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Oyster mushroom has ecological importance in maintaining balance in the environment by recycling chemical elements between the soil, organisms and the atmosphere by industrial applications to produce highly protein foods when treat and clean up pollutants in same time. Minerals value (C, N, Co, Pb, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Mn) of fruiting bodies of four oyster mushrooms species; Pleurotus ostreatus (grey), P. ostreatus (white), P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus (bright yellow) and P. salmoneostramineus (pink), were investigated on three mixtures; F1 (wheat straw alone 100%), F2 (wheat straw 70%, white sawdust 20% and Iraqi date palm fiber "fibrillum" 10% mixture) and F3 (wheat straw 50%, white sawdust 30% and fibrillum 20% mixture). The kinds of substrates showed significant (P<0.05) differences of mineral composition of mushroom that due to metal content of each substrate, whereas the mixture which composed from one substrate was poorer in mineral value compared with others which composed from more one. Generally, Fe, Ni and Cd have been increased in substrates, also increased in fruiting bodies of oyster mushroom. These mineral levels were below the safety limits defined by FAO/WHO for weekly Required Dietary Intake (RDI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the gas production kinetics of wheat straw, alfalfa hay and barley grain and estimate t25, t50, t75 and t95 using Y = A(1-exp-ct) exponential model. Gas productions were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubation times. At all incubation times gas production of barley grain was significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. The in vitro gas production rate (c) and total gas production (A) of barley grain was significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. Time to produce 25, 50, 75 and 95% of total gas production (t25, t50, t75 and t95) of barley grain also were significantly (P<0.01) lower than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. As a result, in addition to the "c" and "A", using Y = A(1-exp-ct) exponential model the estimation of t25, t50, t75 and t95 will provide more useful data to compare feedstuffs in terms of in vitro fermentation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated by using cellulase from Trichoderma viride at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8% doses (dry matter (DM) basis) to have straw containing 40% DM. After this process was performed in triplicate for each control and experimental groups, samples ensiled in glass jars were incubated at room temperature (22°C) and 40°C for 30 days. As a result of enzyme treatment, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose and cellulose contents of wheat straws were decreased but water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), lactic acid and metabolizable energy contents (ME) were increased (P<0.05). While significant increases were determined on in vitro gas production (GP), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and true organic matter digestibility (TOMD) parameters of wheat straws as 23.00 ml, 24.30 and 33.40% (in DM), respectively at 40°C of 0.8% cellulase treatments, microbial biomass production (MBP) was determined as 99.40 mg (in DM) at 40°C of 0.2% cellulase treatment (P=0.000). In conclusion, when the improvements in the nutrient, cell wall component, and in vitro digestibility were considered, it was determined that the use of fibrolytic enzyme increased the nutritive value of wheat straw. The best results were obtained from higher doses of cellulase (0.8%) treatments at 40°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]