 ± 0.0233, indicating rich paternal genetic diversity in white yak. The FST values showed a moderate differentiation between Tianzhu and Menyuan (FST = 0.0763, P < 0.05) populations, but a weak differentiation between Huzhu and Tianzhu white yak breeds/populations (FST = 0.0186, P > 0.05) and Huzhu and Menyuan (FST = − 0.005, P > 0.05) populations. The clustering analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between Huzhu and Menyuan white yak, both were far from Tianzhu white yak breed. The phylogenetic analyses showed that white yak had two Y-haplogroups/lineages (Y1 and Y2) with two potential paternal origins. The findings of present study provide new insight into the basic information for the formulation of molecular breeding programs of white yak. Moreover, it also contributes to the conservation and utilization of this special animal genetic resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have investigated the nonlinear optical response and theoretical efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx thin films from the optical transmission and reflection measurements. The dispersion of the complex refractive index is evaluated using the Wemple–DiDomenico single oscillator model. The oscillator energy (E0) of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx follows by an empirical relationship with optical bandgap (Eg) as E0 ≈ 2.41 Eg for chemical dip coating, spray, and E0 ≈ 1.63 Eg for dipping deposited samples, respectively. The long wavelength refractive index, average oscillator wavelength, and oscillator strength are also determined using the Sellmeier oscillator equation. The estimated third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility is found to be the order of 10−12 esu. The incident photon and charge carrier interaction in CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is studied from the dielectric response of the samples. The charge carrier excitation is found higher at lower wavelength and experienced bulk excitation in volume while surface excitation on the surface region. The optical conductivity of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is notably high, which leads to an increase in carrier transfer through the extrinsic halide perovskite material expedient for higher conversion efficiency. The highest theoretical efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is estimated to be 17.4%, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental report. From photosensitivity study, it is confirmed that CH3NH3PbI3−xClx films are highly photosensitive. All these results comprehend that CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is a potential candidate for photonic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Y chromosome-specific markers have been widely used in studying the origin, migration, diversity, and population relationship in several mammalian species. So far, the investigations on yak paternal genetics were mostly based on Y-SNPs information, but very few on Y-STR markers. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the polymorphism of Y-STR INRA189 locus, identified the geographical distribution pattern of its alleles in 15 Chinese domestic yak breeds/populations, and provided basic data for yak paternal genetic analysis. Our results showed that INRA189 is an intermediate polymorphic Y-STR marker with six alleles present among 15 Chinese domestic yak breeds/populations and that the variation among six alleles was due to different numbers of repetitions of a TG dinucleotide motif. The objective of this study was to probe into the polymorphism of Y-STR INRA189 and identify the geographical distribution pattern of its alleles in the Chinese domestic yak gene pool. We examined the variation at INRA189 locus in 682 male yaks representing 15 breeds/populations in China. The results showed that six alleles, including five reported previously (149, 155, 157, 159, and 161 bp) and a new one identified in this study (139 bp), were detected at INRA189 locus based on genotyping analysis. The frequencies of six alleles varied among the 15 yak breeds/populations with a clear phylogeographical pattern, which revealed the paternal genetic difference among Chinese yak breeds/populations. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) among the 15 yak breeds/populations was 0.32, indicating INRA189 to be an intermediate polymorphic Y-STR marker (0.25 < PIC < 0.5) in yak. Sequence alignment revealed that the variations among six alleles at INRA189 were defined by a TG dinucleotide repeat motif, which repeated for 12, 17, 20, 21, 22, and 23 times, corresponding to the alleles of 139, 149, 155, 157, 159, and 161 bp, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the polymorphic yak Y-STR INRA189 can be used to characterize male-mediated genetic events, including paternal genetic origin, diversity, and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Color-tunable semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are highly attractive for a wide range of applications including imaging, sensing, and lighting. Herein, we reported a facile synthesis of copper-doped zinc sulfide quantum dots (ZnS:Cu QDs) with tunable emission colors, using a microwave-assisted one-pot reaction. 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was used as a stabilizer agent and sulfide source for the formation of ZnS:Cu QDs. The photoluminescence of ZnS:Cu QDs showed a clear red-shift as increasing Cu concentration, which can be controlled by microwave irradiation time. As increasing the irradiation time, the emission color (peak) of ZnS:Cu QDs changed from blue (500 nm) to green (540 nm), yellow (580 nm), and to orange-red (595 nm). The obtained ZnS:Cu QDs were highly luminescent, as evidenced by their high quantum yields. The potential utility of ZnS:Cu QDs as a novel lighting source was demonstrated in a near-UV chip-based white light-emitting diode. Highlights • A facile synthesis of Cu doped ZnS QDs via a microwave-assisted one-pot reaction. • Tunable emission colors was highly dependent on the amount of incorporated Cu + dopant. • The potential utility of these QDs was demonstrated in white LED applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have become a new class of microwave absorption (MA) materials due to their high specific surface area and peculiar electronic properties. In this study, MoS 2 /graphene 2D hybrid nanosheets with isomorphic hetero-structures are prepared by liquid exfoliation and hydrothermal reaction. Their chemical composition and morphology are characterized and their MA properties are also investigated comprehensively. The minimum reflection loss (RL) value of an absorber containing wax and 20 wt% MoS 2 /graphene hybrid nanosheets (MoS 2 /GN) is −55.3 dB at a thickness of only 1.6 mm. The largest effective absorption bandwidth is up to 5.6 GHz for an absorber containing wax and 15 wt% MoS 2 /GN at a thickness of 2.2 mm. The enhanced MA performance of MoS 2 /GN is attributed to the high electrical conductivity of graphene and the multiple MoS 2 /graphene interfaces in the heterogeneous structures. The results suggest that those light-weight MoS 2 /graphene hybrid nanosheets are very promising materials for electromagnetic wave absorbing, which can exhibit broad effective absorption bandwidth in the absorber containing low loadings of MA materials at a small thickness. Besides, the facile preparation of MoS 2 /graphene hybrid nanosheets reported in this work provides a feasible and effective approach in the synthesis of high-performance 2D MA nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-wetting hole transport materials (HTMs) have great potential in facilitating large-sized perovskite crystal growth and enhancing device stability by opposing moisture ingress, However, the severe non-wetting issue limits the wide application of these materials in low-temperature solution-processed inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), and corresponding devices are rarely reported. Here, a facile ultraviolet-ozone (UVO) modification method is demonstrated to overcome this issue. By carefully controlling the UVO modification time, the surface wettability of poly-TPD can be tuned without affecting the bulk properties of the film, hence perovskite films with desired grain size and excellent coverage can be deposited via a one-step spin-coating method. Benefiting from the high-quality perovskite, well-matched energy level alignment and hydrophobic property of poly-TPD, the resulting PVSCs show a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.19% with significantly enhanced stability as compared to the PEDOT:PSS counterparts. Moreover, the UVO modification approach also demonstrates its validity when being extended to other hydrophobic HTMs. This work not only provides a general strategy to broaden the selection pool of HTMs for solution-processed inverted planar PVSCs, but also may triggers the exploration of more advanced strategies to make non-wetting HTMs applicable in solution-processed inverted planar PVSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The noninvasive and nondestructive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are developed in this work to evaluate the microstructure-related properties of UHMWPE/Recycled-PA6 blends. FTIR imaging which is of in-situ and visualizing capabilities is shown to be extremely valuable in determining the phase structure of a multiphase system. It is found that small quantities of the HDPE-g-MAH compatibilizer could significantly improve the miscibility of the two immiscible polymers. It is further proved that in the UHMWPE/R-PA6 blends the R-PA6 phase distributes continuously, while the UHMWPE phase disperses in a discontinuous manner. Moreover, the blends with 44 wt% R-PA6 is found to exhibit an optimal miscibility behavior. This work demonstrates that FTIR imaging is a direct method in visualizing the miscibility of polymer blends. The combined FTIR imaging and DMA testing offers a new approach for qualitative and quantitative investigations on polymer blends with complex microstructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]