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Today's personal computers are designed and sold by Apple, IBM Corp., and others, but researchers had developed ideas and techniques they use by the mid of 1970s. This article discusses nine of those early ideas, the people who had them, and labs where they worked. The personal computer industry had a foundation to build on. The first years were like a fast-forward replay of the computer and word processing industries, assemblers, high-level languages, operating systems, superscalar CPU, and modern applications, were implemented as soon as falling cost allowed. The similarity of today's systems to the Alto, is an indication that the computer industry has consumed much of the intellectual capital developed at MIT, SRI, and PARC. Vannevar Bush, a prominent researcher at MIT developed a device called memex, which keeps an account of all books, records, and communications. Interactive computer bloomed at MIT in the 1950s, beginning with Jay Forrester's Whirlwind computer.

The article focuses on the process of automatically intermixing Arabic writing with text in European or other languages. The predominant language of the Middle East is Arabic. The societies of the Middle East are now aggressively modernizing themselves in the field of computers. Until recently, human interaction with computers in the languages of the Middle East has been hindered by the unusual properties of the native alphabets. Scores of companies are producing computer applications in the Middle East today. A design for Arabic word processing is probably best conceived in the context of Arabic desktop publishing. Automatic layout algorithms can be made remarkably competent; certainly 99.9 percent of all mixed directional text can be laid out correctly by the computer without any kind of directional indications from the typist. The technology of word processing in the Middle East is right now at the exciting phase where the peculiarities of the native scripts are yielding to sophisticated system design. Improved interaction with computers will surely bring economic and cultural gains to the societies of the Middle East, and such developments are bound to hold significance for all.

Evaluates the interfaces of an off-line document-preparation system on interactive page-presentation programs of structured documents on computers. Assessments on the functions of typesetting system formats documents; Procedures on making an on-line information data; Relevance of noninteractive document compilers on the evolution of data processing.

TikZ-Feynman is a LATEX package allowing Feynman diagrams to be easily generated within LATEX with minimal user instructions and without the need of external programs. It builds upon the TikZ package and leverages the graph placement algorithms from TikZ in order to automate the placement of many vertices. TikZ-Feynman still allows fine-tuned placement of vertices so that even complex diagrams can be generated with ease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An application of computer-aided typesetting is introduced. A working method is described for publishing ALGOL by computerized translation from Hardware into Reference representation, computerized planning of typographical layout and computerized control of a typesetting machine. The point is made that experts in science, technology, and programming are guaranteed a correct ALGOL documentation without spending valuable time and power on typographic considerations and proofreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathscout is a mathematica 1 [1] mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research Inc. package to postprocess the output of other programs for scientific calculations. We wrote mathscout to import data from a major program for ab initio computational chemistry into mathematica, so that we could postprocess the chemical results. It can be used to import the output of many other packages that are used, e.g. in molecular dynamics, crystallography, spectroscopic analysis, metabolic and physiological modeling, meteorology and other areas of environmental science, cosmology and particle physics. mathscout assigns a name to each table and non-tabular datum that it extracts. This name is constructed mechanically from the identifier or phrase that precedes or follows or embeds the item in the output that mathscout processes. A selection of non-contiguous items, or all the items in a section of the file, or in the entire file are extracted using simple commands. So far, we have focused on our immediate needs to postprocess the output of the Gaussian 2 [2] gaussian is a registered trademark of Gaussian Inc. program. Calculations on several molecules that illustrate the usage of the package are presented here and in the Supplementary Information. mathscout is shortened to msct in the software. Program summary: Program title: msct.m Catalogue identifier: ADZQ_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADZQ_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen''s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 30 396 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1 799 469 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Mathematica Computer: Any computer running unix and Mathematica Operating system: Unix Supplementary material: The Development guide Classification: 4.14, 5, 16.1, 20 Nature of problem: Import data from output files of scientific computing packages, such as Gaussian, into Mathematica for symbolic calculation and production of publication quality tables and plots. Solution method: Provision of mnemonic top-down parsing procedures, functional programming. Running time: The complete extraction of data from a small basis density functional calculation on the water molecule, and from a larger basis density functional calculation on the zinc hydrate ion, that ran to 33 iterations, took 1 second and 23 seconds, respectively, on a Dell Poweredge 1750. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article presents time saving tips when using the Mac operating system. The AutoCorrect feature in Word X and 2004 automatically fixes common spelling mistakes, but it can be used to avoid repetitive typing of commonly used words or phrases. It can also be used to quickly type symbols without opening the Insert: Symbol dialog box again. In Word 2004, the Comments pane has been replaced by the Reviewing pane and it is available only from the Reviewing Pane button on the Reviewing toolbar. But it is possible to bring it to the regular toolbar. AppleWorks 6 allows users to listen for errors. To add a Speak Text button to the button bar, choose AppleWorks: Preferences: Button Bar and drag the Speak Text button from the Word Processing group onto the Button Bar. Select the text and click on the button to hear it read aloud. When copying text from e-mail or the Web into AppleWorks documents, strange line breaks may creep in. Nisus Writer Express offers a useful feature called Document Manager, which keeps track of documents. One can start all documents in Document Manager by setting the appropriate option in Nisus' General Preferences, but it is easier to go down to the Autosave option in the same box and set it to save every minute. The application will save new documents into Document Manager by default.

Focuses on a computerized typesetting language for scientists. Device-independent files; Pull-down menus of symbols; Scientific word processing software packages.

The article focuses on the Bureau of International Commerce of the U.S. Department of Commerce's report on EDP markets in France, Sweden and Italy, in connection with the Departments Global Marketing Program for EDP. The French EDP market is growing at an annual rate of 20 percent. It is therefore expected to rise from its 1969 level of $387 million, when the value of all French EDP installations was estimated at $1,8 billion, to $900 million by the end of 1974. French EDP imports are also expected to grow from about $85 million in 1969 $30 million from the U.S. to $264 million in 1974. Swedish purchases of $54 million of EDP equipment in 1969 will reach $112 million by 1973. U.S. makers of computer terminals and peripherals now hold about 80 percent of the Italian market for their equipment. Products with the highest sales potential in Sweden include: small and medium scale computers, data transmission equipment, CRT terminals, computerized typesetting systems, and disk memories.

Purpose - This paper aims to discuss a computational facility for generating Arabic script with its traditional elegance. Reference is also made to computer analysis of historic Ottoman documents which, unlike modern Turkish, use Arabic script. The paper also seeks to note aspects of ancient Arabic science. An account is to be given of the menace of "phishing" for personal details through spam messages. Design/methodology/approach - The approach is to review developments on the internet, especially those of general cybernetic interest. Findings - The computer generation of Arabic script fills a need that has existed since the beginning of movable-type printing. Retrieval of Ottoman documents is valuable historically and presents a technical challenge. Arabic science was in many ways more advanced than is widely realised. Practical implications - Possibilities for computer typesetting are artistically and usefully extended. "Phishing" has to be seen as a serious menace. Originality/value - It is hoped that this will be a valuable periodic review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents ways on how to create vinyl signs with a computer. Materials for the project; Installation of the cutting blade; Connection of the Stika; Vinyl loading; Installation and configuration of the software; Design of a sign template; Tracing and filling of objects; Choice of a typeface; Lettering; Creation of sign.

Presents various tips and techniques for font management. Choosing between TrueType and Type 1; Managing font menus; Understanding the fonts folder; Font-management software. INSET: Fonts folder tune up..

The article discusses the work of typography designer Erik Spiekermann and his typography firm P98a. Topics include the production of display type, the role of 3D-printing in research on type production, and the relation of type production to digital typesetting. The history of Spiekermann's work as a type designer is noted.

Present advice on word processing. Details on automated text-entry systems in Word 97 and 2000 and WordPerfect 8 and 9; Instructions on splitting lines of text, creating instant heading styles and creating a personalized toolbar.

The article discusses the influence of computer keyboards on typography through the use of computer typesetting. Topics include the impact of Unicode and the OpenType font format on digital typography, the history of typography, and the role of fonts in the applications Creative Suite, Adobe Photoshop, and InDesign by the firm Adobe Systems Inc.

The article discusses the creation of digital fonts modeled after wood typographic design. Topics include the history of wood type, the preservation of wood type materials after the switch to digital typesetting in print shops, and the work of the Hamilton Wood Type & Printing Museum in Two Rivers, Wisconsin with the firm P22 Type Foundry Inc.

Provides information on computer typesetting. Spreadsheet, as one of the most corrupting game to run on a computer; Significance of Professor Donald Knuth's invention of computer typesetting; Information on the P22 type foundry.

The article presents information on a recently released word processing tool called WordPress 2.0. The tool provides the added ability to create a new category directly from the post-writing interface, a feature that should be standard in any blogging system. The new version also has improved roles system for users, which replaces previous versions' bizarro level system. WordPress 2.0 also adds a WYSIWYG editor that works fine and will probably be appreciated by many users and an upload option has been added to the posting screen as well, which seems like a good idea.

The article reports that the General Assembly of standards body Ecma International has accepted the Microsoft Corp.'s application related to a formal standard for its office productivity applications. Ecma Secretary General Jan van den Beld has said that the Assembly has created a technical committee titled TC45 to produce a formal standard for office productivity applications which is fully compatible with the Office Open XML Formats, submitted by Microsoft. According to the author, Microsoft's move to a formal standard follows the provocative Massachusetts Open-Document debate and appears to be a direct move by the company to prevent the potential loss of any further government and business contracts for Office. In this regard the other technical developers said it a huge boost for the users and the developers of open-source productivity applications. Microsoft also looked at Sun Microsystems's recent approach to OpenDocument Format, an XML-based international office document standard for storing data from desktop applications such as word processing, presentation and spreadsheet software.

Several letters to the editor discussing various topics including computer typology and diacritics, using a foot pedal to operate keyboard functions, using a foot pedal to operate keyboard functions, a decision of former columnist Florence King to move to Seattle in Washington are presented.

Cites survey findings by Adobe Systems Inc. on the most readable computer typefaces for faxing in the U.S. Palatino; Helvetica; ITC Bookman.

The article reports that ValuSoft Inc., a division of THQ Inc. has launched its Office Suite 2005 for personal computers. With Office Suite 2005, crucial everyday applications, including word processing and spreadsheets, are available to PC users at a fraction of the cost of Microsoft Office. The feature-complete Office Suite 2005 allows users to create, edit and save Word and Excel compatible documents for countless uses, including school projects, personal letters, business proposals and accounting spreadsheets. Its powerful features include the ability to enhance documents with pictures, sounds, tables, OLE objects, custom styles and more. The Excel compatible features bring spreadsheets to life with 2D and 3D graphs and "what-if" scenarios. Office Suite 2005 makes document distribution quick and easy with the PDF feature, and the mail merge function is a fast and simple way to create letters, envelopes and labels. The photo editing capabilities include removal of "red eye," restoration of photo color with one click editing, preparation of photo slideshows with professional transition and sounds, publishing of photos on the web or via email and the creation of photo CDs to share with others.

Opinion. Looks at how systems librarians in the United States can use their personal World Wide Web page as a testing ground for new techniques as well as an outlet for creativity in the field of Web technology. Features of some of the personal home pages of systems librarians; Overview of the sites created by systems librarians Eric Lease, Elaine MacLean and David S. Carter; How the author personalized his Web page in July, 1996.