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Objectives: During the early COVID-19 pandemic, college students had to switch to an online learning and online communication environment facing the chances of information overload, misinformation or conflicting information about COVID-19. This study aims to assess the communication needs that have arisen among college students to shed light on the development of a health communication campaign tailored toward college students. Methods: A series of 10 focus group discussions were conducted with 38 total participants. Each group has 2-6 undergraduate or graduate student participants. Nvivo was used to analyze the transcripts. Results: The students reported that they received conflicting information or misinformation. They requested messages with language that was easy to understand with infographics while being culturally appropriate. They advocated for regular and concise email updates from campus leadership. Most participants also preferred COVID-19 control and prevention information on social media. Conclusion: This study revealed the current status and the needs for health information about COVID-19 prevention and control among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Where precision is paramount in managing temperature and fluid dynamics, micro heat exchangers (MHXs) emerge as indispensable tools. This review investigates the significance of MHX technology, offering readers a comprehensive roapmap from conceptualization to market application. We dissect the nuances of material selection, shedding light on cutting‐edge advancements poised to revolutionize MHX efficiency. Furthermore, we explore how the geometry of MHX influences heat transfer dynamics and pressure drop, providing insights into enhancing the overall effectiveness. We delve into the various types of control instrumentation, offering a detailed analysis of their applicability. Beyond the technical prowess, the economic landscape plays a pivotal role in the adoption of MHX technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational methods such as molecular dynamics (MD) have illuminated how single‐atom ions permeate membrane channels and how selectivity among them is achieved. Much less is understood about molecular permeation through eukaryotic channels that mediate the flux of small molecules (e.g. connexins, pannexins, LRRC8s, CALHMs). Here we describe computational methods that have been profitably employed to explore the movements of molecules through wide pores, revealing mechanistic insights, guiding experiments, and suggesting testable hypotheses. This review illustrates MD techniques such as voltage‐driven flux, potential of mean force, and mean first‐passage‐time calculations, as applied to molecular permeation through wide pores. These techniques have enabled detailed and quantitative modeling of molecular interactions and movement of permeants at the atomic level. We highlight novel contributors to the transit of molecules through these wide pathways. In particular, the flexibility and anisotropic nature of permeant molecules, coupled with the dynamics of pore‐lining residues, lead to bespoke permeation dynamics. As more eukaryotic large‐pore channel structures and functional data become available, these insights and approaches will be important for understanding the physical principles underlying molecular permeation and as guides for experimental design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the advancement of fantasy policy solutions to irregular migration, drawing on the case study of the UK/French border. In 2018 people began to cross the English Channel in significant numbers to seek asylum. This led to much commentary and a raft of new legislation seeking to criminalise people crossing the Channel and end rights to seek asylum in the UK. In this article, we explore the interaction between two sets of fantasies that are advanced by politicians and mainstream political parties in the UK. That is: the liberal technocratic fantasy – that this phenomenon can be efficiently 'fixed' through interventions in policing and multilateral cooperation with neighbouring EU states; and the illiberal fantasy that extreme and performative punishments can solve it. These fantasies intersect and break at different points in time, and involve many of the same policy solutions which are represented in different terms. Importantly, both of these fantasies reproduce racialised and colonial logics and ultimately serve border imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4-Difluoronitrobenzene has been reacted with a linker diamine (ethylenediamine or propylenediamine) and butylamine, in either order, to give new molecular building blocks for porous supramolecular networks. Two structures were established by X-ray single crystal structure determinations. The propylenediamine structure displays small pores, which may be due to the longer and more flexible linker in the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of exact solutions is suggested for the Poisson equation in a plane region of a certain form for describing a flow of Newtonian incompressible liquid in a channel at low Reynolds numbers. The motion of an ideal liquid in a region bounded by a rotating contour, torsion of a rod, deflection of a membrane at zero displacement on the boundary of its region, and heating of a rod under certain conditions are equivalent to a mathematically formulated problem of such a flow. A possibility is demonstrated to construct approximate solutions to the said problem for certain sections of a channel, having a parabolic segment of the contour, using exact solutions to this problem. Examples are given for the construction of flow regions in a prismatic channel resting on a parabolic contour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various types of polymeric materials, geosynthetics deserve special attention. A geosynthetic is a product made from synthetic polymers that is embedded in soils for various purposes. There are some basic functions of geosynthetics, namely, erosion control, filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement, containment, barrier, and protection. Geosynthetics for erosion control are very effective in preventing or limiting soil loss by water erosion on slopes or river/channel banks. Where the current line runs through the undercut area of the slope, the curvature of the arch is increased. If this phenomenon is undesirable, the meander arch should be protected from erosion processes. The combination of geosynthetics provides the best resistance to erosion. In addition to external erosion, internal erosion of soils is also a negative phenomenon. Internal erosion refers to any process by which soil particles are eroded from within or beneath a water-retaining structure. Geosynthetics, particularly geotextiles, are used to prevent internal erosion of soils in contact with the filters. Therefore, the main objective of this review paper is to address the many ways in which geosynthetics are used for erosion control (internal and external). Many examples of hydrotechnical and civil engineering applications of geosynthetics will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-pore channels are pathophysiologically important Na+-and Ca2+-permeable channels expressed in lysosomes and other acidic organelles. Unlike most other ion channels, their permeability is malleable and ligand-tuned such that when gated by the signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2, they are more Na+-selective than when gated by the Ca2+ mobilizing messenger nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate. However, the structural basis that underlies such plasticity and single-channel behavior more generally remains poorly understood. A recent Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of TPC2 bound to PI(3,5)P2 in a proposed open-channel conformation provided an opportunity to address this via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. To our surprise, simulations designed to compute conductance through this structure revealed almost no Na+ permeation events even at very high transmembrane voltages. However further MD simulations identified a spontaneous transition to a dramatically different conformation of the selectivity filter that involved expansion and a flip in the orientation of two core asparagine residues. This alternative filter conformation was remarkably stable and allowed Na+ to flow through the channel leading to a conductance estimate that was in very good agreement with direct single-channel measurements. Furthermore, this conformation was more permeable for Na+ over Ca2+. Our results have important ramifications not just for understanding the control of ion selectivity in TPC2 channels but also more broadly in terms of how ion channels discriminate ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We embarked on an investigation with potential implications for studying blood flow within the cardiovascular system; keeping this application in mind, this investigation aims to provide numerical evaluations for a complex problem involving MHD flow, chemical reactivity, and energy transfer of a Maxwell fluid within a channel. The governing equations for momentum, concentration, and energy are renovated into ODEs for concentrated analysis using a similarity transformation. Dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration fields corresponding to steady motions of Maxwell fluid over a channel are numerically recognized using the bvp4c inbuilt software in MATLAB. We validated our results with existing work to check the gained results and got an excellent agreement. The impression of physical parameters on fluid motion is plotted and debated. The quantitative outcome of this study is that the Deborah number surges, and both velocity and temperature experience enhancement while the concentration within the fluid diminishes. This knowledge can be applied to various fields, such as material processing, biomedical engineering, and environmental sciences, to optimize processes and design systems accordingly. The outcomes and key findings of this study indicate that concentration distribution declines with the introduction of a chemical reaction and a complex Schmidt number. Additionally, the quantitative results of this learning are that the impression of the magnetic parameter is observed, resulting in reduced velocity and temperature profiles, while concentration profiles exhibit an increase across the entire domain. Furthermore, the rise in the Reynolds number corresponds to an escalation in the temperature outline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sericulture has a pivotal position in the agricultural production of China. The number of silkworms is one of the key indicators in the process of silkworm breeding, which is crucial to the feeding and healthy growth of silkworms. Accurate detection of the number of silkworms can ensure the quality of sericulture products. However, manual counting has not fully met the needs of large-scale production in recent years. There is a high demand to combine AI technology for silkworm counting. In this study, silkworm detection and counting were studied from the perspective of deep learning. Several challenges were solved in the detection of silkworms. Since the silkworms belonged to the small targets, it was difficult to detect the fewer features; When the number of silkworms was high, serious masking occurred to cause interference in the detection of densely distributed silkworms; It was difficult to ensure that the clear images of silkworms were captured from the actual production. The blur images were easy to deteriorate the accuracy of detection. Two tasks were covered as follows. 1) The image dataset of silkworms was constructed; 2) MAM-YOLO, a silkworm detection and counting model was proposed using multi-dimensional perception. The pictures of silkworms were first taken from the Guangxi Sericulture Technology Promotion Station. These pictures of silkworms were preliminarily processed. The polygon annotation was then selected, according to the body and distribution of silkworms. The pictures of silkworms were annotated with the open-source tool (Labelme). Finally, the dataset was expanded using image transformation and noise addition. The silkworm picture dataset was obtained for the subsequent training, verification, and testing. An improved YOLOv8 (MAM-YOLO) was proposed to detect the silkworm, in order to realize the accurate detection and counting. A silkworm detection and counting model was proposed using space-to-depth transformation and image deblurring. The fine-grained detection performance of blurred images was improved in the MAMYOLO model. The space-to-depth transformed convolution was utilized instead of stride convolution for the pooling layer in the feature extraction. The fine-grained features were extracted from the images, in order to further improve the detection of the low-resolution and small targets. In addition, the impact of blurred images on the detection performance was reduced by introducing a deblurring module into the model. RCS-OSA module was added to the YOLOv8 model. The network feature extraction was improved to integrate the information of different sizes in the receptive fields. The detection head of the original network was improved into the multi-dimensional sensing head. The three-dimensional features of size, space, and channel were aggregated to enhance the detection of silkworm targets. The loss function was replaced with the EIOU loss function. The regression accuracy of the detection frame was improved to reduce the object occlusion. Experimental results show that the MAM-YOLO more accurately detected the silkworm targets. The detection speed of mAP@0.5:0.95 reached 74.8% and 22.2 frames per second, indicating the better functions of silkworm detection and counting with high precision and high rate. The detection requirements were fully met in the actual work of the Guangxi sericulture station. The results show that the silkworm detection and counting system of the technical indicators met the application requirements. The finding can provide the detection services for the actual production work of the silkworm breeding station. In the end, a generalization experiment was conducted on the Global Wheat Challenge 2021 dataset. It was found that the MAM-YOLO was also achieved in the better detection performance of wheat ears, particularly on the small targets similar to dense occlusion.Sericulture has a pivotal position in China's agricultural production. The number of silkworms is a key indicator in the process of silkworm breeding, which is crucial to the feeding and healthy growth of silkworms, and accurate detection of the number of silkworms can ensure the quality of sericulture products. The traditional way of counting silkworms manually is inefficient, and it needs to be combined with technology to intelligently complete this kind of heavy work. In this thesis, from the perspective of deep learning, a silkworm detection and counting method is studied, and several problems in silkworm detection are solved: silkworms belong to small targets, which have fewer features so that they are not easy to detect; silkworms are densely distributed, and when the number of silkworms is high, serious masking phenomenon occurs which causes interference in the detection; it is difficult to ensure that the images of silkworms obtained in the actual production are clear, and blur images will make the detection affected. The main research content of this thesis is as follows: This chapter completed two main tasks: 1) Completed the production of silkworm image data set; 2) MAM-YOLO, a silkworm detection and counting model based on multi-dimensional perception, was proposed.In this paper, pictures of silkworms were taken by workers from Guangxi Sericulture Technology Promotion Station. First, these pictures of silkworms were preliminically processed. Then, according to the characteristics of the body and distribution of silkworms, the polygon annotation method was selected, and the pictures of silkworms were annotated with the open-source tool Labelme. Finally, the data set is expanded by means of image transformation and noise addition, and finally the silkworm picture data set is obtained for subsequent training, verification and testing.This chapter proposes an improved silkworm detection method based on YOLOv8, MAM-YOLO, which realizes accurate detection and counting of silkworm. Secondly, aiming at the problems of loss of fine-grained information and poor detection performance of blurred images in the MAM-YOLO model, a silkworm detection and counting model based on spaceto-depth transformation and image deblurring is proposed. The model utilizes space-to-depth transformed convolution instead of stride convolution and pooling layer in the feature extraction process, so that fine-grained features in the image can be extracted, which further improves the detection capability for low-resolution and small targets. In addition, the impact of blurred images on the detection performance is reduced by introducing a deblurring module into the model. By adding RCSOSA module to YOLOv8 model, the capability of network feature extraction is improved, and the information of different size receptive fields is integrated. The detection head of the original network is improved into multi-dimensional sensing head, and the three-dimensional characteristics of size, space and channel are aggregated to enhance the detection ability of silkworm targets. By replacing the loss function with EIOU loss function, the regression accuracy of detection frame is improved and the problem caused by object occlusion is reduced. Experiments show that MAM-YOLO can more accurately detect silkworm targets, and the detection speed of mAP@0.5:0.95 reaches 74.8% and 22.2 frames per second, which realizes the functions of silkworm detection and counting with high precision and high rate, and can meet the detection requirements in the actual work of Guangxi sericulture station. results show that the silkworm detection and counting system of the technical indicators have met the application requirements, and can provide detection services for the actual production work of silkworm breeding station.In the end, a generalization experiment was conducted on the Global Wheat Challenge 2021 data set, and it was found that MAM-YOLO also showed a high improvement in the detection performance of wheat ears, proving that the proposed method can generalize to other small targets similar to dense occlusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an alternative to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by complex anthraquinone oxidation process, photosynthesis of H2O2 from water and oxygen without sacrificial agents is highly demanded. Herein, a covalently connected molecular heterostructure is synthesized via sequential C−H arylation and Knoevenagel polymerization reactions for visible‐light and sacrificial‐agent‐free H2O2 synthesis. The subsequent copolymerization of the electron‐deficient benzodithiophene‐4,8‐dione (BTD) and the electron‐rich biphenyl (B) and p‐phenylenediacetonitrile (CN) not only expands the π‐conjugated domain but also increases the molecular dipole moment, which largely promotes the separation and transfer of the photoinduced charge carriers. The optimal heterostructured BTDB‐CN0.2 manifested an impressive photocatalytic H2O2 production rate of 1920 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 2.2 and 11.6 times that of BTDB and BTDCN. As revealed by the femtosecond transient absorption (fs‐TA) and theoretical calculations, the linkage serves as a channel for the rapid transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. Further, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) uncovers that the oxygen reduction reaction occurs through the step one‐electron pathway and the mutual conversion between C=O and C−OH with the anchoring of H+ during the catalysis favored the formation of H2O2. This work provides a novel perspective for the design of efficient organic photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an alternative to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by complex anthraquinone oxidation process, photosynthesis of H2O2 from water and oxygen without sacrificial agents is highly demanded. Herein, a covalently connected molecular heterostructure is synthesized via sequential C−H arylation and Knoevenagel polymerization reactions for visible‐light and sacrificial‐agent‐free H2O2 synthesis. The subsequent copolymerization of the electron‐deficient benzodithiophene‐4,8‐dione (BTD) and the electron‐rich biphenyl (B) and p‐phenylenediacetonitrile (CN) not only expands the π‐conjugated domain but also increases the molecular dipole moment, which largely promotes the separation and transfer of the photoinduced charge carriers. The optimal heterostructured BTDB‐CN0.2 manifested an impressive photocatalytic H2O2 production rate of 1920 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 2.2 and 11.6 times that of BTDB and BTDCN. As revealed by the femtosecond transient absorption (fs‐TA) and theoretical calculations, the linkage serves as a channel for the rapid transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. Further, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) uncovers that the oxygen reduction reaction occurs through the step one‐electron pathway and the mutual conversion between C=O and C−OH with the anchoring of H+ during the catalysis favored the formation of H2O2. This work provides a novel perspective for the design of efficient organic photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of wireless communication in the presence of multipath fading and shadowing is generally strained by the worsening of propagation conditions. Thus, in order to estimate the achievable improvements of the link quality (due to channel enhancement), such a parameter as diversity gain is usually used. The diversity gain is classically defined as a limit for infinitely increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver input, theoretically attained only in asymptotics, and in practice attained at very high SNR values (e.g., 50–70 dB), which are unrealistic from the practical perspectives for wireless fading channels. In this case, a modified version of the same metric (i.e., the finite-SNR diversity gain; FSDG) was proposed. The presented research performs a comparative analysis of the FSDG for the case of a multipath channel with fading induced by second order scattering and fluctuating line-of-sight (LoS) component (i.e., fluctuating double-Rayleigh with Line-of-Sight; fdRLoS). The signal model included the hexagonal quadrature amplitude modulations (QAM) with regular and irregular constellations. For the considered problem, an exact expression for the FSDG was derived and analyzed as a function of channel parameters (responsible for fading severity and shadowing intensity) and modulation formats. It has been found that the FSDG can exceed the classical (asymptotic) diversity gain by the order of magnitude, and scenarios have been identified where this can occur (for example, the maximum is achieved under conditions of light shadowing and strong line-of-sight component). A nonmonotonic dependence of FSDG on the QAM constellation size (for any type of constellation) was found out: for low-to-moderate average SNR, for extremely weak and extremely strong LoS, the highest FSDG is achieved with smaller constellations, whereas for moderate LoS components, with larger constellations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliable design of multiphase micro‐structured apparatus requires a precise knowledge of the internal flow regime. Previous research indicated that classifiers based on artificial neural networks (ANN) are relatively simple to develop and provide a reasonable accuracy when trained with data for specific inlet designs. This paper introduces advanced ANN classifiers capable of predicting all relevant flow regimes regardless of the inlet design with a recall of 94 % and above for Taylor, churn, dispersed, rivulet, and parallel flows, between 89 % and 94 % for annular and bubbly flows, and 83 % for Taylor‐annular flow. These classifiers were trained and validated by using more than 13,000 experimental data points extracted from 97 flow maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobile flume has the advantages of not easy to be silted up and can be moved and reused in many places, etc. Compared with the fixed type, the streamlined shape of the measuring flume has good hydraulic performance, and the diffusion section of the flume has a great influence on the hydraulic performance, however, there is a lack of research on the design principle and method of the diffusion section at present. In order to study the influence of flume structure on hydraulic properties, and to provide theoretical guidance for the design of streamlined flume structure, This paper establishes a D40Ushaped channel simulation model, and then uses FLOW-3D to simulate the semi-elliptical with semi-elliptical, semi-elliptical with parabolic, semi-elliptical with arc, semi-elliptical with Myring curve, and fish-shaped flume under flow rates of 35, 45, and 55 L/s. Furthermore, the accuracy effect of numerical simulation is verified by prototype test, and then the design principle and method of diffusion section are discussed. Finally, based on the isight platform, the semi-elliptical with Myring curve and fish-shaped flume with better hydraulic performance are optimized. The results show that the relative error between the numerical simulation and the experimental water depth is 0.1%-1.3% and the relative errors of velocity in upstream, throat and downstream sections are 0.19%-6.63%, 0.06%-6.15% and 0.02%-6.22% at 45 L/s flow rate, respectively. The numerical simulation results have high accuracy. The Froude number in the upstream of the five flumes is less than 0.5, and the maximum backwater height is 5.71 cm, which meets the requirements of flow measurement accuracy and channel safety. Among them, the head loss and backwater height of the semi-elliptical with Myring curve flume are the lowest, the critical submergence degree of the semi-elliptical with semi-elliptical flume is the highest, and the Froude number is the smallest. The design principle of the diffusion section of the flume is: under the condition of slightly reducing the critical submergence degree, the first half of the diffusion section is designed as a curve with larger curvature to reduce the upstream backwater; the second half is designed as a curve with opposite curvature and smaller curvature to improve the flow state, smooth the water flow and reduce the head loss. After optimization, the curvature of the first half of the semi-ellipse with Myring curve and the fish-shape flume increases, and the curvature of the second half decreases, the backwater and Froude number are reduced, and the head loss is reduced by 5.5% and 6.3%, respectively. The study can provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of streamlined measuring tank structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern communication network has advanced to such an extent that it is now possible for devices within a wireless personal area network (WPAN) to communicate among themselves directly. However, the limited shared radio resources of a WPAN lead to numerous issues, such as cross-layer interference and data collisions, which wind up affecting the quality of communication. A load based dynamic channel allocation (LB-DCA) model has been proposed to enhance the performance of device-to-device communication in WPAN. This model uses several control schemes in collaboration with interference estimation and channel load balancing mechanisms to allocate and manage the radio resources efficiently. The objective of this model is to achieve high throughput, low interference and low energy consumption. The control schemes implemented are based on distributed coordination and a cell-splitting approach. These schemes are utilized to estimate the channel usage and number of active nodes in a network. The interference estimation is done by using a new efficiency formula. Further, channel load balancing takes into account the hops and load factor values. The proposed model obtained 98.58% CSI, 95.86% MCC, 96.35% delta-P, 97.96% FMI, 99.83% BMI, 21.52% enhanced spectrum efficiency, 16.38% enhanced scalability, 18.79% enhanced signal quality, 18.64% enhanced power control and 18.89% enhanced energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Radar Cross Section (RCS) plays a crucial role in radar systems, serving to detect and characterize radar targets. Moreover, the need to penetrate foliage and capture images of man-made structures like roads and buildings has driven the development of very high frequency/ultra high frequency (VHF/UHF)-based radar systems. In this context, we propose a novel polyphase-coded spread spectrum (PCSS) radar system designed for RCS measurements and ISAR imaging over VHF/UHF radio channels in open environments. To provide a comprehensive understanding, we examined the open range, considering factors such as amplitude distribution function, root mean square (RMS) delay, and coherence bandwidth, followed by a link budget analysis. We also conducted a comparative study of RCS measurements to evaluate the performance of the proposed radar system, demonstrating its effectiveness through theoretical calculations. Furthermore, we assessed the radar imaging capabilities by applying the CLEAN algorithm to improve the quality of the generated images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study chooses a transnational perspective to understand the practice of American culture in Indonesia. As this study discussed identity formed in social media and involved popular music singers, the theories applied in this study are the theories of identity, youth culture, new media, and popular music from the popular culture approach. In examining this study, the content analysis method was applied. After reviewing primary and secondary sources and find suppported theories for the data, it is find that the cegil identity is channeled through Taylor Swift and NIKI’s musicality due to the interconnection of youth culture and new media in treating popular music. The star and stardom of Swift and NIKI influence people's perspectives on their songs. The cegil community likes their lyricism in descriptive, imaginative, and poetic songs. Global access and media allow Spotify and X as the mediums to communicate and participate for cegil to express their feelings. They were also the place where the cegil term was coined. The last factor is a youth culture that treats music as the soundtrack of life and hence sees songs as a medium to express themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process by which debris flows shift from an active channel and branch out into new transport or depositional areas is termed "avulsion." They pose serious risks for structures and populations on debris-flow fans, yet avulsion mechanisms are relatively unknown and unaccounted for in hazard assessments, as compared to avulsions of rivers and streams, which are better understood. This study analyzes six debris-flow fans in the White Mountains of California and Nevada to identify relationships between avulsion locations and channel characteristics, constrain the controlling factors on avulsion, assess the probability that avulsion will occur at specified locations, and develop a method to predict avulsion locations. A database of avulsion locations and their channel characteristics was compiled in the field. These were compared to the characteristics of other positions on the fan surface that show evidence of debris flows that did not avulse through stepwise, binary logistic regression. Results indicate that two-thirds of avulsion likelihood can be attributed to the percentage of boulders at the site, slope angle, channel width, and the ratio between flow thickness and average slope at the avulsion location. The accuracy of this model can be improved when it accounts for the presence of a coarse channel plug, which increases the likelihood of avulsion. Application of the model is demonstrated by runout simulations with forced avulsions from modeled channel plugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the Leray problem for steady Navier–Stokes system with full slip boundary conditions in a two-dimensional channel with straight outlets. The existence of solutions with arbitrary flux in a general channel supplemented with slip boundary conditions, which tend to the associated shear flows at far fields, is established. Furthermore, if the flux is suitably small, the solution is proved to be unique. One of the crucial ingredients is to construct an appropriate flux carrier and to show a Hardy type inequality for flows with full slip boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum coherence and quantum correlations are important components of quantum information theory, which play important roles in quantum information processing. In this paper, we quantify correlations from coherence. The correlations relative to channels via metric-adjusted skew information are put forward. The corresponding results are suitable for special channels, such as positive operator-valued measurements (POVMs), projection measurements and von Neumann measurements. In addition, we discuss the dynamics of quantum correlations in the Bell-diagonal state relative to some classical channels via metric-adjusted skew information. The typical two are the Werner state and the isotropic state. We find that some separable states in entanglement resources theory possess correlations. It also shows quantum channels will disturb quantum states and have a great influence on the correlations. The correlations relative to different channels via different versions of metric-adjusted skew information have their advantages. This has inspired one to study the problem of the existence and action of various quantum correlations in quantum theory to be easily applied to experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of the multichannel queuing system is considered. Each channel contains some service lines. There are several input flows. Each customer requires several lines to be serviced. If the channel does not have a sufficient number of service lines, it is possible to reorient this customer to another channel. The service line has a distribution function of a general form depending both on the flow and on the number of lines required by the customer. A fast simulation method aimed to evaluate the blocking probability of customers of a certain flow with a given number of service lines is proposed. The method is compared with the Monte Carlo method using numerical example, and the gain in simulation time is illustrated in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of dual-mode synaptic plasticity was conducted in thin-film transistors (TFTs) featuring an HfSe2 channel, coupled with an oxygen-deficient (OD)-HfO2 layer structure. In these transistors, the application of negative gate pulses resulted in a notable increase in the post-synaptic current, while positive pulses led to a decrease. This distinctive response can be attributed to the dynamic interplay of charge interactions, significantly influenced by the ferroelectric characteristics of the OD-HfO2 layer. The findings from this study highlight the capability of this particular TFT configuration in closely mirroring the intricate functionalities of biological neurons, paving the way for advancements in bio-inspired computing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly built oil terminal in a certain port is an offshore type, which adopts the method of a cross-channel buried subsea pipelines, connected to the shore, and the subsea pipeline needs to be protected by backfilled protection overlay. Based on the DNV series specifications, the up-heave buckling, settlement, anti-floating, and impact energy absorption of the pipeline were analyzed, and the thickness, composition and backfill parameters of the protection overlay were determined, to ensure that the pipeline is not damaged during construction and the in-place situation is stable during operation. The construction technology comparison, detail construction method and implementation effect of the protection overlay of the subsea pipeline were described. The practice proves that the design of the subsea pipeline protection overlay is reasonable and the selected construction method is suitable, which can be used as reference for similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presented the performance of physical layer security of permutation index (PI) with modulating bits-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing differential chaos shift keying system (PIM-OFDMDCSK), the objective behind PIM-OFDM-DCSK is to improve and increase the information rate, spectral, and energy efficiencies. In PIM-OFDM-DCSK, the (M) subcarriers, each carry (n+1) bits. The n bits are index bits utilized to choose one permutation of the chaotic reference. On the receiver, after OFDM demodulation, the correlation is made between the permuted versions of the chaotic reference and the received bearing sequence of data. Then the received bits are assessed by determining the maximum correlator outputs via which the n bits are detected. Then the maximum output correlator sign is utilized to detect the modulating bit. The performance of the PIM-OFDM-DCSK is tested under additive white gaussian noise and multipath fading channel. Furthermore, the bit error rate is derived based on the wiretap system for the proposed PIM-OFDM-DCSK and compared with other DCSK modulations. The results show that the proposed PIM-OFDM-DCSK scheme is promising and competitive compared with other DCSK system, and the best BER performance is as an increase in the value of n and a decrease in the value of β. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report the design and fabrication of a 'do-it-yourself' microfluidic channel with a circular cross-section, created outside a cleanroom facility. In this approach, the fabrication of the channel do not require any chemical etching or lithography steps, making it safe and suitable for small research groups. The channel is fabricated using the soft-lithography method in polydimethylsiloxane (Sylgard® 184). A copper wire with a diameter of 240 µm is used as a mold, and the channel is created using the wire pull-out method. This work also addresses the optimal use of polydimethylsiloxane in channel fabrication, as well as the challenges faced when connecting the microchannel to the outside world via tubing and techniques to overcome them. All simulations were conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0. The analytical, simulation, and test results, show a good match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts a thorough numerical analysis of a complex problem involving magnetohydrodynamic flow, radiation, activation energy, Soret, the Dufour effect, and heat transfer in a permeable channel for a Maxwell fluid. Governing equations for momentum, concentration, and heat are transformed into ordinary differential equations through a similarity transformation, enabling focused analysis. Utilizing a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme, we compute dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration fields for the steady motion of a Maxwell fluid in a channel. To ensure accuracy, our results are validated against existing research, showing excellent agreement. The study investigates the impact of various physical parameters on fluid motion, revealing insights such as decreased velocity and concentration with increased chemical reaction, and rising fluid temperature. Additionally, concentration distribution decreases with a chemical reaction and a higher Schmidt number. This research enhances understanding of complex fluid dynamics, providing valuable insights for engineering applications, particularly in industries requiring precise fluid behavior control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of a directed flow on the water surface in channels with sources and resonators of capillary oscillations is detected and investigated. The surface flow is caused by the movement of the liquid through the gaps between the resonators, as well as between the resonator and the channel walls, under a curved surface that is locally deformed by the sources of capillary vibrations, the transfer of energy of the locally curved surface of the liquid by capillary waves, and the transmission of wave momentum to the particles of the liquid surface in one direction. It is shown that capillary waves together with the energy transfer an excess surface, the flux density of which is equal to the flux of the surface deformation. Moving devices with a capillary-wave accelerator of the surface liquid flow are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tertiary-age deep-marine succession cropping out between Tarifa and Algeciras can be subdivided into two units, namely the Late Eocene-?Early Oligocene Getares Unit and the overlying Oligocene-?Early Miocene Algeciras Formation. These strata comprise six sedimentary facies, ranging from thick-bedded sandstones to mudstones. The depositional settings are variable, comprising sandstone/calcarenite packages with intercalated mudstones and marls. The lowermost coarse-grained package is the Getares Unit (fan-fringe setting). This is overlain by the thick-bedded sandstones of the Algeciras Fm (channel, channel-margin setting) which pass upwards into more laterally-extensive beds (sheet-like lobe). Sediments were derived from a coastal setting to the north, as evidenced by occasionally abundant plant remains, from direct fluvial input (hyperpycnal flow). Within this succession, 34 ichnogenera (48 ichnospecies) have been recorded, including, Belorhaphe, Capodistria, Chondrites, Circulichnis, Cochlichnus, Cosmorhaphe, Desmograpton, Gordia, Halopoa, ?Helicorhaphe, Helminthopsis, Helminthorhaphe, Imponoglyphus, Lorenzinia, Megagrapton, Oldhamia, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Paleodictyon, ?Phycodes, Phycosiphon, Planolites, Protopaleodictyon, Protovirgularia, Scolicia, Skolithos, Spirophycus, Spirophyton, Spirohaphe, Taenidium, Teichichnus, Thalassinoides Urohelminthoida and Zoophycos. Of the ichnofossil assemblages that were defined, most are concentrated in the fan-fringe (Getares Unit; 74%) and channel/channel-margin (lowermost Algeciras Fm; 41%) settings, with a marked reduction in the sheet lobe system (uppermost Algeciras Fm; 9%). The ichnofaunal assemblage from the Tarifa-Almeria section represents the Nereites ichnofacies, or more specifically, the Paleodictyon and Nereites subichnofacies, both typified by abundant graphoglyptids. Deposition in the Algeciras-Tarifa region commenced with the mudstones underlying the Getares Unit followed by a sandstone package (fan fringe; Punta de Getares), indicative of fan progradation. Subsequent mudstones suggest a phase of quiescence before the deposition of the thick, sandy hyperpycnites in the lower part of the Algeciras Fm (Punta del Carnero I & II) where deposition was probably related to flooding events in the source rivers to the N. These were subsequently overlain by the Tarifa area lobe sediments. Deposition of the succession coincided with the transition from a Greenhouse to an Icehouse climatic regime (Eocene-Oligocene) and this change may be reflected in the marked reduction in ichnofaunas moving from the lower (Punta del Carnero) to the upper (Tarifa) Algeciras Fm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the field of pharmacology aims to generate new treatments for pathologies. Nowadays, there are an increased number of chronic disorders that severely and durably handicap many patients. Among the most widespread pathologies, obesity, which is often associated with diabetes, is constantly increasing in incidence, and in parallel, neurodegenerative and mood disorders are increasingly affecting many people. For years, these pathologies have been so frequently observed in the population in a concomitant way that they are considered as comorbidities. In fact, common mechanisms are certainly at work in the etiology of these pathologies. The main purpose of this review is to show the value of anticipating the effect of baseline treatment of a condition on its comorbidity in order to obtain concomitant positive actions. One of the implications would be that by understanding and targeting shared molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions, it may be possible to tailor drugs that address both simultaneously. To this end, we firstly remind readers of the close link existing between depression and diabetes and secondly address the potential benefit of the pleiotropic actions of two major active molecules used to treat central and peripheral disorders, first a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (Prozac ®) and then GLP-1R agonists. In the second part, by discussing the therapeutic potential of new experimental antidepressant molecules, we will support the concept that a better understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways targeted by pharmacological agents could lead to future synergistic treatments targeting solely positive effects for comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The S-model kinetic equation is used to study the rarefied gas flow from a high-pressure tank to a low-pressure one through a flat membrane with a finite number of pores. The kinetic equation is solved numerically using a second-order accurate implicit conservative method implemented in the in-house code Nesvetay. For transitional and continuum flow regimes, numerical solutions of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations are obtained. The gas flow rate through the system of pores and the forces acting on the membrane bars are investigated as functions of the Knudsen number (Kn) at a pressure ratio of 2 : 1 in the tanks. The features of the flow field near the membrane and away from it are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the increase in capacity of Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi sediment discharge without reducing the flood carrying capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, by making full use of the water and sediment information of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the information of the river statistic siltation cross-section, and the method of analysis of the dangerous water scale information, we analyzed the recovery of the flushing of Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi reservoirs in the three years with the largest sediment discharge from 2018 to 2020, the flushing and siltation of the sediment quantity method in the lower reaches of the Yellow River during the flood period, the section method in the longitudinal and lateral scouring and siltation, water level with the same flow and variation of bankfull discharge in the Yellow River. The results show that by silting the reservoir discharge in the wide channel with large sediment capacity in the lower Yellow River during the sediment discharge period and gradually scouring the silt away in other periods, the flood carrying capacity of the river channel below Gaocun is not only not decreased but also increased significantly. It is concluded that this technique of co-ordinated cross-year succession regulation of reservoir channel sediment is realistic and feasible for the current river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As emerging technologies, numerous studies were carried out based on multiple input multiple output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) system that includes both experimental and theoretical demonstrations. MIMO-VLC system significantly suffers from performance deficiency. Recently, Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing is utilized for maintaining transmission rate and spectral efficiency. LED selection process plays a vital role in enhancing efficiency of generalized LED index modulation system with the adoption of MAP detection component that is greatly influenced by correlation among LED. Therefore, this paper designs a novel concept named fuzzy dynamic arithmetic optimization (FDAO) algorithm for the selection of optimal channel capacity. The proposed FDAO algorithm combines the mechanism of fuzzy logic system with the dynamic arithmetic optimization algorithm to select candidates with good channel capacity. FDAO algorithm automatically extracts and removes the candidate influenced by inaccurate active decisions and optimally selects the candidate solution with good channel capacity. Finally, the comparative analysis is carried out for diverse existing approaches with respect to bit error rate (BER) and index error rate (IER). The experimental analysis reveals that the proposed approach exhibited minimum BER and IER than other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In general, there are several many devices that can overload the network and reduce performance. Devices can minimize interference and optimize bandwidth usage by using directional antennas and by avoiding overlapping communication ranges. In addition, devices need to carefully manage their use of resources, such as bandwidth and energy. Bandwidth is limited in wireless personal area networks (WPANs), so devices need to carefully select which data to send and receive. In this paper, an intelligent performance analysis of energy‐efficient resource optimization model has been proposed for device‐to‐device (D2D) communication in fifth‐generation (5G) WPAN. The proposed energy‐efficient resource allocation in D2D communication is important because it helps reduce energy consumption and extend the lifespan of devices that are communicating with each other. By allocating resources in an efficient manner, communication between two devices can be optimized for maximum efficiency. This helps reduce the amount of energy needed to power the communication, as well as the amount of energy needed to power the device that is communicating with another device. Additionally, efficient resource allocation helps reduce the overall cost of communication, as the use of fewer resources results in a lower overall cost. The proposed efficient resource allocation helps reduce the environmental impact of communication, as less energy is used for communication. The proposed energy‐efficient resource allocation model (EERAM) has reached 92.97% of energy allocation, 88.72% of power allocation, 87.79% of bandwidth allocation, 87.93% of spectrum allocation, 88.43% of channel allocation, 25.47% of end‐to‐end delay, 94.33% of network data speed, and 90.99% of network throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave processes on the free surface of water in a channel are considered when semicylindrical capillary waves are excited by a source and a quarter-wave resonator inside the channel. It is shown that the experimentally detected accelerating surface flows on the water surface in channels with installed sources and resonators of semicylindrical capillary waves are associated with the excitation of waveguide waves in the channel. Waveguide waves with a distributed amplitude in the form of a standing wave are formed when semicylindrical capillary waves are excited in the section of the liquid surface in a channel. For capillary waves in the channel, the liquid surface is a waveguide open at both ends; waveguide waves are formed due to the reflection of part of the semicylindrical waves from the channel walls and their interference. Waveguide waves propagate after the waves emanating from the source with acceleration and produce an accelerating surface energy flow and, together with it, a surface flow of liquid due to the transfer of momentum to particles of the liquid. In contrast to semicylindrical waves, the front line of waveguide waves within the channel are straight like in plane waves, but the amplitude and intensity of these waves are maximal along the channel axis. The waves emanating from the source in subsequent periods of oscillations are superimposed on the flow produced by the waveguide waves and, as a result, their semicylindrical front lines are extended. The principle of generating an accelerating surface fluid flow by waveguide waves in a channel with a source and a capillary wave resonator can be used to produce acoustic flows in bounded media by sources of acoustic and ultrasonic semicylindrical and hemispherical waves. Using the same principle, it is possible to obtain directed flows of microwave electromagnetic energy in waveguides with open cavity ends by a source of semicylindrical waves inside the waveguide cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development and influences yield and quality of agricultural crops. Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most widely distributed crops worldwide. In China, although maize consumes a large amount of K fertilizer, the K uptake/utilization efficiency (KUE) of maize cultivars is relatively low. Elucidation of KUE mechanisms and development of maize cultivars with higher KUE are needed. Maize KUE is determined by K+ uptake, transport, and remobilization, which depend on a variety of K+ channels and transporters. We review basic information about K+ channels and transporters in maize, their functions and regulation, and the roles of K+ in nitrogen transport, sugar transport, and salt tolerance. We discuss challenges and prospects for maize KUE improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique is proposed that improves wireless communication channels in fading environments. The device creates a map of channel measurements. The device then moves its antenna to positions of the previously measured maximum within its reach. Proof‐of‐concept measurements were performed for smartphone‐sized devices in an office environment. A quarter‐wavelength monopole antenna for the 2.4 GHz frequency band successfully kept the channel at local maxima. The results show that small antenna movements over half of a wavelength are sufficient to keep the channel in local maxima, to avoid deep fading notches, and to improve channels over state‐of‐the‐art antennas that move with their devices. A channel model for the wireless communication channel of mobile devices with channel maximum antennas is proposed based on the measurement results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants and profoundly affects crop yields and qualities. Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) are major inorganic N forms absorbed by plants from the surrounding environments. Intriguingly, NH4+ is usually toxic to plants when it serves as the sole or dominant N source. It is thus important for plants to coordinate the utilization of NH4+ and the alleviation of NH4+ toxicity. To fully decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying how plants minimize NH4+ toxicity may broadly benefit agricultural practice. In the current minireview, we attempt to discuss recent discoveries in the strategies for mitigating NH4+ toxicity in plants, which may provide potential solutions for improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and stress adaptions in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The icing problem seriously affects the efficiency of channel water delivery in low temperature conditions. A low-temperature and long-distance channel model test platform was established to study the icing process. Through this model test platform, water temperature and formation of ice cover were tested and discussed. Furthermore, the relationship between border ice width and its influencing factors were studied quantitatively. The test results show that through the recirculating flume at a negative temperature environment, the model test platform can simulate the icing process under a long-distance water delivery situation. The water temperature decreases with the increase of delivery distance and operating time. The formation of ice cover begins from the growth of border ice; however, the static formation of ice cover is rapid, but the dynamic formation of ice cover shows an obvious process of border ice lateral growth. An equation for border ice width and ice concentration was established for prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to report the influence of wing position (h/e) of perforated transverse baffles with square-wings (SW-PBs) on heat transfer rate and pressure drop characteristics in a channel. The channel has a cross-sectional dimension of 15 cm × 4 cm and a length of 60 cm. Two types of baffles: Solid transverse baffles and square-wing perforated transverse baffles, are comparatively tested. The baffle pitch ratio (p/e) is set to 5.0 and remains constant throughout all experiments which encompass Reynolds numbers (Re) of 6000, 9000, 12,000, 15,000, 18,000, 21,000, and 24,000. Square-wings are introduced at four different locations, h/e = 0.92 (highest wing location), 0.83, 0.75, and 0.67 (lowest wing location). The maximum heat transfer rates achieved in channels with SW-PBs at h/e = 0.92, 0.83, 0.75, and 0.67 are 148%, 157%, 166%, and 180% above that of a plain channel, while pressure losses increase by 9.51–10.69, 9.56–10.79, 9.59–10.86, and 9.64–10.99 times, respectively. Experimental results show that square-wings create multiple impinging jet flows and Nusselt number peaks appear adjacent to the rear of the perforated transverse baffles. When compared to solid transverse baffles, SW-PBs cause lower pressure losses and yield higher thermal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the unpredictable presence of Non-Cognitive Users (NCUs) in the time and frequency domains, the number of available channels (i.e., channels where no NCUs exist) and corresponding channel indices per Cognitive User (CU) may differ. In this paper, we propose a heuristic channel allocation method referred to as Enhanced Multi-Round Resource Allocation (EMRRA), which employs the asymmetry of available channels in existing MRRA to randomly allocate a CU to a channel in each round. EMRRA is designed to enhance the overall spectral efficiency and fairness of channel allocation. To do this, the available channel with the lowest redundancy is primarily selected upon allocating a channel to a CU. In addition, when there are multiple CUs with the same allocation priority, the CU with the smallest number of available channels is chosen. We execute extensive simulations in order to investigate the effect of the asymmetry of available channels on CUs and compare the performance of EMRRA to that of MRRA. As a result, in addition to the asymmetry of available channels, it is confirmed that most of the channels are simultaneously available to multiple CUs. Furthermore, EMRRA outperforms MRRA in terms of the channel allocation rate, fairness, and drop rate and has a slightly higher collision rate. In particular, EMRRA can remarkably reduce the drop rate compared to MRRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we focused on TRPV1 of African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. During drought at high temperature, African lungfish can survive by undergoing into aestivation in mud cocoons. Therefore, lungfish is considered to have some specialized heat-sensor, TRPV1, for heat tolerance. Further, lungfish which shares similarities with fishes and amphibians, is one of important species for investigating the fish-tetrapod transition. Since fish TRPV1 and tetrapod TRPV1 have some differences, character of lungfish TRPV1 attracts attention. Here, we first cloned TRPV1 paralogue from lungfish, Protopterus annectens (lfTRPV1) and determined the chemical and thermal sensitivities of lfTRPV1 by two-electrode voltage clamp method using frog oocytes. We detected activation of lfTRPV1 by acid and 2-APB, but capsaicin-induced activation was not observed. The sensitivity to acid of lfTRPV1 was similar to that of rat TRPV1 (rTRPV1), but the 2-APB sensitivity of lfTRPV1 was relatively weaker than rTRPV1. Heat stimulation up to 44 °C did not activate lfTRPV1 and the heat-activation was not detected even on acid condition of pH6. This dramatically decreased heat-sensitivity of TRPV1 may contribute the heat tolerance of African lungfish. Moreover, this might be the property of ancient tetrapod-type TRPV1 gene. • We first cloned TRPV1 paralogue from lungfish. • Lungfish TRPV1 was activated by acid and 2-APB, but not by capsaicin. • Heat stimulation did not activate lungfish TRPV1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUGSNs) transmit data collected from underground objects such as water substances, oil substances, soil contents, and others. In addition, the underground sensor nodes transmit the data to the surface nodes regarding underground irregularities, earthquake, landslides, military border surveillance, and other issues. The channel difficulties of WUGSNs create uncertain communication barriers. Recent research works have proposed different types of channel assessment techniques and security approaches. Moreover, the existing techniques are inadequate to learn the real-time channel attributes in order to build reactive data transmission models. The proposed system implements Deep Learning-based Multi-Channel Learning and Protection Model (DMCAP) using the optimal set of channel attribute classification techniques. The proposed model uses Multi-Channel Ensemble Model, Ensemble Multi-Layer Perceptron (EMLP) Classifiers, Nonlinear Channel Regression models and Nonlinear Entropy Analysis Model, and Ensemble Nonlinear Support Vector Machine (ENLSVM) for evaluating the channel conditions. Additionally, Variable Generative Adversarial Network (VGAN) engine makes the intrusion detection routines under distributed environment. According to the proposed principles, WUGSN channels are classified based on the characteristics such as underground acoustic channels, underground to surface channels and surface to ground station channels. On the classified channel behaviors, EMLP and ENLSVM are operated to extract the Signal to Noise Interference Ratio (SNIR) and channel entropy distortions of multiple channels. Furthermore, the nonlinear regression model was trained for understanding and predicting the link (channel behaviors). The proposed DMCAP has extreme difficulty finding the differences of impacts due to channel issues and malicious attacks. In this regard, the VGAN-Intrusion Detection System (VGAN-IDS) model was configured in the sensor nodes to monitor the channel instabilities against malicious nodes. Thus, the proposed system deeply analyzes multi-channel attribute qualities to improve throughput in uncertain WUGSN. The testbed was created for classified channel parameters (acoustic and air) with uncertain network parameters; the uncertainties of testbed are considered as link failures, noise distortions, interference, node failures, and number of retransmissions. Consequently, the experimental results show that DMCAP attains 10% to 15% of better performance than existing systems through better throughput, minimum retransmission rate, minimum delay, and minimum energy consumption rate. The existing techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF)-based Classification (SMC), Optimal Energy-Efficient Transmission (OETN), and channel-aware multi-path routing principles using Reinforcement Learning model (CRLR) are identified as suitable for the proposed experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive use of drainage ditches in European boreal forests and in some parts of North America has resulted in a major change in wetland and soil hydrology and impacted the overall ecosystem functions of these regions. An increasing understanding of the environmental risks associated with forest ditches makes mapping these ditches a priority for sustainable forest and land use management. Here, we present the first rigorous deep learning–based methodology to map forest ditches at regional scale. A deep neural network was trained on airborne laser scanning data (ALS) and 1,607 km of manually digitized ditch channels from 10 regions spread across Sweden. The model correctly mapped 86% of all ditch channels in the test data, with a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.78. Further, the model proved to be accurate when evaluated on ALS data from other heavily ditched countries in the Baltic Sea Region. This study leads the way in using deep learning and airborne laser scanning for mapping fine-resolution drainage ditches over large areas. This technique requires only one topographical index, which makes it possible to implement on national scales with limited computational resources. It thus provides a significant contribution to the assessment of regional hydrology and ecosystem dynamics in forested landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the drag and heat flux reduction of hypersonic blunt body, a novel combinational spike-aerodisk and channel concept has been proposed. The high pressure air behind the bow shock flows into the channel at the head of the aerodisk, and then sprays out through the lateral jet in the middle of the spike. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the shear stress transport (SST) k - ω turbulence model have been employed to simulate the flow field. The numerical results reveal that compared with the spike-aerodisk, with the application of the channel, the lateral jet pushes the separated shock wave away from the spike. The range of the recirculation zone between the shear layer and the spike is increased, and the intensity of the reattached shock wave is significantly weakened, so the drag and heat flux reduction properties of the combinational configuration are significantly improved. The influences of the channel convergent half angle and lateral jet location on the flow field, drag and heat flux reduction properties are investigated thoroughly. When the channel convergent half angle is appropriate and the location of the lateral jet is close to the middle of the spike, the drag and heat flux reduction effect becomes better. Besides, with the increase of the Mach number and the decrease of the flying height, the drag and heat flux reduction performance become more significant. In the research range, the combinational configuration in which the convergent half angle is 60° and the lateral jet is located in the middle of the spike has a better overall effect of drag and heat flux reduction, and the effect reaches the best when the Mach number is 6 and the flying height is 20 km. Compared with the spike-aerodisk, the total drag coefficient of the configuration is reduced by 12.95%, and the peak value of Stanton number along the blunt body surface is reduced by 35.19%. • A novel combinational spike-aerodisk and channel concept was numerically investigated. • The combinational concept has better performance in both drag and heat flux reduction. • Effects of channel convergent half angle and lateral jet location on drag and heat flux reduction were studied. • Variation laws of drag and heat flux reduction under different Mach numbers and flight altitudes were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the heat and species transfer in a composite cavity linked with a horizontal channel. The cavity comprises a triangular porous layer and one of its vertical sides is exposed to a high temperature and concentration. The mathematical conservation equations are solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. The ranges of Reynolds and Richardson numbers are taken to ascertain laminar flow, Re = 50–250 and Ri = 0.1–100. The size of the porous layer is quantified by the thickness of the porous layer Hp = 0.25–1. The problem is studied for two cases of heat and species sources; the opposing case, when the active side is on the right, and assisting case, when the active side is on the left. Results reveal that for specified conditions, the triangular porous layer increases Nusselt and Sherwood numbers by 30% and 32%, respectively, more than the horizontal porous layer. The opposing case gives maximum convective heat transfer, where for Ri = 0.01, the Nusselt number is higher by 61% and 134% for Re = 50 and 250, respectively, while for Ri = 100, the percentages increase are 67% and 43%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enclosed depressions, termed pockmarks, are widespread seafloor morphologies, commonly associated with fluid seepage. This study provides the first detailed documentation of pockmarks offshore the South Westland margin of the South Island/Te Waipounamu, Aotearoa New Zealand. Pockmarks are identified from multibeam bathymetry (25-m grid) through manual and semi-automated selection in water depths of 100–2600 m. Pockmarks are most concentrated at 400–850 m water depth on continental slope areas between submarine canyons. A continuum of pockmark morphologies includes – (1) large (>0.5 km2 area) and irregularly shaped pockmarks above partially infilled channels; (2) small and circular pockmarks (∼100–200 m diameter; ∼0.008–0.03 km2 area) occurring between canyons; and (3) elongated and intermediate size pockmarks, generally oriented along-slope and often occurring above buried sediment waves. Elongated pockmarks appear to have been modified by near-seafloor oceanographic and/or turbidity current flows. Pockmark features occur across many locations around Aotearoa, including both the eastern and western margins. Some similar pockmark morphologies are identified in these different tectonic, sedimentary, and oceanographic settings, suggesting that there may be some similarity in formative mechanisms, but clear mechanisms leading to their formation remain enigmatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comparative study dealing with entropy generation analysis in Cartesian and cylindrical annulus geometries. This numerical investigation involves heat and mass transfer coupled with forced convection and gas radiation in a semitransparent medium during the evaporation of a thin liquid film. The systems of equations are solved with interfacial and boundary conditions using an implicit finite volume method by the tridiagonal matrix algorithm method. The radiative transfer equation (RTE) was solved by the Ray tracing model. The statistical narrow band correlated-K model with the updated model parameters was applied to calculate the gas transmissivity. The main intent of this paper is to compare the entropy generation components in two different configurations. The result shows that the entropy generation related to heat and mass transfer in the channel is higher than that estimated for the cylindrical annulus. Regarding optimal design selection, the entropy generation analysis, detailed in this paper, suggests a preference for the cylindrical annulus geometry. Our results may guide designers to select from the studied configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Mechanical properties of most soils alter upon the increase of moisture and saturation. In some soils, certain phenomena appear due to increased moisture. Some of these phenomena lead to major damage in development projects. These soils are called Sensitive soils to water”. The most significant types of these soils are swelled soils, dispersive soils, and collapsible soils. Dispersive soils refer to clay soils that are easily washed up in waters with a low concentration of salt. Dispersion is a progressive phenomenon that starts from one point and is gradually extended. The start point of the dispersive phenomenon may refer to cracks resulting from shrinkage, soil deposition, or cracks made due to the roots of plants. This phenomenon is of great importance in such plans as soil dams and water supply channels where there is a water concentration inside the soil too. One of the essential reasons for soil erosion and sediment production in irrigation and drainage networks is the instability of canal soil, so it is necessary to use erosion control methods in parts of the canal route, especially at the intersection with other structures. To this end, the solution investigated and tested in this article is the use of biological mulches to reduce the erosion of the side slopes of earthen channels. Materials and Methods This research has been conducted on soil with a Loam sandy texture of irrigation and drainage channels network of the Arayez Plain of Khuzestan that lies on the west side of the Karkheh River. Using a simulated system, two-nozzle rainfall of the K18 feature was performed. To determine the effect of mulches on parameters of side wall erosive resistance of the soil structure, after the soil of the region passes through a sieve of 4.76 mm was put in the basin designed for 1 x 0.33 x 0.1 m for about 25 kg. After filtration, leveling, and pressing the soil to the edge of the Flume basin proportionate to the physical special weight of the soil, the stabilizing materials, and different bio mulches were sprayed in their different concentrations. Then, the basins inside the Flume with a side slope of 80% were put into a depth of 10 cm. In this research, with the objectives of determining the type and most appropriate level of biological mulches and their effect on the soil erosion resistance parameters of the lateral wall of the drainage channels of the Araiz plain of Khuzestan, the necessary experiments were conducted in the rain simulator laboratory of the Soil Conservation and Watershed Research Institute. So that using four types of water-based biological mulch, which were named with numbers 1 to 4 and at three levels of minimum (C1), medium (C2), and maximum (C3), experiments were conducted on the soil sample of the researched area. Each of the experimental treatments on a flume with a side slope of 1 to 1.25, similar to the side slope of canals in nature, was repeated and simulated three times in two rainfall intensities of 30 and 80 mm h-1. In each experiment, primary and secondary soil moisture, runoff volume, sediment weight, the intensity of water penetration in the treatments, and the shear strength of the treatments were measured. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design in the form of split plots and the data were analyzed using SAS software and the averages were compared using the Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) multi-domain test. Finally, by using mathematical models with optimization and minimization of sediment amounts and economic costs, the most suitable treatment for stabilizing the lateral walls of drains was determined. SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis of data and ANOVA and the Duncan test were used for the statistical comparison of data. Considering the tables obtained from data variance analysis and considering the statistic F and significance level, it can be said that all treatments are different in a significance level of 5% concerning the extent of sediment and there is a significant difference in the sediment amount. Results and Discussion The tests conducted on the soil of drainage channels of Arayez plain with a loamy – sand texture indicated that the presence of mulch coverage results in reduced sediment arising from rainfall in the manner that by the increase of density in any of the mulches, sedimentation reduces accordingly. The results obtained from the statistical analysis of this research confirmed that there is a significant difference in a level of 5% between sediment amounts of test control and mulch treatments for the sample of the soil under study. Therefore, bio mulches have an effective role in erosion control and the decrease of sediment from the walls of soil channels. The results indicated that only two types of biological mulches used in this study had a positive effect on shear resistance. General Linear Model (GLM) results showed that the interaction of two parameters of rainfall intensity with the type of treatment on shear strength is significant, so the interaction of rainfall intensity parameters with the level of materials used was not significant at the 5% level. In addition, the interaction of the type of treatment with the level of the materials used was also significant. According to the results of the analysis of variance in investigating the role of rainfall intensity on biological mulch treatments, it was found that rainfall intensity affected shear strength. Conclusion According to the above photos, all mulches compared to the control treatment have had a remarkable effect on the decrease of sediment. Moreover, it was found that the increase in the density of mulches used in all densities has had a remarkable effect on the decrease of outlet sediment. Furthermore, it was realized that the rainfall factor affects the increase of sediment. Thus, this effect in mulch 2 is the least effective in such a manner that upon increased rainfall in mulch 2m we see the minimum increase in the amount of sediment. The results after conducting system engineering and analyses related to the optimization of sediment amounts and economic costs indicated that mulch 2 at the C3 level has the best efficiency in increasing shear resistance. This conclusion could help the decision makers to allocate their soil conservation budget for the best performance activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the problem of a joint capacity/capacity reliability analysis of the multiuser multi-input multioutput (MIMO) system functioning in the presence of generalized multipath fading. The study presents the derived results of the closed-form analytical statistical description of the ergodic sum-rate capacity, the capacity reliability and the capacity's higher-order statistics in the case of complex Nakagami-m distributed channel transmission coefficients. A numerical verification of the derived expressions was performed, and it demonstrated excellent correspondence with the simulation. The system performance was evaluated with the help of a numerical analysis of the joint first- and second-order statistics description, depending on the channel and system parameters. The results demonstrated several peculiarities, e.g., the existence of a specific extremum of the capacity reliability for small-sized MIMO systems, its opposite behavior (in terms of the varying number of antenna elements) for heavy and light fading, and the existing asymptotic regions of the system and the channel parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]