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We synthesized the Lu 2 CoCrO 6 compound, multiferroic member of double perovskite system, by sol–gel method and then investigated the crystal structure, magnetization, magnetocaloric effect (MCE), and electrical polarization study. The analysis of powder x-ray diffraction pattern confirms that the monoclinic crystal structure with P2 1 /n space group is better fitting for the Lu 2 CoCrO 6 compound. Distribution between Co and Cr ions at the B-site is not perfectly ordered. Partial ordering between these B-site cations leads to a certain degree of disorder due to the presence of antisite defects and antiphase boundaries. These anti-site disorders (in the B-site) generate various fascinating magnetic phenomena. Although the temperature dependent inverse susceptibility plot shows predominant antiferromagnetic ground state in this system, simultaneously, a second order magnetic phase transition was observed from the Arrott plot. Moreover, the isothermal magnetization study confirms the coexistence of antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) phases below the transition temperature. The investigation of the magnetocaloric effect shows that the AFM phase of the system converts into the FM phases above critical field values. However, the breakdown of universal behavior of MCE in the paramagnetic region confirms the coexistence of the AFM phase as a secondary phase within the FM matrix. In addition, at lower temperatures, we observe a clear and well-defined ferroelectric hysteresis loop, suggesting ferroelectricity in the material. From these results, we conclude that Lu 2 CoCrO 6 is a multiferroic material in which the coexisting magnetic and multiferroic phases appear to be correlated and weak magneto-electric coupling was also observed. Furthermore, our experimental results help to encourage basic fundamental as well as applied research on rare-earth and transition metal based double perovskite systems due to their complex exchange interaction and multiferroic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero frequency is a fundamental problem in information retrieval using language models and smoothing is applied to deal with this problem. The cluster-based smoothing method is found to be effective for information retrieval using language models. Since the effectiveness of cluster-based smoothing depends on clustering quality, there is scope for improvement by enhancing the clustering algorithm. In this paper, we present a study on how to improve cluster-based smoothing using a histogram-based incremental clustering algorithm and word embeddings. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the cluster-based smoothing method which is integrated with a language model for developing an effective IR system for the Bengali language which is one of the most spoken Indian languages. The proposed method has been tested on two benchmark Bengali IR datasets. The experimental results show that our proposed model for Bengali document retrieval is effective and it outperforms several baseline IR models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a review of international higher education (IHE) policies, priorities, and literature from the USA, Canada, Australia, and the UK over the course of a 16-year period (2000–2016), this article identifies a strong scholarly and policy preoccupation with the urgency of the global knowledge economy and cognate discourses of 'Asia Pacific century', an emerging economic and geopolitical configuration that is considered threatening to the historic and ideological Western superiority in IHE relations. As such, the export commodification and transnationalization of higher education of the last decade is conceptualized as Western responses to an increasingly Asia-driven global economic order. This, we suggest, is an analytical lens which approaches time—as in knowledge economic time—and space—as in the West and Asia—in rather absolute, contained, and hierarchized terms, overlooking how both the West's coming to terms with postcolonial Asia, and the postcolonial Asian states' desire for Western knowledge and modernity re-cast broader transnational inequities established by colonial practices. In contrast, the concept of 'spacetime entanglement' is proposed to develop a necessary analysis as well as a critique of the transnationalization of capitalist colonial relations via discourses and practices of contemporary IHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-racist attempts to conceptualize Indigenous decolonial justice are preoccupied with the contested relationship between immigrant settlement and Indigenous self-determination. In the process, an ethically and politically driven practice of implicating immigrants onto the settler colonial project has emerged. Paying particular attention to the emerging concept of 'immigrant settlerhood' as a sign of severing of political economic considerations from theories of settler nationalism, I advocate for a comprehensive and concrete analysis that does not lose sight of the capitalist colonial project of simultaneous dispossession (of Indigenous people) and precarious incorporation/resettlement (of immigrants). Next, since notions of sovereignty primarily enact the conditions for exploitation of immigrants and impale them onto the settler project via anti-racist claims, I propose 'no border' politics as a conceptual tool for confronting settler colonialism. Finally, considering the centrality of land/place in Indigenous self-determination, I reflect on the possibility of a ground between Indigenous rootedness and diasporic placelessness. This essay thus makes an attempt to conceptualize an anti-racist politics that could meaningfully respond to the settler-colonial project of simultaneous recruitment/resettlement (of immigrants) and dispossession (of Indigenous people) without casting social justice demands of Indigenous peoples and immigrants as inherently oppositional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have investigated the structural, electrical and magneto-transport properties of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline Gd 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 compounds. The variation of transport properties is modified by tuning the grain size of the material. In the high temperature semiconducting region, temperature dependent resistivity data can be well explained by non-adiabatic small polaron hopping (SPH) mechanism. In addition, the resistivity data for all compounds in the low-temperature paramagnetic region can also be well explained by the variable range hopping (VRH) model. The parameters obtained from SPH and VRH mechanisms are found to be reasonable. In the case of nanocrystalline compounds, there is an overlapping temperature range where both SPH and VRH models are valid simultaneously, and a new conduction mechanism - variable range hopping of small polaron s(VR-SPH) is satisfactorily valid for the whole temperature range of these compounds. However, for the polycrystalline compound, the overlapping temperature region between VRH and SPH models does not exist and the VR-SPH mechanism is not valid here. Thus, polarons play a leading role in selecting different conduction mechanisms in different temperature ranges. • Charge-Ordering and metal-insulator transition (at 70 kOe field) was observed in bulk sample but not for nanocrystalline compounds. • Variable rage hopping of small polaron (VR-SPH) mechanism is satisfactorily valid for nanocrystalline compounds but not for the bulk compound. • VR-SPH model is satisfied if there exists an intermediate overlapping temperature range where both SPH and VRH models are valid simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we have investigated the temperature and magnetic field-induced complex magnetic phases and magnetocaloric properties of the nanocrystalline Nd 0.5 Ca 0.5 MnO 3 (NCMO) compound in detail. The compound exhibits charge-ordered antiferromagnetic (CO-AFM) and charge-orbital-ordered antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases at T C O ≃ 225 K and T N = 160 K respectively. At the intermediate temperature range, i.e. T N ≤ T ≤ T C O , an unfamiliar magnetic state is present where the orbital ordering of manganese ions sets progressively. Both the short-range and zig-zag ordered ferromagnetic (FM) chains and an AFM phase coexist within this temperature window. The effect of magnetic field and temperature drastically modifies the fragile magnetic ground state and this change is also reflected in the magnetocaloric properties of the studied compound. At the low-temperature region, an inverse magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is noticed due to the kinetically arrested magnetic moments of the AFM phase. However, a conventional MCE is noticed in the high-temperature regime. The anomalous behavior of the MCE in the nanocrystalline NCMO compound is analyzed by considering the effect of the reduction of particle size and the meta-stable nature of the magnetic ground state. In addition, we have paid attention to the hysteretic losses associated with the first-order phase transition (FOPT) in order to estimate the magnetic cooling capacity for the material. These studies carry notable importance for the usefulness of nanocrystalline half-doped manganite compounds not only for basic scientific research purpose, but also having possible practical utilization in the magnetic refrigeration industries. [Display omitted] • The nanocrystalline Nd 0. 5 Ca 0. 5 MnO 3 compound exhibits multiple complex magnetic phases. • A peculiar magnetic state has been observed in the temperature window of (T CO , T N). • In addition to a conventional magnetocaloric effect (MCE), inverse MCE has also been noticed in the studied system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we have investigated the temperature and magnetic field-induced complex magnetic phases and magnetocaloric properties of the nanocrystalline Nd 0.5 Ca 0.5 MnO 3 (NCMO) compound in detail. The compound exhibits charge-ordered antiferromagnetic (CO-AFM) and charge-orbital-ordered antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases at T C O ≃ 225 K and T N = 160 K respectively. At the intermediate temperature range, i.e. T N ≤ T ≤ T C O , an unfamiliar magnetic state is present where the orbital ordering of manganese ions sets progressively. Both the short-range and zig-zag ordered ferromagnetic (FM) chains and an AFM phase coexist within this temperature window. The effect of magnetic field and temperature drastically modifies the fragile magnetic ground state and this change is also reflected in the magnetocaloric properties of the studied compound. At the low-temperature region, an inverse magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is noticed due to the kinetically arrested magnetic moments of the AFM phase. However, a conventional MCE is noticed in the high-temperature regime. The anomalous behavior of the MCE in the nanocrystalline NCMO compound is analyzed by considering the effect of the reduction of particle size and the meta-stable nature of the magnetic ground state. In addition, we have paid attention to the hysteretic losses associated with the first-order phase transition (FOPT) in order to estimate the magnetic cooling capacity for the material. These studies carry notable importance for the usefulness of nanocrystalline half-doped manganite compounds not only for basic scientific research purpose, but also having possible practical utilization in the magnetic refrigeration industries. [Display omitted] • The nanocrystalline Nd 0. 5 Ca 0. 5 MnO 3 compound exhibits multiple complex magnetic phases. • A peculiar magnetic state has been observed in the temperature window of (T CO , T N). • In addition to a conventional magnetocaloric effect (MCE), inverse MCE has also been noticed in the studied system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have systematically investigated the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties as well as the universal behaviour of magnetocaloric effect (MCE) for polycrystalline (Nd 0.5 Sm 0.5) 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 compound. The universal behaviour of magnetic entropy change is proposed here for conventional magnetocaloric effect (CMCE) materials with second order phase transition. Thus, the construction of a universal master curve for MCE is possible in our system by rescaling the temperature axis. For such CMCE compounds, ΔS follows the power law dependence of H: ΔS ∝ H n where 'n' is dependent on both H and T. In this paper, we have studied the universal behaviour of MCE at different conditions of initial and final field values. The result suggests that the universality behaviour of MCE is satisfied if and only if the initial base field remains zero or at a constant value. • The universality behaviour of MCE is satisfied if and only if the initial base field remains zero or at a constant value. • In the present system, predominant second order phase transition exists along with weak first order transition • Large value of relative cooling power (RCP) is observed for the studied ( Nd 0.5 Sm 0.5 ) 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have systematically investigated the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties as well as the universal behaviour of magnetocaloric effect (MCE) for polycrystalline (Nd 0.5 Sm 0.5) 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 compound. The universal behaviour of magnetic entropy change is proposed here for conventional magnetocaloric effect (CMCE) materials with second order phase transition. Thus, the construction of a universal master curve for MCE is possible in our system by rescaling the temperature axis. For such CMCE compounds, ΔS follows the power law dependence of H: ΔS ∝ H n where 'n' is dependent on both H and T. In this paper, we have studied the universal behaviour of MCE at different conditions of initial and final field values. The result suggests that the universality behaviour of MCE is satisfied if and only if the initial base field remains zero or at a constant value. • The universality behaviour of MCE is satisfied if and only if the initial base field remains zero or at a constant value. • In the present system, predominant second order phase transition exists along with weak first order transition • Large value of relative cooling power (RCP) is observed for the studied ( Nd 0.5 Sm 0.5 ) 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skilled immigrant professionals are being aggressively recruited by once-exclusionary Western nation-states as crucial for their long-term national prosperity. Recent scholarship reads this as a rupturing of national identity and national membership due to the instrumental concerns of a global knowledge regime. In contrast, this paper argues that the welcome extended to skilled immigrants is provisional on their potential to secure nation-states’ interests in knowledge economies. Drawing on recent Canadian skilled labour policies, this paper shows how Canadian/Western experience is ideologically constructed as essential for immigrant professionals to succeed in the Canadian labour market. I argue that such a move enables the simultaneous functions of a ‘proactive state’, procuring necessary immigrant labour and a ‘defensive state’, shoring up the traditional, historically and culturally formed imagination of the nation. These contradictory functions of the state are anchored on a racialized discourse of skill, in which immigrants are typically cast as lacking, redeemable only through Canadian/Western education/training. I read this as a conditional welcome. Reinstating the contested figure of the Canadian as the desirable worker subject is how the nation form reasserts itself when identity-based nationalism is ideologically untenable and practically unsustainable. I thus contest the argument that national identity and national membership are decoupled in the context of the global race for skills, and instead welcome a dialogue between scholarships on skilled immigration and nationalism to facilitate better understanding of the enactment of nationalist ideologies in the site of the high skilled labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study we report the Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of two nanocrystalline La 0.17 Ca 0.83 MnO 3 samples with average particle size ∼ 40 nm and ∼ 70 nm. According to the reported phase diagram, the bulk compound lies near the phase boundary between charge ordered antiferromagnetic and canted antiferromagnetic state. In contrast to the bulk counterpart, the significant effect of the phase boundary was observed on the physical properties of nanocrystalline compounds. Moreover, the signature of canted magnetic phase in nanocrystalline sample was probed through magnetocaloric effect study. • Presence of weak canted magnetic phase was probed in nanocrystalline samples. • Surface induced ferromagnetism arises in reduced dimension. • Antiferromagnetic signature of bulk compound is still present in its nano scale regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic, magnetocaloric and exchange bias properties have been studied for the polycrystalline (Nd 0.5 Sm 0.5) 0.5 (Sr 0.75 Ba 0.25) 0.5 MnO 3 compound. At low temperature, antiferromagnetic counterpart of this phase separated compound transforms into ferromagnetic via a field induced metamagnetic transition. The absence of the exchange bias effect may be ascribed by the random spin freezing and existence of the paramagnetic phase even in the presence of a cooling magnetic field. Depending upon the value of the cooling field, the coercivity changes significantly. This feature may be associated with the magnetic randomness of the sample. Magnetocaloric effect calculated from M–H data (collected from different measurement protocols) indicate the remarkable modification of the ground state configuration due to magnetic field cycling. The protocol dependence MCE was explained by the field and temperature induced magnetic phase fluctuation. • Depending upon cooling magnetic field, coercivity changes significantly. • Exchange bias is absent. • Magnetic phase diagram is constructed using magnetocaloric effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Large magnetocaloric effect is observed in Gd 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 compound. • Hysteresis loop is disappeared in nanocrystalline Gd 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 sample. • Anomalous variation of average cluster moment was found in nanocrystalline Gd 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3. The modification of magnetic interactions due to the reduction of particle size has been explored in the case of nanocrystalline Gd 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 compound. In contrast to the normal ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic compounds, the studied nanoparticle exhibits quite different magnetic and magnetocaloric properties. The experimental outcomes are also compared with its bulk counterparts having disordered ferromagnetic ground state. Additionally, at the cryogenic temperature range, the significant magnetocaloric effect in both the samples indicate the applicability as a suitable magnetic refrigerant material. Moreover, the desertion nature of the magnetic hysteresis loop due to the field cycling indicates the superiority of the nanocrystalline compound over its bulk counterpart. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic properties and exchange bias effect of the polycrystalline and nanocrystalline La 0.375 Ca 0.625 MnO 3 compounds have been presented. With reduction of the particle size, uncompensated surface spin induced ferromagnetism is pronounced in nanocrystalline sample. However, at higher magnetic field value, long range charge ordering (associated with antiferromagnetic nature) is predominant even in nanoparticles similar as bulk counterpart. Exchange bias properties of both compounds have been found at low temperature with increasing nature depending on the cooling magnetic field. Significantly large value of the exchange bias effect in this particular bulk compound and modification of it in nanocrystalline sample is addressed considering the disordered polymorphs developed within the charge-orbital ordered phase. • Large exchange bias was observed in La 0.375 Ca 0.625 MnO 3 compound. • Long range nature of magnetic interaction is suppressed in nanoparticles. • Structural transition plays a vital role on the exchange bias properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic and magnetocaloric effect of nanocrystalline Pr 0.65 (Ca 0.7 Sr 0.3) 0. 35 MnO 3 compound have been investigated. In addition to the charge ordering and antiferromagnetic ground state, several fascinating physical properties were appear depending upon the controllable phase separation scenario. The different proportions of the magnetic phases appeared at the low temperature is directly related with the history of applied magnetic field and temperature. Moreover, the nucleation (arrested magnetic phase) and devitrification nature of magnetic phase were addressed considering different widths of the supercooling and kinetic arrest bands. Additionally, nanocrystalline compound exhibits the large inverse magnetocaloric effect at low temperature. The inverse magnetocaloric effect arises possibly due to the arrested antiferromagnetic phase of this compound. • Kinetic arrest and magnetocaloric effect are studied. • Pronounced training effect was observed. • IMCE is addressed considering kinetically arrested phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which describes the construction of an overlapping cloned deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) map of the genome of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) 569B. Materials and methods used; Grouping of cosmids into subsets; Restriction of construction of genetic maps to organisms for which genetic tools are available and experimental genetic transfers are feasible; Results and discussion of the study.

Background: A multicentric private hospital-based retrospective study was conducted to understand the epidemiology of breast cancer in terms of demographics and clinical characteristics (staging and hormone receptor status) at the time of diagnosis. Methods: The data for 5,688 female breast cancer patients were collected from the hospital and clinical records of four study centres. All statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and R software. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean and median age of the study population was 52.6 (± 12.4) years and 53.0 (range 51-54 across the four centers) years, respectively. About 68% of patients were in the age category of 41 65 years, 17.6% were <40 years old among whom 23.4% of patients reported a positive family history. Most of the patients (66.3%) were diagnosed at an early stage (Stage I and II). The 3-year OS probability was 100%, 97.5%, 94.1%, and 74.7% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The 3-year RFS was 95.7%, 95.5%, 84.5%, and 49% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Conclusion: The present study highlights the epidemiological distribution of breast cancer patients. It emphasizes the importance of disease awareness among the urban and educated female population as most patients were diagnosed at earlier stages and demonstrated higher OS and RFS than reported in government registries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A multicentric private hospital-based retrospective study was conducted to understand the epidemiology of breast cancer in terms of demographics and clinical characteristics (staging and hormone receptor status) at the time of diagnosis. Methods: The data for 5,688 female breast cancer patients were collected from the hospital and clinical records of four study centres. All statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and R software. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean and median age of the study population was 52.6 (± 12.4) years and 53.0 (range 51-54 across the four centers) years, respectively. About 68% of patients were in the age category of 41 65 years, 17.6% were <40 years old among whom 23.4% of patients reported a positive family history. Most of the patients (66.3%) were diagnosed at an early stage (Stage I and II). The 3-year OS probability was 100%, 97.5%, 94.1%, and 74.7% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The 3-year RFS was 95.7%, 95.5%, 84.5%, and 49% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Conclusion: The present study highlights the epidemiological distribution of breast cancer patients. It emphasizes the importance of disease awareness among the urban and educated female population as most patients were diagnosed at earlier stages and demonstrated higher OS and RFS than reported in government registries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A multicentric private hospital-based retrospective study was conducted to understand the epidemiology of breast cancer in terms of demographics and clinical characteristics (staging and hormone receptor status) at the time of diagnosis. Methods: The data for 5,688 female breast cancer patients were collected from the hospital and clinical records of four study centres. All statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and R software. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean and median age of the study population was 52.6 (± 12.4) years and 53.0 (range 51-54 across the four centers) years, respectively. About 68% of patients were in the age category of 41 65 years, 17.6% were <40 years old among whom 23.4% of patients reported a positive family history. Most of the patients (66.3%) were diagnosed at an early stage (Stage I and II). The 3-year OS probability was 100%, 97.5%, 94.1%, and 74.7% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The 3-year RFS was 95.7%, 95.5%, 84.5%, and 49% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Conclusion: The present study highlights the epidemiological distribution of breast cancer patients. It emphasizes the importance of disease awareness among the urban and educated female population as most patients were diagnosed at earlier stages and demonstrated higher OS and RFS than reported in government registries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants containing in-frame core internal deletion (CID) have been demonstrated to contain all the functional features of defective interfering (DI) particles (Yuan, T. T.-T., M.-H. Lin, D. S. Chen, and C. Shih, 1998, J. Virol. 72, 578–584). Here, we report that out-of-frame HBV CID variants exhibit defective interfering property similar to in-frame CID variants characterized previously. This result raises the possibility that it may be the deleted pregenomic RNA product, rather than the deleted core protein product, that is responsible for interference. Furthermore, a genomic deletion elsewhere does not cause interference since preS2 deletion variants exhibit no influence on wild-type HBV replication. Consistent with the natural occurrence of HBV CID variants, we recently identified CID variants of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in natural infection. However, unlike HBV CID variants, functional characterization of WHV CID variants using a human hepatoma cell line has not revealed any interference in tissue culture. In summary, defective interference is a general phenomenon for both in-frame and out-of-frame HBV CID variants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]