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Examines the causal links between information and capital flows, patterns of corporate growth, and changes in industrial structure within Britain's merchant marine. Evidence from the Furness group to explore the shape and size of private communication lines; Financing entry into the tramping and liner sectors; Financing `consolidation,' 1880-1900; The rise of groups, 1900-1914; Conclusion.

Removal of internal fixation is a common procedure with recognized complication of re-fracture. Bone integrity is known to be compromised by even a single screw hole. After screw removal and return to weight bearing, the advent of minor pain is not uncommon, and with the absence of new X-ray findings, it is rarely investigated further. We present the case of an acute, non-traumatic fracture of the tibial plafond following ankle diastasis screw removal not seen on X-ray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are largely biocompatible; however, many studies have demonstrated their potential to modulate various immune cell functions. The potential allergenicity of AuNP remains unclear despite the recognition of gold as a common contact allergen. In these studies, AuNP (29 nm) dermal sensitization potential was assessed via Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA). Soluble gold (III) chloride (AuCl3) caused lymph node (LN) expansion (SI 10.9), whereas bulk particles (Au, 942 nm) and AuNP did not. Next, the pulmonary immune effects of AuNP (10, 30, 90 µg) were assessed 1, 4, and 8 days post-aspiration. All markers of lung injury and inflammation remained unaltered, but a dose-responsive increase in LN size was observed. Finally, mice were dermally-sensitized to AuCl3 then aspirated once, twice, or three times with Au or AuNP in doses normalized for mass or surface area (SA) to assess the impact of existing contact sensitivity to gold on lung immune responses. Sensitized animals exhibited enhanced responsivity to the metal, wherein subsequent immune alterations were largely conserved with respect to dose SA. The greatest increase in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocyte number was observed in the high dose group – simultaneous to preferential expansion of BAL/LN CD8+ T-cells. Comparatively, the lower SA-based doses of Au/AuNP caused more modest elevations in BAL lymphocyte influx (predominantly CD4+ phenotype), exposure-dependent increases in serum IgE, and selective expansion/activation of LN CD4+ T-cells and B-cells. Overall, these findings suggest that AuNP are unlikely to cause sensitization; however, established contact sensitivity to gold may increase immune responsivity following pulmonary AuNP exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]