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Rumours, hearsay and gossip are a constitutive part of societies and play a fundamental role in coercing, controlling and disciplining individuals in the search for social cohesion. They tend to emerge at times of social tension and civilisational conflict, in order to provide answers and solutions to the resulting events. In this sense, the aim of this article is to understand the role of rumours produced and shared by Cape Verdean shopkeepers about the presence of Chinese immigrants in the country. To do this, I analyse two ethnographic and commercial contexts that are deeply marked by the presence of Cape Verdean women and competition from the Chinese commercial diaspora: the transnational trade in industrialised products in Mindelo, on the island of São Vicente, and the production and sale of "genuine" Cape Verdean handicrafts in the souvenir market on the island of Santiago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objective of the present study is to contextualize youths' perception of neighborhood safety from a youth-centered perspective of native born and immigrant youth living in a police-defined 'hot spot' neighborhood in Boston, U.S.A. Using the concept of street efficacy and lifestyles-routine activities theories, focus groups were conducted with teens, and photovoice was used to elaborate on perceptions. Youth described neighborhood offenders, capable guardians, and steps they took to reduce themselves as targets, consistent with lifestyles-routine activities theories. Results showed that although youth were aware of violence and victimization in their neighborhood, they displayed high street efficacy, or confidence, in the way they discussed their daily routines and navigated their lives. Youth generally felt they had the power to stay safe, but there were cultural dimensions to safety. Youth also described a nuanced relationship with police depending on situational context as well as personal and vicarious experiences. Study findings point to the need to address system-level barriers to safety, improve relationships among residents, youth, and police and to further investigate the cultural dimensions of youth perceptions of neighborhood safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism has become an essential activity for the economies of developing island destinations. Few studies have focused on the influence of community attachment and personal benefits on residents' perceptions of impacts and support for tourism in these areas. Moreover, many previous studies have yielded ambivalent results on the role of community attachment. In the present study, based on social exchange theory, we tested a theoretical model that analyses these aspects in a socioeconomic context such as the Cape Verde archipelago with a strong impact of emigration, where community attachment or the personal benefits produced by tourism can help explain the level of residents' support. Quantitative research was carried out through a survey of residents and 518 valid responses were obtained. The model was tested using structural equations with PLS. The results suggest that personal benefits influence both directly and indirectly, through perceptions of tourism impacts, and residents' support for tourism. It is also found that community attachment influences residents' perceptions of tourism impacts. Theoretical and practical implications of the results obtained are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the most CO 2 -rich magmas on Earth are erupted by intraplate ocean island volcanoes. Here, we characterise olivine-hosted melt inclusions from recent (<10 ky) basanitic tephra erupted by Fogo, the only active volcano of the Cape Verde Archipelago in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. We determine H 2 O, S, Cl, F in glassy melt inclusions and recalculate the total (glass + shrinkage bubbles) CO 2 budget by three independent methodologies. We find that the Fogo parental basanite, entrapped as melt inclusion in forsterite-rich (Fo 80-85) olivines, contains up to ∼2.1 wt% CO 2 , 3–47 % of which is partitioned in the shrinkage bubbles. This CO 2 content is among the highest ever measured in melt inclusions in OIBs. In combination with ∼2 wt% H 2 O content, our data constrain an entrapment pressure range for the most CO 2 -rich melt inclusion of 648–1430 MPa, with a most conservative estimate at 773–1020 MPa. Our results therefore suggest the parental Fogo melt is stored in the lithospheric mantle at minimum depths of ∼27 to ∼36 km, and then injected into a vertically stacked magma ponding system. Overall, our results corroborate previous indications for a CO 2 -rich nature of alkaline ocean island volcanism. We propose that the Fogo basanitic melt forms by low degrees of melting (F = 0.06–0.07) of a carbon-enriched mantle source, containing up to 355–414 ppm C. If global OIB melts are dominantly as carbon-rich as our Fogo results suggest, then OIB volcanism may cumulatively outgas as high as ∼16–21 Tg of carbon yearly, hence substantially contributing to the global deep carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how being a small island jurisdiction affects actors in the journalism sector. The media is often referred to as the fourth estate, an institution inherently important for democracy. By scrutinizing politicians, journalists have the possibility to reveal transgressions and provide the public insight into how powerholders are performing as state officials. With this knowledge, the public can make informed decisions as to who will earn their vote in coming elections. This article studies the space for manoeuvre of investigative journalism in a small island state where the interconnectedness of people - journalists, sources, and powerholders - is a fact. It does so by studying the case of Cape Verde, a small island nation with 560 000 residents. Interviews with 12 Cape Verdian journalists from a range of the most important media outlets in the country, reveal that although freedom of expression and freedom of the press are constitutionally guaranteed, there are substantial practical limitations of free journalism. Respondents tell of widespread self-censorship, underfunding, and political interference as aspects that limit the possibility of conducting their work in a manner that would make them the watchdog institution that most of them aspire to and wish they could be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction – Diabetes mellitus (DM), with macro and microvascular complications, has direct and indirect consequences in the population’s life but also on the health system in Cape Verde. This study intends to characterize for the first time the ocular complications of DM in diabetic patients monitored in the Ophthalmology Service of Hospital Dr. Batista de Sousa during the last five years. Methods – This retrospective cross-sectional study assessed the clinical records of diabetic patients monitored in the ophthalmology service in São Vicente from 2015 to 2020. From the initial 57 clinical records consulted, and in accordance with the inclusion criteria and exclusion, 22 clinical files were included (44 eyes). Results – Diabetic retinopathy (100%) and diabetic macular edema (45.45%) were the most frequent alterations in the studied sample. Additionally, different ocular alterations were described, such as cataracts (72.27%), ptosis (4.54%), pterygium (13.63%), pinguecula (2.27%), conjunctival hyperemia (6.81%), neovascularization of iris (4.54%) and glaucoma (4.54%). Discussion/Conclusion – These findings are important to develop a first local impact assessment of DM on eye health and simultaneously provide tools to improve local health policies. This characterization has been useful to document not only the different DM ocular consequences but allow to clarify potential priority actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiont bacterium that induces cytoplasmic incompatibility and inhibits arboviral replication in mosquitoes. This study aimed to assess Wolbachia prevalence and genetic diversity in different mosquito species from Cape Verde. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected on six islands of Cape Verde and identified to species using morphological keys and PCR-based assays. Wolbachia was detected by amplifying a fragment of the surface protein gene (wsp). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed with five housekeeping genes (coxA, gatB, ftsZ, hcpA, and fbpA) and the wsp hypervariable region (HVR) for strain identification. Identification of wPip groups (wPip-I to wPip-V) was performed using PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay on the ankyrin domain gene pk1. Results: Nine mosquito species were collected, including the major vectors Aedes aegypti, Anopheles arabiensis, Culex pipiens sensu stricto, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Wolbachia was only detected in Cx. pipiens s.s. (100% prevalence), Cx. quinquefasciatus (98.3%), Cx. pipiens/quinquefasciatus hybrids (100%), and Culex tigripes (100%). Based on the results of MLST and wsp hypervariable region typing, Wolbachia from the Cx. pipiens complex was assigned to sequence type 9, wPip clade, and supergroup B. PCR/RFLP analysis revealed three wPip groups in Cape Verde, namely wPip-II, wPip-III, and wPip-IV. wPip-IV was the most prevalent, while wPip-II and wPip-III were found only on Maio and Fogo islands. Wolbachia detected in Cx. tigripes belongs to supergroup B, with no attributed MLST profile, indicating a new strain of Wolbachia in this mosquito species. Conclusions: A high prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia was found in species from the Cx. pipiens complex. This diversity may be related to the mosquito's colonization history on the Cape Verde islands. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to detect Wolbachia in Cx. tigripes, which may provide an additional opportunity for biocontrol initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cape Verde has attracted high Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows in the last 15 years. Although there is growing literature on the determinants of FDI in developing countries, only a few studies are available addressing African countries. This paper aims to fill this gap and identify the main economic and political determinants of FDI in Cape Verde, a small African country. The analysis is based on data from 1986 to 2019 concerning several macroeconomic and political variables that are potential determinants of Cape Verde’s FDI inflows. Firstly, several unit root tests are run, such as the Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Dickey-Fuller-GLS, Phillips-Perron and KPSS tests. As the time series are generally integrated, they are tested for cointegration using Johansen’s maximumeigenvalue and trace tests. Then, a vector error correction model (VECM) is fitted to the data and its goodness-of-fit is satisfactory, enabling the estimation of a long-run regression equation for the FDI, our primary purpose. The fitted model concludes that market growth, macroeconomic instability, infrastructures, political stability, and trade openness are important determinants of FDI inflows. As expected, all but macroeconomic instability have a positive impact on FDI, which means that: economic growth attracts FDI; macroeconomic instability deters FDI; a country with good infrastructure quality can attract larger FDI inflows; a country’s political stability brings larger FDI inflows; trade openness also induces FDI, and its impact is quite strong. Furthermore, the estimate of FDI’s speed of adjustment or error correction towards the equilibrium is 0.16 percentage points. Maximizing the benefits of FDI requires policymakers to implement appropriate domestic policies. Thus, the above determinants have to be regarded as crucial competitiveness tools for Cape Verde’s success as an FDI host country, namely boosting economic growth and ensuring its sustainability, keeping price (macroeconomic) stability, investing in building infrastructures and developing Information and Communication Technologies, ensuring political stability and good government practices, and implementing reforms towards a more export-oriented trade regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I analyse how tapestry contributed to the affirmation of post-colonial identity in Cape Verde. After the archipelago's independence in 1975, the dissemination and renewal of craft was one of the ways to generate a new Cape Verdean identity, its popular character facilitating its spread to the entire population. The Cooperativa Resistência founded in 1976, was given the task of exploring all the forms of traditional craft in Cape Verde, but gave priority to the textile arts, trying to revitalize the panú di téra (a traditional Cape Verdean textile made from cotton, literally "cloth of the land") under the motto "não deixar morrer a tecelagem," ["don't let the weaving die"] at the time when it in danger of extinction. In 1977, the Cooperativa Resistência gave way to the Centro Nacional de Artesanato (CNA) that encouraged collaboration between artists and craftsmen and was imbued with the revolutionary spirit inherited from the pan-Africanist and anti-colonial leader Amílcar Cabral. Renamed Centro Nacional de Arte, Artesanato e Design (CNAD) in 2018, the Centre now follows another model to support crafts: promoting creative residencies in order to facilitate artistic synergies between different disciplines. One of these residencies - the TEADA residency – concentrates on fiber art, situating tapestry as an autonomous artistic object in line with movements that have been taking shape since the first biennials in Lausanne. The foundation of the TEADA residency has coincided with the end of the last generation of artisans trained in the early days of the CNA and concerns that Cape Verdean tapestry is in danger of becoming a mere tourist souvenir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographically part of West Africa, Cape Verde is a Creole and diasporic nation. This article begins by characterizing contemporary Cape Verde and the connections to the past, integrating history, memory and cultural manifestations. It then probes how Cape Verde developed politically and socioeconomically, paying special attention to urban-rural links and island city dynamics. It studies the situation of Cape Verde as a whole and of people individually to understand Cape Verdeans' relationship with food and with rurality, along what lines people unite or divide, and to what extent food is susceptible to political opportunism. To answer these related questions, the present article juxtaposes three strands of explanations: the historical and the political; the popular and the nostalgic; and the cultural and the literary. It suggests that Cape Verde is a politically oriented culture that has managed not only to consolidate a common discourse of solidarity, unity, equality and democracy despite material differences but also to reinvent a negative natural heritage for stronger national identity and social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with a particular dynamic in the relationship between adults and children in Cape Verde, namely, physical punishments. I reflect from an ethnographic fieldwork carried out in two stages between 2019 and 2020 with children from zero to 12 years old in a peripheral neighborhood in the capital of Cape Verde. I bring data that allow to argue how the punishments (read here as mechanisms of discipline) to which children are submitted are part of the field of care, contrasting notions of international organizations about the violence to which the child is subjected. I also argue that care is conceived and elaborated collectively by the people of the community in a logic of multiplication throughout the children's daily circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoa which have been reported in different countries worldwide from diverse sources (water, soil, dust, air), contributing to the environmental microbiological contamination. Most of the FLA species present a life cycle with two different phases: an active vegetative and physiologically form named trophozoite, and an extremely resistant phase called cyst. Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Sapinia pedata, Vahlkampfia spp., Paravahlkampfia spp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis have been reported not only as causal agents of several opportunistic diseases including fatal encephalitis or epithelial disorders, but also as capable to favour the intracellular survival of common pathogenic bacteria, which could avoid the typical water disinfection systems, non-effective against FLAs cysts. Even though Santiago Island possesses high levels of humidity compared to the rest of the archipelago of Cape Verde, the water resources are scarce. Therefore, it is important to carry out proper microbiological quality controls, which currently do not contemplate the FLA presence in most of the countries. In the present work, we have reported the presence of Acanthamoeba spp. (69.2%); Vannella spp. (15.4%); Vermamoeba vermiformis (7.7%) and the recently discovered Stenamoeba dejonckheerei (7.7%) in different water sources of Santiago Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccoid microalgae of the genus Trebouxia Puymaly are by far the most prevalent among the various species involved in lichen symbioses. However, their taxonomic knowledge is rather scarce compared to that of lichenized fungi. In the present work, a taxonomic study integrating diverse techniques (phylogenetics, light, confocal and transmission electron microscopies) is carried out to describe Trebouxia maresiae Garrido-Benavent, Chiva & Barreno, sp. nov. This species widely associates with the red-listed lichenized fungus Seirophora villosa (Ach.) Frödén but also with species of the genus Ramalina Ach., both occurring in coastal environments in the western Mediterranean and the Cape Verdean islands. This microalga is circumscribed to Trebouxia clade A and is closely related to T. de colorans Ahmadjian. It is characterized by the cell size being up to 15 µm in diam., the crenulate chloroplasts, and the structure of pyrenoids, which in cultured cells fits well with the crenulata-type, with long branched tubules meandering through the pyrenoid matrix, whereas in the lichenized state it acquires a hybrid structure (maresiae-type), characterized by the periphery of the pyrenoid being rather gigantea-type, with thylakoid membranes forming short, branched tubules. With the present work, the taxonomy of the genus Trebouxia moves a step forward towards more accurately characterizing species in lichen microalgae which is a prerequisite for future, more complex studies on speciation, co-evolution and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduced into Cape Verde in the late 1970s, tapestry was nationalised by the drawings of the cartoons, now called "portraits of the people's day-to-day life". These images have been incorporated into other artifacts such as pictures with collages, turning handicrafts into a fertile field of analysis regarding the country's visual construction processes. Starting with a survey of the main lines and points of inflection of the evolution of tapestry in Europe that favoured its advent in Cape Verde, the present paper examines the drawings seen on the 46 tapestries and 282 pictures with collages exhibited in November 2019 in Mindelo's souvenir shops, putting forward a set of hypotheses resulting from a first attempt at articulating these images and the leading propositions about the Cape Verdian identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islands worldwide have suffered seabird extinctions after the arrival of humans and the alien species they introduced. On Santa Luzia (Cabo Verde), an uninhabited island of 35 km2, the presence of an impressive quantity of petrel bones in coastal dunes suggested the previous existence of an important seabird colony. Yet, these remains had not been identified and no seabird extinctions have been reported for the island. This paper characterizes the extinct seabird colony of Santa Luzia and discusses the chronology and possible causes of its demise. A total of 130 grid points in a 5 km2 area and 38 supplementary points within and outside the main study area were excavated to collect bone remains. A total of 1318 anatomical elements, identified as White-faced Storm Petrel Pelagodroma marina eadesorum (85.3% of the minimum number of individuals, MNI), Boyd's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri boydi (11.8% MNI) and Cape Verde Storm Petrel Hydrobates jabejabe (2.9% MNI), were found in 18% of the sampling points, within 1.25 km2. Neither of the two former species currently breeds on Santa Luzia. In addition, two bones of the Cape Verde Shearwater Calonectris edwardsii and Pterodroma sp. were detected in the supplementary points. Radiocarbon dating of White-faced Storm Petrel (n = 10) and Boyd's Shearwater bones (n = 13) suggests that the colony probably went extinct during the first half of the twentieth century. The recent extinction of these species on Santa Luzia might be consequent on the arrival of humans and their domestic animals on the island. We estimate that the extinct seabird populations must have been at least hundreds of thousand strong, far larger than current populations of the same species in Cabo Verde. We suggest that, following feral cat eradication, Santa Luzia has a significant potential for seabird restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reflects on nationality and colonialism, starting from the category of "creolization" present in Cape Verdean literature. It analyzes its origin and contribution to the formation of a "myth of origin". It observes nationalization in Africa and its relation to Portuguese domination and post-colonial policies. Finally, it presents contributions from several authors on nation, colonialism and national imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of scientific knowledge in the natural sciences in the nineteenth century to a large extent depended on networking and communication between naturalists. Our case-study illustrates such forms of scientific communication using a social network analysis (SNA) approach for studying the relationships of the Reverend Richard Thomas Lowe, an English naturalist who lived in Madeira from 1826 to 1852, and continued to visit until his death in a shipwreck in 1874. During his lifetime, he established a network of contacts mainly in the United Kingdom and in Madeira, which enabled him to develop and publish his pioneering work on the local flora, including A manual flora of Madeira and the adjacent islands of Porto Santo and the Desertas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilingualism in European classrooms is the norm, not exception, and while the management of linguistic diversity is increasingly at the fore of language policy debates, policy engagement with the multilingual realities of schools continues to be inadequate, and the linguistic habitus of present-day education systems remains largely monolingual [Piller, I. (2016). Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice: An Introduction to Applied Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press.]. This article draws on a case study of Cape Verdean immigrants in the small fishing town of Burela in Galicia, Spain, to highlight the challenges associated with language education and immigration in a minority language setting specifically. The article presents an expansion of the concept of decapitalisation [Martín Rojo, L. (2010) Constructing Inequality in Multilingual Classrooms, De Gruyter Mouton.] as a framework for analysing how hegemonic ideologies in the Galician education system can contribute to social stratification and the marginalisation of the immigrant population. The article focuses specifically on discourses deployed by teachers to understand how processes of decapitalisation play out, and the grassroots initiatives taken to resist them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Report from the Field is a post-mortem reflection on a statewide memorialization project on slavery that ultimately failed. In this essay, I attribute the failure of the project in large part to conflicting historical approaches and claims to narrative authority over the representation of a specifically Rhode Island image of slavery. Although the organization studied here no longer exists, other nascent grassroots organizations dedicated to the memorialization of slavery and grappling with issues of emerging narratives and competing claims to local memory may derive benefit from my analysis and the proposed "scaffolded conversations" with which I conclude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Palaeoecological data provide an essential long‐term perspective of ecological change and its drivers in oceanic islands. However, analysing the effects of multi‐scalar and potentially co‐occurring disturbances is particularly challenging in dry islands. Here, we aim to identify the ecological consequences of the integrated impacts of a regional drying trend, volcanic eruptions and human mass migrations in a spatially constrained environment—a small, dry oceanic island in Macaronesia. Location: Brava Island, Republic of Cabo Verde. Taxa: Terrestrial vegetation and fungi. Methods: We use palaeoecological analyses applied to a caldera soil profile that dates back to 9700 cal yr BP (calibrated years before the present). Analyses include pollen (vegetation history), non‐pollen palynomorphs (changes in fern and fungal communities), grain‐size distribution, loss‐on‐ignition and geochemistry (sedimentology and erosion regimes), microscopic tephra shards (volcanic ash deposition) and charcoal (fire regime). Results: A regional drying trend after c. 4000 cal yr BP caused increased erosion but had limited immediate impacts on highland grassland vegetation. The expansion of fern‐rich woody scrubland was contemporaneous with significant deposition of volcanic ash and erosion between 1800 and 650 cal yr BP. About 300 cal yr BP, exogenous plants expanded, grazing and fires increased, and there was a decrease of native vegetation cover. Main conclusions: Throughout the Holocene, highland vegetation in Brava was characterized by the presence of open landscapes dominated by herbaceous species (e.g. Poaceae, Forsskaolea), with some presence of woody native taxa (e.g. Ficus, Dodonaea). A regional drying trend was a driver of erosion since the Mid Holocene but did not have an immediate influence on highland vegetation. Tephra deposition is a possible driver of vegetation change. Inter‐island mass migration after volcanic events in Fogo Island c. 1680 CE potentially triggered land use change and intensification, causing a reduction of native vegetation in Brava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cape Verdeans have migrated to many parts of the world. In Portugal, they are prominent demographically and socially. The archipelago of Cape Verde presents a unique combination of colonial past, immigration history and geographical features that complexifies a study of interpersonal and spatial relationships. The present study has two aims. It seeks to illustrate how Cape Verdean migrant women in Greater Lisbon live, define and negotiate their relationships with people and places, given the transnational configuration of contemporary migration. It also attempts to highlight how these women exercise creativity in expressions and assertions of womanhood. Based on fieldwork, I suggest that Cape Verdean migrant women are historically, socially, and culturally situated subjects. Not only do they possess the capacity to forge meaningful relationships, but they also navigate a sea of multiple and overlapping identities and belongings. They reassess and appropriate interpersonal and spatial relationships with reference to distinct ideas and criteria drawn from their migratory experiences. Taken together, their lived experiences reflect on their self-image as women, mothers, migrants and citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The length–weight relationships (LWR) were estimated for five selected demersal marine fishes from the relatively undisturbed shelves and slopes of the Cabo Verde Islands. Most of them were of ecological and/or commercial interest. Occasional sampling was carried out during different fisheries research projects. LWRs were taken for the following bycatch species for which no such estimates exists in the science literature: Myroconger compressus, Synaphobranchus affinis, Physiculus cyanostrophus, Physiculus caboverdensis and Canthidermis maculata. Total length and fork length (to the nearest 0.1 cm) and total weight (to the nearest 0.1 g) were determined. The resulting length–weight equations are characterized by a high accompanying coefficient of correlation. The present data help improving the knowledge base needed for further fish biology studies and fisheries management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

São Vicente Island is in the Republic of Cape Verde. It lies within the Sahelian zone and faces several natural risks, one of which is flash flooding. Based on a questionnaire entitled Flash Flood Risk Perception in Cape Verde, applied to 203 subjects, influence the behavioural decision making adopted by people when confronted with this natural hazard. A multivariate technique was conducted on the main dimensions (categorical principal components analysis, CATPCA) to identify the primary factors associated with the perception of flash flood risk. Results of this analysis suggest that education level and gender explain more than 50% of the observed variance. Respondents with higher education show greater knowledge about this type of natural risk, although they ascribe its occurrence to divine punishment. Men and women have different perceptions about flash flooding, its causal attributions, and support from public entities regarding planning policies. Prior experience mainly influences the perception of the personal consequences of flash flood events. The results show the relevance of introducing risk education into schools to raise awareness about the causes and consequences of flash floods and improve readiness and responses to this risk manifestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the relationships between migrations, gender, and family dynamics, focusing on the Creole society of Cape Verde. Based on field research data from Boa Vista Island, from which many women have emigrated to Italy to work as housemaids, I reflect on the constructions of family dynamics in a territorial and relational space that is not restricted to people who reside in physical proximity. In a process that I denominate making family, networks of support and solidarity to which people constantly turn, people come and go between the two localities. This is the result of long-term planning that obeys both the Cape Verdean logic that to grow it is necessary to leave and the adaptability of projects of mobility to the labor market and Italian immigration law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic led Higher Education institutions to readapt their practices, adapting their functioning to the new restrictions. In Cape Verde, this education subsystem plays an important role in national development, despite facing structural difficulties, the pandemic posed new challenges to the country's HEIs. In this article, the answers given by the University of Santiago, in the academic year 2019-2020 are presented. Its performance was based on four objectives: ensuring the safety of the entire academic community; include all students; respond to technological needs; and create a pedagogical model appropriate to the new reality. Despite the challenges, the safety of the community was guaranteed, ensuring the participation of more than 90% of students, thanks to the commitment to the renewal of technological structures and a teaching system adapted to the new reality, which opens up new fields of action and means a reinvention the role of Higher Education in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2015-2016, Cape Verde, an island nation off the coast of West Africa, experienced a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak involving 7,580 suspected Zika cases and 18 microcephaly cases. Analysis of the complete genomes of 3 ZIKV isolates from the outbreak indicated the strain was of the Asian (not African) lineage. The Cape Verde ZIKV sequences formed a distinct monophylogenetic group and possessed 1-2 (T659A, I756V) unique amino acid changes in the envelope protein. Phylogeographic and serologic evidence support earlier introduction of this lineage into Cape Verde, possibly from northeast Brazil, between June 2014 and August 2015, suggesting cryptic circulation of the virus before the initial wave of cases were detected in October 2015. These findings underscore the utility of genomic-scale epidemiology for outbreak investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Central Atlantic archipelagos – the Canaries, Cape Verde, Madeira and the Azores – tsunami hazard is often regarded as low, when compared with other extreme wave events such as hurricanes and storms. The geological record of many of these islands, however, suggests that tsunami hazard may be underestimated, notwithstanding being lower than in areas adjacent to subduction zones, such as the margins of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Moreover, tsunamis in oceanic islands are generally triggered by local large‐scale volcanic flank collapses, for which little is known about their frequency, making it difficult to estimate the probability of a new occurrence. Part of the problem lies in the fact that tsunami deposits are usually difficult to date, and few islands in the world exhibit evidence for repeated tsunami inundation on a protracted timescale. This study reports on the presence of abundant tsunami deposits (conglomerates and sandstones) on Maio Island (Cape Verde) and discusses their stratigraphy, sedimentological characteristics, probable age and tsunamigenic source. Observations indicate that four distinct inundation events of variable magnitude took place during the Pleistocene. One of the tsunami deposits yielded a high‐confidence U/Th age of 78·8 ± 0·9 ka, which overlaps within error with the 73 ± 7 ka age proposed for Fogo volcano's flank collapse, an event known to have had a significant tsunami impact on nearby Santiago Island. This shows that the Fogo tsunami also impacted Maio, resulting in runups in excess of 60 m above coeval sea‐level at ca 120 km from the source. Two older deposits, possibly linked to recurrent flank collapses of the Tope de Coroa volcano in Santo Antão Island, yielded lower‐confidence ages of 479 to 390 ka and 360 to 304 ka. A younger deposit (<78 ka) remains undated. In summary, the geological record of Maio exhibits well‐preserved evidence of repeated tsunami inundation, reinforcing the notion that tsunami hazard is not so low at volcanic archipelagos featuring prominent and highly‐active volcanoes such as in Cape Verde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the intense presence of cinema in the history of Cape Verde, the aim of this article is to take a look at the proposals regarding the film screening aired in the early years of independence (1974-1980). In the same period, the government's actions with regard to sports, seeking to consolidate a national identity that did not fit the archipelago's trajectory, clashed with a historically constructed understanding of the practice (Melo, 2011). What would have happened to the cinema? How was the topic debated? The evidence examined comes from Voz di Povo, which circulated the PAIGC positions, as well as Alert! and Novo Jornal de Cabo Verde, periodicals launched at the time of transition to independence. It is concluded that the proposed interventions were unsuccessful, in part because of operational limitations, but also because the population refused to abandon old habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small effective population sizes could expose island species to inbreeding and loss of genetic variation. Here, we investigate factors shaping genetic diversity in the Raso lark, which has been restricted to a single islet for approximately 500 years, with a population size of a few hundred. We assembled a reference genome for the related Eurasian skylark and then assessed diversity and demographic history using RAD-seq data (75 samples from Raso larks and two related mainland species). We first identify broad tracts of suppressed recombination in females, indicating enlarged neo-sex chromosomes. We then show that genetic diversity across autosomes in the Raso lark is lower than in its mainland relatives, but inconsistent with long-term persistence at its current population size. Finally, we find that genetic signatures of the recent population contraction are overshadowed by an ancient expansion and persistence of a very large population until the human settlement of Cape Verde. Our findings show how genome-wide approaches to study endangered species can help avoid confounding effects of genome architecture on diversity estimates, and how present-day diversity can be shaped by ancient demographic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses colonial built heritage in the urban landscape of Platô, Praia's historical center. It is based on field work conducted by the authors in 2017. The aim of this article is to define the extent and rate of change in the urban landscape of Platô, from Cape Verde's independence in 1975 to 2017. The authors focus mainly on the following traces of material colonial built heritage: architecture, streets, symbolic elements and public spaces, while simultaneously describing their immaterial dimensions. The analysis is preceded by a historical overview, which includes the stages of Praia's spatial development. The authors argue that the colonial legacy in the urban landscape of Platô is constantly changing in functionality and meaning, and is progressively disappearing due to rapid social, economic, and political changes combined with a lack of adequate measures on the part of the country's authorities to preserve its colonial built heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadamosto Seamount is located in the SW of the Cape Verde Archipelago in the central Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa. Many radiometric dates exist for the islands in the archipelago, however, no geochronological information has been obtained from the numerous seamounts. The timescales for igneous processes in the submarine realm are thus poorly understood. In this study, we investigated five lavas that were sampled by dredging and ROV (remotely operated vehicle) from the flanks and summit areas of the largely phonolitic Cadamosto Seamount during two different research cruises. Chemical zonation patterns of minerals were determined by electron microprobe, and radiometric ages were obtained from single-crystal total-fusion and single−/multi-grain step-heating 40Ar-39Ar analyses of sanidine, nepheline and sodalite-group minerals. Our 40Ar-39Ar results reveal young sanidine eruption ages (all <100 ka) at Cadamosto Seamount: (1) Three western flank/summit lavas have a relatively simple petrology dominated by phenocrysts, and overlap with mean sanidine ages of 20.98 ± 0.87 ka, 21.44 ± 0.80 ka and 22.3 ± 2.0 ka, with a combined mean age of 21.04 ± 0.62 ka from the three samples (all uncertainties are quoted at 2σ). (2) The remaining two samples from the summit/NE flank are dominated by complex zoned sanidines with resorbed antecrystic cores and phenocrystic rims. These samples yield older sanidine ages of 51.8 ± 2.4 ka and 97 ± 14 ka, which are interpreted to be maximum eruption ages. This is due to the dominance of antecrysts in these two samples and the possibility that the analyzed sanidine grains may be a mixture of older antecrystic cores and younger phenocrystic rims. The older 40Ar-39Ar ages of many sanidine and nepheline antecrysts also give us clues regarding older magmatic events at Cadamosto Seamount, despite these grains having undergone resorption and phenocrystic rim overgrowths, resulting in some radiogenic 40Ar loss during entrainment in the subsequent magmas. The antecrysts minimum ages extend back to 1.5215 ± 0.0083 Ma, which supports the age progression of magmatism observed in the southern islands chain of the Cape Verde Archipelago. The youngest volcanic eruption period (21.14 ± 0.62 ka) occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum, a period of global sea level lowstands. We suggest that the comparatively rapid crust unloading leading up to the lowstand may have reduced pressure conditions within the Cadamosto Seamount magma plumbing system, and thus led to enhanced submarine eruption activity. • Extensive set of 170 40Ar-39Ar single-crystal ages for Cadamosto Seamount. • Volcanic eruption ages at Cadamosto Seamount are all young (<100 ka). • Three samples dominated by sanidine phenocrysts preserve a 21.04 ± 0.62 ka age. • Sanidine antecrysts in two samples show complex chemical zonation patterns. • Antecryst ages suggest long-lived magmatic activity in the seamount, up to 1.52 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes‐borne arboviruses have spread globally with outbreaks of vast impact on human populations and health systems. The West African archipelago of Cape Verde had its first outbreak of Dengue in 2009, at the time the largest recorded in Africa, and was one of the few African countries affected by the Zika virus epidemic. Aedes aegypti was the mosquito vector involved in both outbreaks. We performed a phylogeographic and population genetics study of A. aegypti in Cape Verde in order to infer the geographic origin and evolutionary history of this mosquito. These results are discussed with respect to the implications for vector control and prevention of future outbreaks. Mosquitoes captured before and after the Dengue outbreak on the islands of Santiago, Brava, and Fogo were analyzed with two mitochondrial genes COI and ND4, 14 microsatellite loci and five kdr mutations. Genetic variability was comparable to other African populations. Our results suggest that A. aegypti invaded Cape Verde at the beginning of the Holocene from West Africa. Given the historic importance of Cape Verde in the transatlantic trade of the 16th–17th centuries, a possible contribution to the genetic pool of the founding populations in the New World cannot be fully discarded. However, contemporary gene flow with the Americas is likely to be infrequent. No kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance were detected. The implications for vector control and prevention of future outbreaks are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes the cancer cases that occurred between 2017 and 2018 in Santiago Island, Cape Verde, according to the Hospital Agostinho Neto Cancer Registry. The five most common cancers were prostate, breast, stomach, cervix and oesophageal in order of frequency. There are no national data. Therefore, it is essential to create the conditions for the establishment of Cape Verde's population-based cancer registry as quickly as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyse patterns of turnout and electoral choices of Cape Verde's citizens in different types of elections, looking at all legislative, presidential and local elections held between 1991 and 2016, and testing four hypotheses derived from the second- order election model about differences in terms of turnout, number of spoiled/blank papers, results for the incumbent party and the electoral success of smaller parties. Our results show that, in what regards turnout and electoral behaviour, local elections present the features of second-order elections much more clearly than the presidential elections in this semi-presidential regime. However, this pattern does not necessarily mean that voters look at the latter as less second-order, but since they often took place in the honeymoon period of the legislative electoral cycle, it may only mean that there were lower incentives to punish the incumbent and/or disengage from political participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum L. (Solanaceae) is one of the largest genera of angiosperms and presents difficulties in identification due to lack of regional keys to all groups. Here we provide keys to all 135 species of Solanum native and naturalised in Africa (as defined by World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions): continental Africa, Madagascar (incl. the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, La Réunion, the Comoros and the Seychelles), Macaronesia and the Cape Verde Islands. Some of these have previously been published in the context of monographic works, but here we include all taxa. The paper is designed to be used in conjunction with the web resource Solanaceae Source (www.solanaceaesource.org) and hyperlinks provide access to online descriptions, synonymy and images (where available) of each species. All taxa treated and specimens seen are included in searchable Suppl. material 1, 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the estimation of the human capital stock for the Cape Verdean economy in the period 1950–2012. Adapting the methodology proposed by Barro and Lee, based on past schooling values, we found that between 1950 and 2012 the Cape Verdean working-age population showed a gradual improvement in the levels of schooling, rising from 0.7 years of schooling in the 1950s to 5.4 in late 2012. Thus, in each year, the average years of schooling increased only 0.08 years, meaning that, in net terms and on average, only 7.6 per cent of the working-age population was attending some level of formal education. The availability of a time series of number of average schooling years in Cape Verde opens up possibilities for assessing the impact of human capital on the country's economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of Cape Verde, an archipelagic Small Island Developing State (SIDS) off the coast of Senegal, has established a goal to achieve 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Several islands in the archipelago have suitable wind and solar resources and nationally these compose about 25% of the electricity output. However, not all islands are equally endowed with these resources and the lack of grid connections among islands poses challenges for integrating additional variable energy generation. Integrating desalination and storage (pumped hydro or battery) could enable greater penetration of wind and solar energy. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is an emerging technology that could be suitable for Cape Verde. Microgrids and self-generation could prove to be more cost effective than grid connections outside of the large cities. Achieving the 100% renewable energy goal would require a US$1 billion investment. Cape Verde has a variety of resources that can contribute to achieving its 100% renewable electricity goal but combining them in manageable and cost-effective way remains a challenge. The options, opportunities, and challenges encountered by Cape Verde are applicable to other countries, especially small island developing states and archipelagos around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International environmental treaties are the key means by which states overcome collective action problems and make specific commitments to address environmental issues. However, systematically assessing states’ influence in promoting global environmental protection has proven difficult. Analyzing newly compiled data with a purpose-built statistical model, we provide a novel measurement of state influence within the scope of environmental politics and find strong influences among states and treaties. Specifically, we report evidence that states are less likely to ratify when states within their region ratify, and results suggesting that countries positively influence other countries at similar levels of economic development. By examining several prominent treaties, we illustrate the complex nature of influence: a single act of ratification can dramatically reshape global environmental politics. More generally, our findings and approach provide an innovative means to understand the evolution and complexity of international environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is a viable, but risky, option for many small island countries to integrate and compete in the world economy. This article examines tourism in the small island economy of Cape Verde. It assesses the risks to its long term development posed by the industry. The country has one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world. However, this rapid growth is a dual-edge sword. Tourism-led growth results in real economic gains. However, the type and organisation of Cape Verde's tourism industry magnifies the country's already high structural vulnerability. Given its current structure and pace of growth, tourism increases macroeconomic risks and vulnerability. It is reproducing the same monoculture dependency that traditionally hampered development in African economies. The policy lessons are clear. Cape Verde must foster economic diversification while simultaneously engaging in strategies to mitigate the risks that accompany its biggest and fastest growing sector and export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Cape Verde's independence from Portugal in 1975, young musicians based in the country's capital, Praia, and in Lisbon's metropolitan area created new popular-music aesthetics, reworking expressive genres from the island of Santiago that had been marginalised throughout Portuguese colonial rule. Based on the cultural emphasis of Amílcar Cabral's political thinking and on cosmopolitan musical influences, this creative process challenged the official notions of Cape Verdean creoleness (creolidade), culture and identity fostered by cultural politics at the time of establishing the postcolonial state. This article questions the legacy of Cabral's political thinking in postcolonial Cape Verde, especially its meaning for cultural politics and popular-music production. This strives to show how musicians interpreted Cabral's ideas of 'return to the source' and the 're-Africanization of spirits' to make audible the historical experience of a creolised blackness. While Santiago's expressive genres came to be integrated with the official national culture, cultural hierarchies based on the antinomies inherited from colonial rule (Africa-Europe, low-high, popular-elite), persist in political and popular practices and discourses. I argue that this legacy explains the contingent creoleness assigned to Santiago's population, which discursively slides between an excess and an absence of creole attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In order to acquire a better knowledge of iron forms, clay minerals and the content and distribution of trace elements in soils mostly used for agriculture in the semi-arid Brava Island (Cape Verde), iron speciation, mineralogy and chemical contents in the clay-size fraction (<2 μm) of incipient soils developed on sediments and phonolitic pyroclasts was performed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and neutron activation analysis. In contrast with the whole samples in the clay-size fraction of all the studied soils only Fe(III) was detected. Iron and chromium are depleted suggesting their occurrence as ferromagnesian and oxide minerals present in coarser particles. Rare earth elements are concentrated in the clay-size fraction, and significant differences are found in their distribution which may be partially due to oxidation, since Ce anomalies were observed. Among the other chemical elements studied, high concentrations of arsenic, bromine, and particularly antimony were found in the clay-size fraction of soils where all the Fe oxides are nano-sized, confirming the predominant adsorption of these elements on the nano-particles surface. The existence of significant amounts of these elements as well as of vitreous phases in fine particles of these soils may contribute to their mobility and accumulation in groundwater and in plants, both by absorption and by dust deposition onto the plant leaves. Highlights • REE enrichment in the clay-size fraction of sediments and phonolitic pyroclast soils. • High concentrations of As, Br and especially Sb in clay-size fraction. • Predominant adsorption of As, Br and Sb on nano-sized iron oxide particles surfaces. • Only Fe(III) occurs in clay-size fraction of the topsoils. • All the Fe oxides occurring in the fine fractions are nano-sized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of Kriolu or Cape Verdean Creole as a black identity should be understood in terms of chronotope, a dynamic iteration that combines time and place in the name of collective identity. The case of Cape Verdean migrants in Lisbon, Portugal, contributes to current debates on blackness as a 'becoming' and a complex set of practices by underscoring the role of encounters, both mundane and structural, in racialized formations. I draw from my fieldwork with Cape Verdean rappers and archival research in Lisbon between 2007 and 2013 to suggest that the particularities of Kriolu hold general theoretical lessons on the importance of migrancy and, by extension, space and temporality, in the process of racialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we compare Portuguese and Cape Verdean youths’ upholding of traditional beliefs about intimate partner violence (IPV) and the frequency of self-reported violent behavior in dating relationships. The sample (n = 404) consisted of 183 Cape Verdean and 221 Portuguese secondary school students of both sexes (56 % female; mean age = 16). We used two questionnaires that had previously been validated in the Portuguese population. The results revealed that young Cape Verdean adolescents uphold stronger traditional beliefs than Portuguese adolescents do, but there were no differences in overall prevalence of abuse between the two samples. The relationship between traditional beliefs and self-reported violence was significant only in the Cape Verdean sample, suggesting that campaigns against IPV have not, so far, been as effective in Cape Verde as in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban street gangs flourish in the urban centres of the Cape Verdean archipelago. Most of their members belong to the male, young and economically disadvantaged strata of society. While in public discourse youth gangs are often peremptorily blamed for most of the violence and criminality that take place in the country, the internal dynamics of gang life often go unnoticed. Based on fieldwork in the cities of Praia and Mindelo, the article discusses the mechanisms that make Cape Verdean adolescents and youths join urban gangs and stick to them, despite the state’s politics of securitization and repression. Within this context, the experience of imprisonment is related to gang members’ pre-prison biographies and the conceptualization of prison itself, reinforced during individual ‘careers’ of marginality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale (SUS-TAS) has been used as a tool to gauge the sentiment of local residents toward sustainable tourism development. This scale has been validated in cross-cultural settings by several scholars. In a like manner, in order to validate this scale, data were collected in the Cape Verde islands (off the coast of Africa) and the results showed (1) a parsimonious version of the 21-item SUS-TAS that facilitates the process of data collection without compromising its robustness and psychometric properties, (2) a validated second-order factor model, confirming that the seven factors of SUS-TAS can be loaded in two broader dimensions named “perceived tourism impacts” and “expected tourism sustainability”, (3) a SUS-TAS second-order factor model with validity in predicting residents’ support for sustainable tourism development, (4) that SUS-TAS can be interpreted by seven individual factors and/or as a global factor as indicated by the hierarchical measurement model and predictive validity. Methodological and theoretical interpretations are discussed and future refinement and applications are also offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the conception of the genus Laurencia by Lamouroux in 1813, several red macroalgal species have been included in it. In recent decades, the development of modern molecular tools has resulted in multiple taxonomic modifications, and presently, eight related genera are recognized in the so-called Laurencia complex. In the Macaronesian Region (Central East Atlantic Ocean), species from the Laurencia complex are keystone elements of the benthic communities, especially in the intertidal zone. In this review, we consolidate the existing knowledge about the Laurencia complex within the Macaronesian archipelagos and nearby areas. Morphological descriptions and phylogeographic remarks of the 16 currently accepted species--whose records were molecular or morphologically confirmed--are included together with an identification key for the Macaronesian Region. The phylogeographic data allowed us to re-visit the role of the Macaronesian archipelagos as a bridge area for the marine flora of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas (remnants of the former Thetyan Sea) or contemplate their marine flora as the result of successive processes of recolonization after the Quaternary glaciations from those donor areas. Finally, some comments about the frontiers of the research in the Laurencia complex in the Macaronesian Region and nearby coastal areas are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) diversity has not been previously studied in Cape Verde. The archipelago was discovered in 1460 by Portuguese explorers, who brought African slaves to colonise the islands. In this study, we investigated the HBV characteristics from 183 HBsAg-positive Cape Verdean individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the pre-S/S region and the full-length genomes revealed 54 isolates with HBV/A1 (57%), 21 with HBV/A2 (22%), 19 with HBV/E (20%), and one with HBV/D (1%). HBV genotypes and subgenotypes were unequally distributed through the islands. In São Vicente, the main northern island, most isolates (84%) belonged to the African-originated HBV/A1, with the remaining isolates belonging to HBV/A2, which is prevalent in Europe. Interestingly, the HBV/A1 isolates from São Vicente were closely related to Brazilian sequences into the Asian-American clade, which suggests the dissemination of common African ancestors through slave trade. In contrast, in Santiago and nearby southern islands, where a recent influx from different populations circulates, a higher diversity of HBV was observed: HBV/A1 (40%); HBV/E (32%); HBV/A2 (28%); and HBV/D (1%). HBV/E is a recent genotype disseminated in Africa that was absent in the era of the slave trade. African and European human flows at different times of the history may explain the HBV diversity in Cape Verde. The possible origin and specifics of each HBV genotype circulating in Cape Verde are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we provide new bryophyte reports for Macaronesia as a whole, for single archipelagos, and for single islands. New to Macaronesia are Aneura pseudopinguis, Didymodon brachyphyllus, Diplophyllum obtusifolium, Distichium capillaceum, and Schizymenium pontevedrense. First archipelago reports concern Brachythecium albicans (Canary Islands), Bryum dichotomum (Cape Verde), B. kunzei(Canary Islands), Homalothecium aureum (Cape Verde), Hydrogonium boUeamim (Madeira), Isopterygiopsis pukheUa (Canary Islands), P oh lia cruda (Madeira), Pterygoneurum ovatum (Canary Islands), Schistidium flaccidum (Madeira), and Tortellafasciculata (Madeira). First single island reports are given for 42 species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of Fogo Island, in Cape Verde, shows a peculiar relationship with the living territory, given that the eminence of volcanic risk is a reality they face every day. The 1951 and 1995 eruptions were particularly scarring in this insular geography, leaving in several generations of Cape Verdeans, the mark of a creation‐destruction‐restart cycle, as well as an attitude of symbiosis with nature. This article is intended to present and discuss results from a scientific research paper based on a study conducted on Fogo Island, in Cape Verde, in February 2016, where researchers sought to understand the local population's response to the last volcanic eruption (from November 2014 to February 2015), in a logic of deterritorialization‐reterritorialization, namely in terms of community and territorial resilience. The analysis method was based on direct observation, with record of the views in a field journal, as well as the biographic narratives of all those who were affected, through questionnaires and interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]