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A 28 nm CMOS software-defined transceiver (SDTRX) enabling high-speed data (HSD) streaming, including ultra HD TV, within home cable networks is presented. By making efficient use of available cable bandwidth, the SDTRX dynamically handles up to 1024-QAM OFDM-modulated HSD streams. This paper addresses SDTRX system-level design methodology as the key driver in enabling performance optimization for achieving a wide frequency range of operation at lowest power and area consumption. By employing an optimized architecture constructed on available state-of-the-art 28 nm functional building blocks, the monolithic SDTRX consists of a mixer-based harmonic rejection RX with a digital-to-analog converter-based TX and a smart phase-locked loop system. It operates over 0.4–1.7 GHz frequency range while consuming less than 475 mW in half-duplex mode. Moreover, by developing a simple transmitter (TX) to receiver (RX) loopback circuit, the system is enabled to efficiently calibrate TX output power and to remove the need for a dedicated external pin. This low-cost SDTRX is embedded in various 28 nm CMOS multimedia system-on-chip and is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first reported transceiver front-end to enable true HSD streaming within home cable networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Guidelines for kidney function monitoring and antiretroviral drug dosing are available and respectively refer to glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance (CrCl). Objective The aim of the study was to compare kidney function estimates vs. measured 24-h CrCl in HIV-infected subjects. Methods A cross-sectional design was used, with comparison of Cockcroft–Gault (CG), original and simplified modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equations vs. measured 24-h CrCl. Subjects were HIV-infected, 18–70 years old, without pre-existing kidney disease. Results Results are presented as mean (±standard deviation), unless otherwise stated. The study population consisted of 90 patients, of whom 71% were male, with a mean age of 45 years (±6.5 years). At the time of evaluation, the mean body mass index was 23 (±3.3); mean serum creatinine was 0.91 mg/dL (±0.2 mg/dL); and mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was 34.7 mg/dL (±10.6 mg/dL). Differences between paired methods were all significant ( P<0.00001), except between CG and simplified MDRD ( P=0.21; Pearson r=0.81). In univariate analysis, male gender, CD4 nadir, hepatitis B virus coinfection, BUN and current CD4 cell count showed a significant positive correlation ( P<0.2) with the difference between measured 24-h CrCl and either CG or simplified MDRD estimates. In multivariate analysis, only BUN showed a significant positive correlation ( P<0.05). Conclusions Estimates were lower than the measurements of 24-h CrCl. Original MDRD estimates were lower than those with other equations. CG and simplified MDRD estimates showed a satisfactory correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:As more and more postmenopausal women are taking soy isoflavone supplementation for relieving menopausal symptoms, we investigated the impact of chronic exposure on their bioavailability, with focus on achievable plasma concentrations and potential stimulation of the capacity to produce equol.Subjects:A total of 12 Caucasian postmenopausal women.Intervention:Volunteers ingested 100 mg isoflavones/day (aglycone equivalents, in cereal bars and yoghurts) for 1 month. Plasma concentrations of metabolites at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h postdose, as well as urinary excretion in fractions over 36 h were compared between days 1 and 30.Results:Similar plasma kinetic curves were obtained at day 1 and day 30 for genistein and daidzein. Maximum plasma concentrations were 1.68±0.68 μmol/l on day 1 compared to 2.27±0.76 μmol/l on day 30 for daidzein (P=0.056), and 3.88±1.50 μmol/l on day 1 compared to 5.30±2.38 μmol/l on day 30 for genistein (P=0.091). Urinary excretion of daidzein and genistein did not differ significantly between days 1 and 30. Maximum plasma concentration of equol increased significantly from 0.31±0.27 to 0.99±0.51 μmol/l for equol-producer volunteers (P=0.046). However, the seven volunteers who were classified as non-equol producers on day 1 did not acquire the ability to produce equol after 1-month exposure.Conclusions:Chronic exposure to isoflavones in postmenopausal women resulted in plasma concentrations as high as 2.5–5 μmol/l of each isoflavone, but did not induce the ability to produce equol.Sponsorship:French Ministry of Research (AQS program A01347) and Beghin-Meiji (doctoral fellowship).European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 1039–1045. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602415; published online 15 February 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long-term consumption of imbalanced diets, poor in dietary fibres, resulted in the prevalence of several nutritional pathologies. However, low digestible carbohydrates (LDC) have many beneficial effects, especially on energy intake, digestive physiology, and mineral absorption.Aim of the study: To determine the digestive effects of a LDC, called NUTRIOSE FB, its metabolisable energy (ME) value, and its effects on mineral absorption in humans.Methods: Ten healthy young men were fed for 31 d periods a maintenance diet supplemented with either dextrose or the LDC at a level of 100 g DM/d, in six equal doses per d according to a cross-over design. After a 20 d adaptation period, food intake was determined for 11 days using the duplicate meal method, and faeces and urine were collected for 10 d for further analyses.Results: Ingestion of the LDC did not cause severe digestive disorders, except excessive gas emission, and flatulence and slight abdominal pain in some subjects for intakes above 50 g DM/d. Wet and dry stool outputs increased by 45 and 70%, respectively (P<0.02). In vitro enzymatic digestibility of the LDC was 15 (SD 1.5)% , and 9.2 (SD 8.3)% of the LDC was excreted in faeces (P<0.001). The ME value of the LDC was 14.1 (SD 2.3) kJ/g DM, that is 14% less than the tabulated values of sucrose and starch. Its net energy value (NEV), estimated using three prediction equations, was 8.7, 8.9, and 11.4 kJ/g DM. Ingestion of the LDC significantly increased the relative apparent absorption of Mg, and Mg retention by 67% and 31 mg/d, respectively, tended to increase Ca apparent absorption (P=0.110) and Ca retention (P=0.059), but did not significantly alter Zn parameters.Conclusion: NUTRIOSE FB can be used as a 'bulking' agent, and substituted up to 50 g/d for usual maltodextrins without causing digestive disorders in healthy subjects. It would reduce intestinal transit disorders and energy intake, and improve magnesium and calcium absorption and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Long- term consumption of imbalanced diets, poor in dietary fibres, resulted in the prevalence of several nutritional pathologies. However, low digestible carbohydrates (LDC) have many beneficial effects, especially on energy intake, digestive physiology, and mineral absorption. Aim of the study To determine the digestive effects of a LDC, called NUTRIOSE® FB, its metabolisable energy (ME) value, and its effects on mineral absorption in humans. Methods Ten healthy young men were fed for 31 d periods a maintenance diet supplemented with either dextrose or the LDC at a level of 100 g DM/d, in six equal doses per d according to a cross-over design. After a 20 d adaptation period, food intake was determined for 11 days using the duplicate meal method, and faeces and urine were collected for 10 d for further analyses. Results Ingestion of the LDC did not cause severe digestive disorders, except excessive gas emission, and flatulence and slight abdominal pain in some subjects for intakes above 50 g DM/d. Wet and dry stool outputs increased by 45 and 70 %, respectively (P <0.02). In vitro enzymatic digestibility of the LDC was 15 (SD 1.5) %,and 9.2 (SD 8.3) % of the LDC was excreted in faeces (P < 0.001). The ME value of the LDC was 14.1 (SD 2.3) kJ/g DM, that is 14% less than the tabulated values of sucrose and starch. Its net energy value (NEV), estimated using three prediction equations, was 8.7,8.9, and 11.4 kJ/g DM. Ingestion of the LDC significantly increased the relative apparent absorption of Mg, and Mg retention by 67 % and 31 mg/d, respectively, tended to increase Ca apparent absorption (P=0.110) and Ca retention (P = 0.059), but did not significantly alter Zn parameters. Conclusion NUTRIOSE® FB can be used as a "bulking" agent, and substituted up to 50 g/d for usual maltodextrins without causing digestive disorders in healthy subjects. It would reduce intestinal transit disorders and energy intake, and im- prove magnesium and calcium absorption and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]