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The lack of symptoms at the early stages of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) allows the tumour to metastasize, leading to a dramatic reduction in patient survival. Therefore, we studied and set up a method based on urinary microRNAs (miRNAs) for the diagnosis of ccRCC. First, miRNA expression in ccRCC specimens and kidney tissues from healthy subjects (HSs) was investigated through analysis of data banks and validated by comparing expression of miRNAs in ccRCC and adjacent non-cancerous kidney tissue specimens by RT-qPCR. Subsequently, we developed an algorithm to establish which miRNAs are more likely to be found in the urine of ccRCC patients that indicated miR-122, miR-1271, and miR-15b as potential interesting markers. The evaluation of their levels and three internal controls in the urine of 13 patients and 14 HSs resulted in the development of a score (7p-urinary score) to evaluate the presence of ccRCC in patients. The resulting area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, and specificity were equal to 0.96, 100% (95% CI 75–100%), and 86% (95% CI 57–98%), respectively. In conclusion, our study provides a proof of concept that combining the expression values of some urinary miRNAs might be useful in the diagnosis of ccRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many different genetic alterations, as well as complex epigenetic interactions, are the basis of the genesis and progression of prostate cancer (CaP). This is the reason why until now the molecular pathways related to development of this cancer were only partly known, and even less those that determine aggressive or indolent tumour behaviour. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of about 22 nucleotides long, small non-coding RNAs, which are involved in gene expression regulation at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs play a crucial role in regulating several biological functions and preserving homeostasis, as they carry out a wide modulatory activity on various molecular signalling pathways. MiRNA genes are placed in cancer-related genomic regions or in fragile sites, and they have been proven to be involved in the main steps of carcinogenesis as oncogenes or oncosuppressors in many types of cancer, including CaP. We performed a narrative review to describe the relationship between miRNAs and the crucial steps of development and progression of CaP. The aims of this study were to improve the knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying miRNA expression and their target genes, and to contribute to understanding the relationship between miRNA expression profiles and CaP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The survival of patients with the most common type of kidney cancer (called Clear cell renal cell carcinoma—ccRCC) would dramatically improve if it was diagnosed earlier. Early diagnosis can be achieved using imaging techniques, but they are too expensive and therefore cannot be used to screen the population at risk for ccRCC. A few months ago, we published a study that evaluated the amount of certain small RNAs present in urine and showed that they are present at different levels in the urine of ccRCC patients vs. healthy subjects, and based on this discrepancy, we developed an algorithm that can anticipate the presence of kidney cancer. Such studies, however, can suffer from a technical bias called overfitting, such that the method may seem predictive even when it is not. In the present study, we sought to address this possibility and evaluate the amount of the same small RNAs in the urine of an independent cohort. As a result, we demonstrate that the previously developed algorithm has a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 65%, thus validating this technique for potential application in the early diagnosis of ccRCC with a noninvasive assay. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma, and the absence of symptoms in the early stages makes metastasis more likely and reduces survival. To aid in the early diagnosis of ccRCC, we recently developed a method based on urinary miR-122-5p, miR-1271-5p, and miR-15b-5p levels and three controls. The study here presented aimed to validate the previously published method through its application on an independent cohort. The expression of miRNAs in urine specimens from 28 ccRCC patients and 28 healthy subjects (HSs) of the same sex and age was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Statistical analyses were performed, including the preparation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The mean ccRCC diameter in ccRCC patients was 4.2 ± 2.4 mm. Urinary miRNA levels were higher in patients than in HSs. The data were processed using the previously developed algorithm (7p-urinary score), and the area under the curve (AUC) of the algorithm's ROC curve was 0.81 (p-value = 0.0003), with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 65%. Therefore, the 7p-urinary score is a potential tool for the early diagnosis of ccRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Currently, bladder cancer (BC) surveillance consists of periodic white light cystoscopy and urinary cytology (UC). However, both diagnostic tools have limitations. Therefore, to improve the management of recurrent BC, novel, innovative diagnostic tests are needed. The primary aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of Bladder EpiCheck (BE) and photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) guided cystoscopy in the surveillance of high-risk BC. A secondary aim was to compare Bladder EpiCheck (BE) and PDD-guided cystoscopy findings with whose of UC to design a diagnostic algorithm that facilitates clinical decision making. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, blinded, single-arm, single-visit cohort study. All patients were under surveillance for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and underwent cystoscopy with PDD and a BE test. Those who received a histological diagnosis were used as a reference population. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of BE, PDD-guided cystoscopy, and UC for identifying biopsy-confirmed BC lesions. The diagnostic power of the test was assessed by determining the area under the curve (AUC).Results: Forty patients were enrolled. For BE, the AUC was 0.95, and BC recurrence was detected at a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90.9%. For PDD, the AUC was 0.51, with a sensitivity and specificity of 61% and 41%, respectively. BE was combined with UC to create a decision-making algorithm capable of reducing the number of follow-up cystoscopies needed.Conclusion: BE is a very accurate diagnostic tool that has the potential to be useful in the surveillance of high-risk BC patients. Especially when combined with UC, it may be used to reduce the number of cystoscopies needed throughout follow-up. Conversely, the use of PDD as a diagnostic tool in such patients should be reconsidered. However, due to the small sample size of this study, a larger prospective clinical trial should be performed to confirm findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]