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It is recommended to classify Borderline Ovarian Tumors (BOTs) according to the WHO classification. Transvaginal and suprapubic ultrasonography are recommended for the analysis of an ovarian mass (Grade A). In case of an undetermined ovarian lesion on ultrasonography, it is recommended to perform a pelvic MRI (Grade A) with a score for malignancy (ADNEX MR/O-RADS) (Grade C) included in the report and to formulate a histological hypothesis (Grade C). Pelvic MRI is recommended to characterize a tumor suspected of being BOT (Grade C). It is recommended to evaluate serum levels of HE4 and CA125 and to use the ROMA score for the diagnosis of indeterminate ovarian mass on imaging (grade A). If there is a suspicion of a mucinous BOT on imaging, serum levels of CA 19-9 may be proposed (Grade C). For Early Stages (ES) of BOT, if surgery without risk of tumor rupture is possible, laparoscopy with protected extraction is recommended over laparotomy (Grade C). For treatment of a bilateral serous ES BOT with a strategy to preserve fertility and/or endocrine function, bilateral cystectomy is recommended where possible (Grade B). For mucinous BOTs with a treatment strategy of fertility and/or endocrine function preservation, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is recommended (grade C). For mucinous BOTs treated by initial cystectomy, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is recommended (grade C). For serous or mucinous ES BOTs, routine hysterectomy is not recommended (Grade C). For ES BOTs, lymphadenectomy is not recommended (Grade C). For ES BOTs, appendectomy is recommended only in case of a macroscopically pathological appendix (Grade C). Restaging surgery is recommended in cases of serous BOTs with micropapillary architecture and an incomplete abdominal cavity inspection during initial surgery (Grade C). Restaging surgery is recommended for mucinous BOTs after initial cystectomy or in cases where the appendix was not examined (Grade C). If restaging surgery is decided for ES BOTs, the following procedures should be performed: peritoneal washing (grade C), omentectomy (grade B), complete exploration of the abdominal cavity with peritoneal biopsies (grade C), visualization of the appendix and appendectomy in case of a pathological macroscopic appearance (grade C) as well as unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in case of a mucinous BOT initially treated by cystectomy (grade C). In advanced stages (AS) of BOT, it is not recommended to perform a lymphadenectomy as a routine procedure (Grade C). For AS BOT in a patient with a desire to fall pregnant, conservative treatment involving preservation of the uterus and all or part of the ovary may be proposed (Grade C). Restaging surgery aimed at removing all lesions, not performed initially, is recommended for AS BOTs (Grade C). After treatment, follow-up for a duration greater than 5 years is recommended due to the median recurrence time of BOTs (Grade B). It is recommended that a systematic clinical examination be carried out during follow-up of a treated BOT (Grade B). If the determination of tumor markers is normal preoperatively, the routine dosage of tumor markers in BOT follow-up is not recommended (Grade C). In case of an initial elevation in serum CA 125 levels, it is recommended to monitor CA 125 during follow up (Grade B). In case of conservative treatment, it is recommended to use transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound during follow up of a treated BOT (Grade B). In the event of a BOT recurrence in a woman of childbearing age, a second conservative treatment may be proposed (Grade C). A consultation with a physician specialized in Assisted Reproductive Technique (ART) should be offered in the case of BOTs in women of childbearing age (Grade C). When possible, a conservative surgical strategy is recommended to preserve fertility in women of childbearing age (Grade C). In the case of optimally treated BOT, there is no evidence to contraindicate the use of ART. The use of hormonal contraception after serous or mucinous BOT is not contraindicated (Grade C). After management of mucinous BOT, for women under 45 years, given the benefit of Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular and bone risks, and the lack of hormone sensitivity of mucinous BOTs, it is recommended to offer HRT (Grade C). Over 45 years of age, HRT can be prescribed in case of a climacteric syndrome after individual benefit to risk assessment (Grade C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: Primary objective: To analyse the impact of restaging, on recurrences and survival, in BLOT. Secondary objective: To cluster patients who could be exempted from restaging. Study design: This retrospective study, included patients operated for a BLOT, between January 1990, and December 2007, in gynaecological surgery units of the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand. Two groups were evaluated: patients with and without optimal restaging. Results: One hundred and forty-two patients were included. Optimal initial staging rate was 38.7% (n =55). Among the eighty-seven women not initially staged, two groups were compared: restaged (n =45) and non-restaged patients (n =42). Mean follow-up was 80.5 months. Overall survival was 93.7%. Relapse rate was 7.7% (n =11). Disease free survival (DFS) was 88% after a mean follow-up of 80.5 months. One death was noted. Optimal restaging rate was 31.7% (n =45, 43 by laparoscopy). Mean follow-up was of 87.1 months among restaged patients, 84.5 months among non-restaged patients (p =0.93). Relapse incidence was significantly higher in non restaged, than in restaged patients (p =0.008). DFS was significantly longer among restaged than non-restaged patients, (p =0.072). Younger age (p =0.04), conservative treatment (p <10−4) or non-diploidy (p =0.04) increased the incidence of relapse. Conclusions: When initial staging is missing, restaging improves the patients outcome in comparison to non-restaged groups. Laparoscopy is a valuable surgical option. This study suggests that a selected group of patients, older than 30 years old, submitted to a radical treatment, presenting a diploid, non micropapillar, mucinous BLOT, without visible implants during careful peritoneal inspection, could be exempted from restaging. They represented 11.6% of our population. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate in infertile women the benefit of laparoscopic surgical treatment of endometriosis. Patients and methods: All infertile patients aged 18 to 43 years old, operated between February 2004 and March 2008, with a minimal follow-up of 18 months, coming from the Auvergne cohort of endometriosis has been, were included. The primary end point was the achievement of a pregnancy. Results: One hundred and twenty-three patients have been included. Global pregnancy rate was 48%, which 47% was spontaneous with a mean postoperative delay of 6±4.5 months. Sixty-three patients had benefited from Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and 25 pregnancies were obtained (pregnancy rate: 39.7% with a mean delay of 10±3.8 months). Eighty-one percent of spontaneous pregnancies were obtained during the first 12 postoperative months. Duration of preoperative infertility and tubal involvement were significantly associated with lower spontaneous pregnancy rate. No significant differences were found between endometriosis stage I and II compared to stage III and IV, and between patient under 34 years old compared to older. Discussion and conclusion: With this first study on infertility from the Auvergne cohort of endometriosis, we are confirmed that surgery is one of the central issues in the treatment of infertile endometriosis patient. The postoperative delay to obtain a spontaneous pregnancy requires a quick management by ART after 6 to 12 postoperative month and an immediate management by ART in case of tubal involvement or former infertility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Good knowledge of physiopathology, surgical techniques and of the literature allows for an adequate treatment of ovarian endometrioma. Preoperative medical treatment has not shown to be efficient and might be adapted to each patient (continuation or initiation of hormonal treatment in case of symptomatology, will for contraception, association with functional cyst). Laparoscopy is the mandatory surgical approach. Cystectomy is the surgical technique of choice but may affect normal ovarian tissu. Surgical technique should be meticulous in particular with respect to the hilum of the ovary. Exclusive coagulation using bipolar is not recommended. A hybrid technique associating both cystectomy and vaporization (laser or Plasmajet©) at the level of the hilum of the ovary could be interesting. Hemostasis should be spontaneous or obtained with bipolar coagulation with parcimony. Ovarian suture is a solution. Extra-ovarian lesions should be carefully searched for and treated. Anti-adhesion products should be applied. Postoperative medical treatment decreases recurrence and should be systematic for patients who do not want to conceive. Multidisciplinary approach is essential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Please cite this paper as: Kondo W, Bourdel N, Tamburro S, Cavoli D, Jardon K, Rabischong B, Botchorishvili R, Pouly J, Mage G, Canis M. Complications after surgery for deeply infiltrating pelvic endometriosis. BJOG 2011;118:292-298. To evaluate the complications after surgery for deep endometriosis. Retrospective study. Data from the CHU Estaing database and patients' charts between January 1987 and December 2007. All women given surgical treatment for deep endometriosis. Women who underwent surgery for deep endometriosis were reviewed for intra- and postoperative complications. Primary outcomes were rates of intra- and postoperative complications. Complications were compared according to the procedure performed. A total of 568 women were included in the study, with a mean age of 32.4 years. The mean estimated diameter of the nodule felt by vaginal examination was 1.8 cm (ranging from 0.5 to 7 cm). Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 560 women (98.6%), and conversion was required in 2.3%. The mean operative time was 155 minutes. Intraoperative complications occurred in 12 women (2.1%), including six minor (1.05%) and six major (1.05%) complications. Postoperative complications developed in 79 women (13.9%), including 54 minor (9.5%) and 26 major (4.6%) complications (one woman had both minor and major postoperative complications). The overall major postoperative complication rate for women who underwent any type of rectal surgery (shaving, excision and suture, or segmental resection) was 9.3% (21 out of 226), compared with only 1.5% for the other women (five out of 342) ( P < 0.01). Shaving presented less major postoperative complications compared with segmental resection (24 versus 6.7%; P = 0.004). Surgery for deep endometriosis is feasible, but it is associated with major complications, especially when any type of rectal surgery must be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: Kondo W, Bourdel N, Cotte B, Tran X, Botchorishvili R, Jardon K, Rabischong B, Pouly J, Mage G, Canis M. Does prevention of intraperitoneal spillage when removing a dermoid cyst prevent granulomatous peritonitis? BJOG 2010;117:1027–1030. In this retrospective study of 314 patients undergoing surgery for ovarian dermoid cysts, conducted over a 20-year period, we evaluated the impact of the routine use of laparoscopic surgery without recourse to laparotomy to retrieve the specimen, using an endoscopic retrieval bag placed under the cyst to prevent intraperitoneal spillage of cyst contents, and subsequent postoperative granulomatous peritonitis. Accidental cyst rupture was more frequent when a total laparoscopic approach was used (26/174 or 15% versus 39/140 or 28%; P = 0.005), but there were no cases of intraperitoneal spillage when an endoscopic bag was used. Two cases of granulomatous peritonitis developed out of 26 women with intraperitoneal spillage of cyst contents (8%). We conclude that the risk of granulomatous peritonitis can be minimised by undertaking laparoscopic removal of dermoid cysts with the routine intraoperative use of an endoscopic retrieval bag to prevent intraperitoneal spillage of cyst contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report ultrasonographic features of interstitial pregnancy and propose three magnetic resonance imaging criteria for the interstitial pregnancy localization. These criteria may facilitate the differentiation between an interstitial pregnancy and an angular pregnancy. The magnetic resonance imaging may be used whenever ultrasound examination diagnosis of an interstitial pregnancy is equivocal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Endometriosis has long been considered as a disease of women over 30 years old. However, recent data from the literature demonstrated its high incidence in teenagers. Endometriosis in teenagers is generally associated with chronic pelvic pains and cyclical signs are less common than in adults. The persistence of the pain despite an estroprogestative contraception associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a strong argument for the diagnosis and justifies a laparoscopic exploration. During this laparoscopy, the search for atypical lesions, which are much more common than typical ones, is essential. Biopsies of these lesions is mandatory in every patient to rule out false positives and false negatives which are common in atypical lesions. The aim of the treatment is to improve the pain. The first line of medical treatment is based on the estroprogestative contraception and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The prescription of GnRH should be the ultimate solution because the bone reserve increases until the age of 18 to 20. The laparoscopic treatment, when required, should be as complete as possible. Early diagnosis and medical management may prevent the development of the disease. However, further studies in the teenager are essential to improve the current empirical management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report a case of acute postcesarean colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie''s syndrome). We report the treatment algorithm we followed. Recording to this algorithm may improve the treatment of this pathology and perhaps avoid surgical treatment in emergency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy is a risk factor for prematurity, respiratory distress, fetal death in utero and exposure to meconium stained liquor. Treatment is based on ursodeoxycholic acid, which allows the pregnancy to continue until term. There is no consensus for labor induction criteria or for extraction of the fetus. We report a series of 10 patients who presented cholestasis during pregnancy and for whom we monitored the bile acid levels. These assays provided the means of confirming the diagnosis in patients suffering from pruritis. The threshold of 40μmoles/L could be a way of defining a group at risk of complications. Proper management for monitoring this pathology has not yet been properly established, but assay of the bile acids is an important element. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A major research area in Computer Assisted Intervention (CAI) is to aid laparoscopic surgery teams with Augmented Reality (AR) guidance. This involves registering data from other modalities such as MR and fusing it with the laparoscopic video in real-time, to reveal the location of hidden critical structures. We present the first system for AR guided laparoscopic surgery of the uterus. This works with pre-operative MR or CT data and monocular laparoscopes, without requiring any additional interventional hardware such as optical trackers. We present novel and robust solutions to two main sub-problems: the initial registration, which is solved using a short exploratory video, and update registration, which is solved with real-time tracking-by-detection. These problems are challenging for the uterus because it is a weakly-textured, highly mobile organ that moves independently of surrounding structures. In the broader context, our system is the first that has successfully performed markerless real-time registration and AR of a mobile human organ with monocular laparoscopes in the OR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the diagnostic and prognostic characteristics of borderline ovarian tumours (BOTs) detected during pregnancy, and to establish an inventory of French practices.Materials and Methods: A retrospective multi-centre case study of 14 patients treated for BOTs, diagnosed during pregnancy between 2005 and 2017, in five French pelvic cancerology expert centres, including data on clinical characteristics, histological tumour characteristics, surgical procedure, adjuvant treatments, follow-up and fertility.Results: The mean age of patients was 29.3 [standard deviation (SD) 6.2] years. Most BOTs were diagnosed on ultrasonography in the first trimester (85.7 %), and most of these cases (78.5 %) also underwent magnetic resonance imaging to confirm the diagnosis (true positives 54.5 %). Most patients underwent surgery during pregnancy (57 %), with complete staging surgery in two cases (14.3 %). Laparoscopy was performed more frequently than other procedures (50 %), and unilateral adnexectomy was more common than cystectomy (57.5 %). Tumour size influenced the surgical approach significantly (mean size 7.5 cm for laparoscopy, 11.9 cm for laparoconversion, 14 cm for primary laparotomy; P = 0.08), but the type of resection did not. Most patients were initially diagnosed with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IA (92.8 %) tumours, but many were upstaged after complete restaging surgery (57.1 %). Most BOTs were serous (50 %), two cases had a micropapillary component (28.5 %), and one case had a micro-invasive implant. BOTs were bilateral in two cases (14.2 %). Mean follow-up was 31.4 (SD 14.8) months. Recurrent lesions occurred in two patients (14.2 %) and no deaths have been recorded to date among the study population.Conclusion: BOTs remain rare, but this study - despite its small sample size - supports the hypothesis that BOTs during pregnancy have potentially aggressive characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound is the first-line imaging examination for presumed benign ovarian tumors (PBOT) in adult women (Grade A). Ultrasound is sufficient for characterizing a unilocular anechoic cyst smaller than 7 cm (Grade A). Magnetic resonance imaging is the recommended second-line investigation for indeterminate masses or masses larger than 7 cm (Grade B). Serum CA-125 assay is not recommended for first-line diagnosis in adult women (Grade C). In women with a unilocular anechoic cyst, hormone therapy is ineffective and not recommended (Grade A). Ultrasound-guided aspiration is not recommended (Grade B). Abstention is an option in adult women with a unilocular asymptomatic anechoic cyst smaller than 10 cm and no history of cancer (Grade B). If symptoms develop, laparoscopy is the gold standard for surgical treatment of PBOT (Grade A). Conservative surgical treatment (cystectomy) should be preferred to oophorectomy in pre-menopausal women without a previous history of cancer (Grade C). In cases of suspected adnexal torsion, laparoscopic surgical exploration is recommended (Grade B). Conservative treatment or detorsion without oophorectomy is recommended for pre-menopausal women regardless of the estimated torsion duration and macroscopic appearance of the ovary (Grade B). During pregnancy, expectant management is recommended for unilocular asymptomatic anechoic cysts smaller than 6 cm (Grade C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ovaries can be affected by a vast variety of tumours, which may be benign or malignant, solid or cystic. Although ultrasonography is often the first examination performed in the evaluation of gynaecological conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is nowadays the most accurate imaging technique in the characterization of ovarian masses. Once the ovarian origin of a pelvic mass has been determined, the detection of any fibrous component within the lesion significantly reduces the spectrum of aetiologies that should be considered. Fibrotic tissue usually displays marked low-signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences at MRI, and enhancement is mostly moderate after intravenous administration of gadolinium chelates. This review aims to provide the main diagnoses to consider at MRI whenever an ovarian tumour, both purely solid or solid and cystic, contains a fibrous component, even if minimally abundant. The corresponding key imaging features are provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The aim of our study was to assess ovarian tissue loss related to endometrioma cystectomy by 3D-ultrasonography. Patients and methods: We have retrospectively included 15 women with no previous ovarian surgery who benefited from cystectomy of an unilateral endometrioma the diameter of which was superior to 30mm. Cystectomy has been performed using an ovarian tissue-sparing procedure with no incision of the ovarian cortex. Patients underwent ultrasonography at least 9 months after the surgery. Several ovarian parameters, such as the area on longitudinal cross-section, the volume and the antral follicles count (AFC), were measured on both operated and contra lateral ovary, and then were compared using Mann and Whitney test. The relationship between the reduction of operated ovary volume and preoperative endometrioma diameter was evaluated by multiple regression. Results: Operated ovary presented a significant reduction in area (mean reduction 229.8mm2 ±47.6; P <0.0001), volume (mean reduction 5.8cm3 ±1.16; P <0.0001) and AFC (mean reduction 5.1±3.8, P =0.002). No statistically significant correlation was found between operated ovary volume reduction and preoperative endometrioma diameter. Discussion and conclusion: Endometrioma cystectomy leads to significant reduction in ovarian parenchyma volume and AFC, when compared to contra lateral ovary. This event must be taken into account in the choice of treatment strategy, especially in the case of enlarged, bilateral and recurrent endometriomas, recurrence, as well as in women presenting with other risk factor for ovarian failure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective. – To evaluate the results of laparoscopic surgery in the management of ovarian cysts in pregnant patients. Patients and methods. – Retrospective study including 26 pregnant patients who underwent the laparoscopic management of ovarian cysts. The indications for surgery were persistent adnexal mass, abnormal ovarian cysts revealed by ultrasound examination, suspicion of cyst complications. The technique used, the immediate postoperative results and obstetrical outcomes were studied. Results. – Twelve patients were operated during the first trimester of pregnancy, 13 in the second, and one in the third trimester. A 12 mmHg CO2 pneumoperitoneum was created, using a Veress needle in 22 cases, and an open technique in 4 cases. Trocar sites were decided according to the uterine size and to the cyst situation. A cystectomy was performed in 11 cases, an adnexectomy in 7 cases, an oophorectomy in one case, a cyst aspiration with a biopsy of the cyst wall in 6 cases and an ovarian torsion removal in one case. A conversion to laparotomy was necessary in 3 cases. There were no immediate postoperative complications and obstetrical outcomes were good in all cases. Discussion and conclusion. – In pregnant patients, laparoscopic management of adnexal masses appears to be safe for both mother and child. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives. – To review and describe the anatomoclinical cases of the endometrial cancers arising on polyps during a hormonotherapy by tamoxifen for breast cancer. Patients and methods. – In the surgical inventory 1990–2002 of the benign or malignant uterine lesions investigated by hysteroscopy with dilatation & curettage (D&C) and/or hysterectomy, 108 single or multiple endometrial polyps were encountered and histologically analyzed. Results. – A malignant transformation of polyp was found in 5 instances, meaning a rate of 4.6% i.e. 5/108: 4 cases of adenocarcinoma, 1 case of sarcoma. Discussion and conclusion. – The existence of endometrial polyps – symptomatic or not – does not seem compatible with the prolonged use of tamoxifen treatment owing the estrogen agonist potential effects of tamoxifen and its well-known hyperplastic and carcinogenic properties for the endometrium. The increased risk of endometrial cancer developing in polyps in this iatrogenic context is estimated between 2.5% and 10% in the literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: La torsion utérine est une complication rare, de diagnostic difficile à risque de complications maternofœtales graves. Nous rapportons le cas d’une torsion dextrogyre au domicile de 180degrés à 36+5 semaines d’aménorrhée avec mort fœtale in utero et décollement placentaire partiel. Une césarienne en urgence a été réalisée. La méconnaissance de la torsion a conduit à pratiquer une hystérotomie sur la face postérieure. La littérature rapporte quelques cas similaires et incite à privilégier une hystérotomie verticale en évitant les faces latérales susceptibles de conduire à une plaie vasculaire ou urétérale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report the management of spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in a 23-year-old patient, diagnosed at 8 gestationnal weeks, in a context of moderate hypothyroidism. The etiology of spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome should seek hypersecretion of glycoprotein hormones (hCG, TSH, FSH and LH) and/or mutation of FSH and LH receptors. It will eliminate an incipient ovarian neoplasia. The laparoscopic exploration can be done if diagnosis doubt persists. A diagnostic algorithm can be proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]