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In recent times, the number of protests has increased rapidly in Romania, what many participants in these movements do not know is that they are regulated by the law of public assemblies and any organization or participation in such a demonstration must strictly respect these laws and regulations . Law no. 60/1991 on the organization and conduct of public assemblies guarantees the freedom of citizens to express their political, social or other opinions, to organize rallies, demonstrations, demonstrations, processions and any other gatherings, as well as to participate in them, with the condition that the public assemblies in question are peaceful. Public gatherings that take place in markets, on public roads or in other open air places must be declared in advance to the relevant authorities and it is not allowed that they prevent the normal use of public roads, public transport, except for those authorized, the operation of public or private institutions, of education, culture and health or of economic units. Administrative institutions and local police bodies are obliged to ensure the smooth running of public gatherings, and the organizers are obliged to ensure all the necessary measures for the public gathering to take place without incident while respecting the provisions of the law. The organization of public gatherings is prohibited in immediate proximity to railway stations, ports, airports, metro stations, hospitals, objectives, economic units with installations, machinery orimachines with a high degree of danger in operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses ambiguity and complexity in proactive policing practices and identifies the paradox that despite the focus on increasing proactivity, police work remains strongly reactive. Drawing on a set of Norwegian case studies of policing in different domains, the article shows how under an overarching objective of 'combating crime', the distinctions between non-coercive (mainly proactive) forms of prevention or (mainly reactive) methods such as investigation or intelligence are seen as unimportant. This creates a demand for professionals working across different crime types, leading to a shift towards high policing in everyday life and tension between experts and generalists. Other, unintended consequences include a fragmentation of tasks and a more general and abstract way of policing. The result is pluralization and multiagency partnership strategies, where the police conduct high-policing tasks and external actors conduct low-policing tasks. These findings point to the emergence of new forms of hybrid of policing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the local and regional contexts surrounding the creation and evolution of the Police Mobile Unit (PMU), Bechuanaland's (Botswana today) paramilitary unit that was created in 1963 to contain internal riots. After Botswana's independence in 1966, the PMU acted as a quasi-military because the country had no armed force to preform those duties. This was because from the mid-1960s, Southern Africa was marred with bloodshed due to armed struggles in Rhodesia, South Africa among others. Botswana then became a safe haven for fleeing guerrillas who would enter the country illegally. Being the only line of defence, the PMU was quickly militarised and tasked with patrolling Botswana's borders in order to arrest those guerrillas and possibly avoid being attacked by security forces of both Rhodesia and South Africa. This however did not work as planned because the PMU was simply too small and ill equipped for the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open space and parks in urban and urban-proximate areas provide vital social, economic, and health benefits to people and communities. Specific benefits include offering opportunities for people to connect with nature, improving air quality, supporting wildlife habitat, and improving community identity and attachment. Management and maintenance of these areas can be expensive and challenging, particularly when multiple agencies oversee different components of the same resource. In the Salt Lake Valley in Utah, the Jordan River Parkway (JRP) and the Bonneville Shoreline Trail (BST) provide recreation opportunities to local citizens. Multiple agencies and private land owners are charged with managing elements of each entity, resulting in inconsistent application of management plans including patrols and maintenance. Subsequently, there are aspects of these outdoor recreation spaces that need increased support, maintenance, and overall stewardship. In 2015, the Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism at the University of Utah and the National Park Service's Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (RTCA) created the Wasatch Front Urban Ranger Program (WFURP), a trail ambassador program featuring student volunteers from the University of Utah. Each Urban Ranger has three primary duties: public engagement, performing light maintenance, and collecting data on various aspects of trail use. During daily patrols, Rangers inform the public of land management issues and direct them to appropriate resources. They perform trail maintenance, including removing litter, cleaning dog waste, and plucking noxious weeds. They collect data about visitor use and conditions in each area, and regularly report the data to respective management agencies and/or law enforcement and health officials. Rangers recruit a student volunteer for each patrol, which helps increase engagement and enhance knowledge about public lands issues among University students. The program is funded through a number of small grants and the majority of the funding supports a graduate student to coordinate the program. Program partners include the National Park Service (NPS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Jordan River Commission (JRC), and Utah Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Support from additional local and national agencies help train the Rangers, including personnel the Salt Lake City Open Space District, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the USDA Forest Service (USFS), and local law enforcement agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) is likely inevitable. This technology has significant implications for police-community relations, enhanced trust and transparency, and complaint investigation. Little is known about officer, or supervisor, attitudes toward BWCs. These dimensions are critical as officer investment and agency policy influence BWC usage and effectiveness. This research uses a mixed-method approach, pairing officer surveys with focus groups of patrol officers and focus groups of supervisors. University police officers participated in the survey using a census approach with near full participation. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected pre- and post-implementation to address attitudinal changes toward BWCs. Results indicate officer and supervisor support for BWCs. Many of the concerns that officers raised in the pretest, including fear of negative evaluations, internal investigations, and technology issues, were not realized. Connecting officer and supervisor perspectives provides guidance for agencies considering adoption and/or implementation of BWCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal and stereotypic behaviors in horses have been widely studied around the world and different epidemiological situations have been described for behavioral disturbances. Objective: To determine the frequency of abnormal and stereotypic behaviors in a population of police patrolling horses. Additionally, to establish chronic stress levels in the population of interest. Methods: Twenty police horses were evaluated. The animals went through 48 hours of continuous observation to record the frequency of normal, abnormal, and stereotypic behaviors. Cortisol index (CI) was calculated for all the subjects. Results: A 65% of the horses expressed behavioral disturbances, with 55% corresponding to stereotypies. The abnormal behaviors consisted on wood chewing, pawing, and bed eating. Stereotypic behaviors were weaving, stall walking, and aerophagia (crib-biting or wind sucking). According to the CI, 13 horses were under chronic stress (CI<0.30). Conclusion: High level of chronic stress, expressed as abnormal and stereotypic behaviors, was observed in the horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on patrolling missions for monitoring visitors in an environment. A single mobile robot is used. For the robot, it is required to monitor as many visitors as possible utilizing the mobility and monitoring capabilities. A challenge in the patrolling missions is that the robot does not have information about the visitors beforehand. For the unknown visitors, the robot is required to identify the trends. For this purpose, a Bayesian learning approach is applied to this robot. The identified visitor trends allow the robot to employ patrolling strategies. This is the adaptability of the patrolling robot to the unknown visitors. In this paper, we present an optimal patrolling strategy based on a value iteration method. The robot is enabled to have an optimal policy that suggests three patrolling decisions, such as the target monitoring area, monitoring time, and patrolling path in an integrated way. Furthermore, the optimal patrolling strategy is improved from the viewpoint of exploration and exploitation of information about the unknown visitors in the environment. Through simulation experiments, we discuss the effectiveness of the patrolling strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the conceptual design of a hybrid solar Medium-Altitude-Long-Endurance Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (MALE UAV) designed to perform surveillance-related missions, such as border patrolling, wildfires monitoring, atmospheric data recording, search and rescue missions and telecommunications. For this purpose, a conceptual design methodology was also developed, focusing on the energy management of the aerial platform. Specifically, the presizing calculations are presented, including the methods for estimating weight, aerodynamic and performance parameters. In order to perform a complete aerodynamic study and accurately estimate the aerodynamic coefficients, theoretical analytical methods were employed, along with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. A refined weight sizing methodology is presented in detail, including a solar power estimation technique, which allows for a balanced selection between fuel amount, panel area and battery size. The conceptualization of the power system, the selection of appropriate solar panels and the sizing of the batteries are also discussed. Finally, the results of the conceptual design procedure are presented and appropriate conclusions are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on Falklands War taking place between April to June 1982 including Air Force being busy in surveillance and patrolling airspace advancing the education of the public.

The aim of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the personal experiences and interpersonal factors that influence the performance of small military teams deployed in an extreme and isolated environment for an extended period of time. Twelve members of the Danish Sirius Patrol operating in Greenland in 6 two-person teams were evaluated over the course of a 7-week Fall and a 23-week Spring dogsledge journey by means of a bi-weekly rating form and debriefing interviews. Ratings of positive affect were significantly higher than negative affect over the course of the journeys (p = .03); adaptive cognitive and behavioral coping strategies and generally compatible interpersonal relationships were recorded. The importance of appropriate communication for team effectiveness was emphasized, including expectations about their work together and personal goals. The findings also demonstrated the negative influence of unexpected interpersonal events in the home environment on team member relationships and work performance. Applications for long-duration space exploration are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both patrolling and prepositioned strategies for allocating emergency traffic response units have been implemented in practice. To compare the performance of both response strategies, this study has conducted an efficiency comparison based on the field data from the 1-495/1-95 Capital Beltway. The extensive experimental results have revealed that the effectiveness of those response strategies varies with some critical factors, including the spatial distribution of incident frequency over different times of a day, the fleet size of the response team, the congestion level, and the available detection sources. In view of the resource constraints, the study has further presented a methodology to determine the most cost-beneficial fleet size operated with the proposed strategies, considering the marginal cost and the benefit of an additional response unit on the resulting total social benefits. The analysis results with the data from the Capital Beltway could serve as the basis for highway agencies to review and optimize their incident response and management program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the patrolling of an environment with the aid of a team of autonomous agents. We consider both the design of open-loop trajectories with optimal properties and of distributed control laws converging to optimal trajectories. As performance criteria, the refresh time and the latency are considered, i.e., respectively, time gap between any two visits of the same region and the time necessary to inform every agent about an event occurred in the environment. We associate a graph with the environment, and we study separately the case of a chain, tree, and cyclic graph. For the case of chain graph, we first describe a minimum refresh time and latency team trajectory and propose a polynomial time algorithm for its computation. Then, we describe a distributed procedure that steers the robots toward an optimal trajectory. For the case of tree graph, a polynomial time algorithm is developed for the minimum refresh time problem, under the technical assumption of a constant number of robots involved in the patrolling task. Finally, we show that the design of a minimum refresh time trajectory for a cyclic graph is NP-hard, and we develop a constant factor approximation algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this project was to develop sobriety tests that can be administered in the seated position to assist water patrol officers in detecting alcohol-related impairment in boaters. Four seated sobriety tests were administered to 330 boaters to determine the tests’ usefulness in classifying boaters as having blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) below the illegal limit (BAC<.08%) or above the illegal limit (BAC≥.08%). Data were obtained by a team of four marine officers and two civilian observers on Lake of the Ozarks in central Missouri. The overall correct percentages, sensitivity, and specificity of the tests were consistent with what is typically reported in literature on the roadside sobriety tests. The tests’ reliability was also consistent with what is typically reported in literature on the roadside sobriety tests. Thus, the four tests may assist marine officers with assessments of alcohol-related impairment in boaters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Replica attack is a critical concern in the security of wireless sensor networks. We employ mobile nodes as patrollers to detect replicas distributed in different zones in a network, in which a basic patrol detection protocol and two detection algorithms for stationary and mobile modes are presented. Then we perform security analysis to discuss the defense strategies against the possible attacks on the proposed detection protocol. Moreover, we show the advantages of the proposed protocol by discussing and comparing the communication cost and detection probability with some existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Over the past few years property management has become a prominent topic in Mainland China. The proprietors expect the property company to provide a broad range of services and deal with kinds of complaints. One of main duties of the property management is to provide a security patrol on the housing estate so that the security personnel can provide an immediate response to people in need and deal with complaints. The property managers are facing two big challenges: an increase in complaints and manpower shortage. The purpose of this study is to find a systematic method to improve the deployment of security guards in a large property company located in south China. We developed a mathematical model that fits the practical situation. A case study in which the proposed methodology is applied is given in this paper to show how the optimal allocation is determined. In comparison with the current empirical method of allocation the utilization of the optimal allocation obtains a 27.5% improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the ultimate goal of the forces engaged in combat - the victory, there is an intermediary objective, situated, however, in a point where most of the processes specific to the military body converge - reaching a high level of training for the mission, which allows forces to confidently enter the theater of operation they were sent to. Such a level requires concentrated effort, involving more fields of activity, among which one can distinguish the permanent, intense, concentrated, training process. It is this process that has the major task of producing specific human resource - competent, confident, disciplined, adaptable combatants and leaders. Given the growing diversity of the missions that the „product‟ will have to face, the process itself has to meet new challenges. One can also add the old resource problem: time, budget, personnel, which never seem to suffice. Therefore, continuous adjustment of the process to constraints, be them ingoing or outgoing, is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a research trip to the Museum and Archeological Regional Storage (MARS) Facility of the National Park Service located in Maryland along with electronic information resources concerning veterans available at different websites. The facility stores information concerning involvement of Vietnam veterans in war. The website www.vvmf.org is predicted to be of interest to families of veterans who died after their return from the Vietnam war. The website grunt.space.swri.edu/tapsgal.htm honors Vietnam Veterans who have made their last patrol. The website also provides the anniversary dates of the veterans who died in the war.

A wide array of variables was used to determine those critical for peer group cohesion in the Finnish Defence Forces. Data were collected by questionnaires and records from 977 conscripts over 6 months of service. The best predictors of peer cohesion were personal sociability, primary group relationships, and secondary group experiences (R² = .52). Changes in cohesion were associated with changes in company climate, expected group performance, hazing, leadership, social adjustment, and training motivation (R² = .26). Higher cohesion was related to more positive training performance, expected combat performance, and attitudes toward national defense. Categories of variables needed to conduct peer group cohesion research are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]