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Neurological and psychiatric diseases can lead to motor, language, emotional disorder, and cognitive, hearing or visual impairment By decoding the intention of the brain in real time, the Brain–computer interface (BCI) can first assist in the diagnosis of diseases, and can also compensate for its damaged function by directly interacting with the environment; In addition, provide output signals in various forms, such as actual motion, tactile or visual feedback, to assist in rehabilitation training; Further intervention in brain disorders is achieved by close‐looped neural modulation. In this article, we envision the future BCI digital prescription system for patients with different functional disorders and discuss the key contents in the prescription the brain signals, coding and decoding protocols and interaction paradigms, and assistive technology. Then, we discuss the details that need to be specially included in the digital prescription for different intervention technologies. The third part summarizes previous examples of intervention, focusing on how to select appropriate interaction paradigms for patients with different functional impairments. For the last part, we discussed the indicators and influencing factors in evaluating the therapeutic effect of BCI as intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to give the basic principles of hyperbolic function theory. First, we discuss the Green identity for H k ¯ H k . Second, we also deal with the integral representations for hyperbolic harmonic function in the Clifford algebra C l n + 1 , 0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• To reduce visual discomfort while ensuring recognition accuracy, a zoom motion paradigm based on steady-state motion visual evoked potentials (SSMVEPs) is proposed. • Changing multiple stimulation parameters can lead to the same high performance as the standard paradigm. The paradigm with smaller stimulus achieved the highest average target selection accuracy of 97.2%. • For fatigue evaluation, the paradigm with smaller size stimulus exhibited almost zero reduction in recognition accuracy, a lower decrease in the SNR of SSMVEP and a lower alpha/theta ratio decrease. In flicker-based steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) brain-computer interface (BCI), the system performance decreases due to prolonged repeated visual stimulation. To reduce the performance decrease due to visual fatigue, the zoom motion based steady-state motion visual evoked potentials (SSMVEPs) paradigm had been proposed. In this study, the stimulation parameters of the paradigm are optimised to mitigate the decrease in detection accuracy for SSMVEP due to visual fatigue. Eight zoom motion-based SSMVEP paradigms with different stimulation parameters were compared. The graph size, luminance, colour, and shape, as well as the frequency range and interval of the stimulation and refresh rate of the screen was changed to determine the optimal paradigm with high recognition accuracy and reduced fatigue effects. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SSMVEP was also calculated for four fatigue levels. Moreover, the power spectral density of electroencephalograph (EEG) alpha and theta bands during ongoing activity was calculated for the stimulation experiment to evaluate fatigue at the start and end of the stimulation task. All stimulation SSMVEP paradigms exhibited high accuracies. Changes in luminance, colour, and shape did not impact the recognition accuracy, nor did a higher stimulation frequency or lower frequency interval of each stimulation block. However, the paradigm with smaller stimulus achieved the highest average target selection accuracy of 97.2%, compared to 94.9% for the standard paradigm. Furthermore, it exhibited almost zero reduction in recognition accuracy due to fatigue. From fatigue level 1 to level 4, the smaller zoom motion-based SSMVEP exhibited a lower decrease in the SNR of SSMVEP and a lower alpha/theta ratio decrease during ongoing stimulation activity compared to the standard paradigm. For a zoom motion-based SSMVEP paradigm, changing multiple stimulation parameters can lead to the same high performance as the standard paradigm. Moreover, using a smaller stimulus can reduce the accuracy decrease caused by fatigue because the SNR decrease in the evoked SSMVEP state was negligible and the alpha/theta index decrease during ongoing activity was lower than that for the standard paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The management of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) presents substantial challenges in clinical practice. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach, but the lack of standardized regulatory parameters for DBS in DOC hinders definitive conclusions. Objective: This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed summary of the current issues concerning patient selection, target setting, and modulation parameters in clinical studies investigating the application of DBS for DOC patients. Methods: A meticulous systematic analysis of the literatures was conducted, encompassing articles published from 1968 to April 2023, retrieved from reputable databases (PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science). Results: The systematic analysis of 21 eligible articles, involving 146 patients with DOC resulting from acquired brain injury or other disorders, revealed significant insights. The most frequently targeted regions were the Centromedian‐parafascicular complex (CM‐pf) nuclei and central thalamus (CT), both recognized for their role in regulating consciousness. However, other targets have also been explored in different studies. The stimulation frequency was predominantly set at 25 or 100 Hz, with pulse width of 120 μs, and voltages ranged from 0 to 4 V. These parameters were customized based on individual patient responses and evaluations. The overall clinical efficacy rate in all included studies was 39.7%, indicating a positive effect of DBS in a subset of DOC patients. Nonetheless, the assessment methods, follow‐up durations, and outcome measures varied across studies, potentially contributing to the variability in reported efficacy rates. Conclusion: Despite the challenges arising from the lack of standardized parameters, DBS shows promising potential as a therapeutic option for patients with DOC. However, there still remains the need for standardized protocols and assessment methods, which are crucial to deepen the understanding and optimizing the therapeutic potential of DBS in this specific patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human brain demonstrates amazing readiness for speech and language learning at birth, but the auditory development preceding such readiness remains unknown. Cochlear implanted (CI) children (n = 67; mean age 2.77 year ± 1.31 SD; 28 females) with prelingual deafness provide a unique opportunity to study this stage. Using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy, it was revealed that the brain of CI children was irresponsive to sounds at CI hearing onset. With increasing CI experiences up to 32 months, the brain demonstrated function, region and hemisphere specific development. Most strikingly, the left anterior temporal lobe showed an oscillatory trajectory, changing in opposite phases for speech and noise. The study provides the first longitudinal brain imaging evidence for early auditory development preceding speech acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of the interaction between cardiovascular variables and respiration provides a quantitative and noninvasive approach to assess the autonomic control of cardiovascular function. The aim of this paper is to investigate the changes of cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC), blood pressure (BP) and pulse transit time (PTT) during a stepwise-paced breathing (SPB) procedure (spontaneous breathing followed by paced breathing at 14, 12.5, 11, 9.5, 8 and 7 breaths per minute, 3 min each) and gain insights into the characteristics of slow breathing exercises. RR interval, respiration, BP and PTT are collected during the SPB procedure (48 healthy subjects, 27 ± 6 years). CPC is assessed through investigating both the phase and amplitude dynamics between the respiration-induced components from RR interval and respiration by the approach of ensemble empirical mode decomposition. It was found that even though the phase synchronization and amplitude oscillation of CPC were both enhanced by the SPB procedure, phase coupling does not increase monotonically along with the amplitude oscillation during the whole procedure. Meanwhile, BP was reduced significantly by the SPB procedure (SBP: from 122.0 ± 13.4 to 114.2 ± 14.9 mmHg, p < 0.001, DBP: from 82.2 ± 8.6 to 77.0 ± 9.8 mmHg, p < 0.001, PTT: from 172.8 ± 20.1 to 176.8 ± 19.2 ms, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that the SPB procedure can reduce BP and lengthen PTT significantly. Compared with amplitude dynamics, phase dynamics is a different marker for CPC analysis in reflecting cardiorespiratory coherence during slow breathing exercise. Our study provides a methodology to practice slow breathing exercise, including the setting of target breathing rate, change of CPC and the importance of regular breathing. The applications and usability of the study results have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]