Search

Accessibility to modern energy services is imperative in resolving numerous present-day global development issues which affect people's socio-economic and physical well-being, plus, the potentiality of meeting the global goals of lessening carbon emissions. The absence of access, termed energy poverty in developing countries, has several key aspects: inaccessibility to electricity on demand, is one aspect. However, inaccessibility to modern (or clean) cooking fuels is another critical aspect. A cause and effect of households' continuous heavy reliance on traditional (or solid) fuels. Despite over a third of the global population having this issue, this aspect of energy poverty continues to be a severe, yet overlooked development issue: particularly in developing countries. A review of literature shows that there are currently no empirical studies which quantify the sole relationship between the utilization of traditional energy fuels for cooking and/or heating and economic development. Thus, in this paper, we advance existing literature in multiple-folds. Firstly, we provide a review in an absent area of literature. Secondly, using the data from 46 sub-Saharan African countries, we provide empirical evidence of the impacts of the continued utilization of traditional fuels on economic development (employing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita as variable). Following the establishment of a negative causal relationship running from traditional fuels use (solid) to GDP per capita, we provide an insight into policy implications. Finally, we comment on potential policy strategies. • Lack of access to clean cooking fuels is an overlooked issue in developing countries. • Impact of solid cooking fuels on economic growth was analysed for sub-Saharan Africa. • Results show unidirectional causality between solid cooking fuels and GDP per capita. • Use of solid cooking fuels is observed to negatively influence economic development. • Reducing use of solid cooking fuels is vital for economic growth of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Grubbs II catalyst mediated ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of monobrominated dienes is reported to proceed in moderate to good yields (40–80%) where the linking chain contains five atoms, leading to carbocyclic and heterocyclic seven-membered bromoolefins. Notably, RCM to form five-, six-, or eight-membered bromoolefins was unsuccessful, with the exception of one example where RCM afforded diethyl 3-bromocyclohex-3-ene-1,1-dicarboxylate. In this case, a bromomethyl-substituted cyclohexene was obtained as a byproduct. The utility of selected bromoolefin RCM products was demonstrated through their participation in Suzuki–Miyaura reactions. Vinylic halide exchange (Br → Cl) was noted as a side reaction under RCM conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and sequential Yb(OTf)3 promoted Diels–Alder reactions of sulfamide-linked enynes proceeded selectively in one-pot to afford a series of bicyclic and tricyclic sulfamides. Excellent levels of diastereoselectivity are observed for the cycloaddition step, with only the endo-adducts being isolated. The protocol was further extended to incorporate a one-pot RCM–cross metathesis (CM)–Diels–Alder sequence, permitting rapid access to high levels of molecular complexity from simple and easily accessible precursors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Short routes to enantiomerically pure indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids have been developed using imino-aldol reactions of enolates derived from phenyl 5-chlorovalerate. High levels of synselectivity (dr ∼13–16:1) were obtained using lithium enolates of phenyl esters in combination with tert-butylsulfinyl imines. The imino-aldol adducts were deprotected and cyclized to afford (−)-epilupinine ((−)-2)and (−)-tashiromine ((−)-1) in two further steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-pot procedure for the formation of polycyclic sulfamides via an enyne ring-closing metathesis-Diels-Alder sequence is developed, giving rise to the endo-adducts as the sole observed diastereoisomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]