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Abstract In this study, cathodic electrodeposition of manganese oxide onto reduced graphene oxide paper is carried out to prepare flexible and binder-free electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Effects of electrodeposition potential and the amount of deposited mass on the electrochemical performance are examined. Hausmannite phase manganese oxide coated electrodes exhibit promising performance in charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry measurements with specific capacitance of 546 F g−1 at current density of 0.5 A g−1 and 308 F g−1 at scan rate of 1 mV s−1, respectively. During potential cycling, phase transformation of Mn 3 O 4 to mixed-valent MnO x is observed. Consequently, MnO x nanostructures on self-standing reduced graphene oxide electrodes have 154% capacitance retention at 10000 cycles of cyclic voltammetry. Graphical abstract Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen gas, H2, is generated in serpentinizing hydrothermal systems, where it has supplied electrons and energy for microbial communities since there was liquid water on Earth. In modern metabolism, H2 is converted by hydrogenases into organically bound hydrides (H–), for example, the cofactor NADH. It transfers hydrides among molecules, serving as an activated and biologically harnessed form of H2. In serpentinizing systems, minerals can also bind hydrides and could, in principle, have acted as inorganic hydride donors—possibly as a geochemical protoenzyme, a 'geozyme'— at the origin of metabolism. To test this idea, we investigated the ability of H2 to reduce NAD+ in the presence of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), metals that occur in serpentinizing systems. In the presence of H2, all three metals specifically reduce NAD+ to the biologically relevant form, 1,4‐NADH, with up to 100% conversion rates within a few hours under alkaline aqueous conditions at 40 °C. Using Henry's law, the partial pressure of H2 in our reactions corresponds to 3.6 mm, a concentration observed in many modern serpentinizing systems. While the reduction of NAD+ by Ni is strictly H2‐dependent, experiments in heavy water (2H2O) indicate that native Fe can reduce NAD+ both with and without H2. The results establish a mechanistic connection between abiotic and biotic hydride donors, indicating that geochemically catalysed, H2‐dependent NAD+ reduction could have preceded the hydrogenase‐dependent reaction in evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]