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"Contested Concepts in Migration Studies" is a book edited by Ricard Zapata-Barrero, Dirk Jacobs, and Riva Kastoryano that aims to clarify key concepts in the field of migration studies. The book explores concepts that are often misunderstood or have different meanings, providing thought-provoking insights on the multiple facets of the migratory experience. The editors emphasize that concepts are not neutral and are often contested due to differing interpretations and ideologies. The book covers a range of topics, including borders, integration, diversity, discrimination, secularism, and tolerance, offering diverse perspectives and challenging conventional ideas. It is a valuable resource for scholars, journalists, policymakers, students, and the general public interested in deepening their understanding of migration concepts. [Extracted from the article]

César Ernesto Abadía-Barrero's book, "Health in Ruins: The Capitalist Destruction of Medical Care at a Colombian Maternity Hospital," offers insights into the effects of neoliberal health care reforms on medical practice and health care in Colombia. The book focuses on El Materno, the country's oldest maternity hospital and teaching center, and explores how market-based reforms have transformed public institutions. The author emphasizes the importance of preserving "epistemologies of care" that challenge profit-driven logic and highlights the resistance of health care workers, professors, and patients against neoliberal policies. This ethnography provides a valuable resource for those studying medical anthropology, science and technology studies, social studies of health, and the history of medicine. [Extracted from the article]

The research aims to assess the possibilities and challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) for the development of the teaching and learning of journalistic writing techniques in the university educational context. The main objective consists of analysing the abilities of AI to solve the composition of different journalistic texts, both informative and opinion, and the quality of the result, as well as other applications of AI in journalistic writing. The text tries to contribute to the knowledge on the use of AI by teachers and students in the teaching and learning process. A mixed methodology has been used to develop the research: on the one hand, descriptive and comparative, based on surveys to university professors in Spain specialised in this subject and to students taking related contents in their studies, also in this context; on the other hand, an experimental research is included among professors trained in the field of Journalistic Writing, who are asked for the qualified correction of an exam, anonymous, actually carried out with the AI system, ChatGPT. After weighing the results, each of them is interviewed in depth about the quality of the texts, their strengths, and weaknesses. The results show that AI is beginning to be used in the university context by students and professors. In the specific field of journalistic writing, its use for the moment is limited to assisting tasks in the writing process or suggesting topics, while the automatic generation of content is not widely accepted due to the ethical implications that it entails, especially those related to the originality of content. Teachers value the potential of this technology for writing simple and informative pieces but observe limitations at deeper levels of knowledge and in hybrid texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computation of impulsively started flows presents difficulties associated with the presence of a singularity at time equal to zero. When using the lattice Boltzmann method, the standard practice is to start the computation from a potential flow field that is not part of the solution. A different approach to the problem is presented in this article where three new criteria for the selection of computational parameters in highly unsteady flow environments are presented. These criteria, which do not overrule the conventional one that sets limits to the computational Mach number, are based on fluid physics considerations. They represent additional constrains related to (a) the distance traveled by sound waves at early times, (b) the importance of viscous length during the onset of impulsive motion, and (c) the presence of spurious reflected pressure waves at the beginning of computations. The proposed methodology was tested in the case of an impulsively started cylinder, and the results were compared to those of analytical, numerical, and experimental nature published in specialized literature. It is intended that this study facilitates the computation of highly unsteady flows for researchers who use the lattice Boltzmann method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires activation of the pluripotency network and resetting of the epigenome by erasing the epigenetic memory of the somatic state. In female mouse cells, a critical epigenetic reprogramming step is the reactivation of the inactive X chromosome. Despite its importance, a systematic understanding of the regulatory networks linking pluripotency and X-reactivation is missing. Here, we reveal important pathways for pluripotency acquisition and X-reactivation using a genome-wide CRISPR screen during neural precursor to iPSC reprogramming. In particular, we discover that activation of the interferon γ (IFNγ) pathway early during reprogramming accelerates pluripotency acquisition and X-reactivation. IFNγ stimulates STAT3 signaling and the pluripotency network and leads to enhanced TET-mediated DNA demethylation, which consequently boosts X-reactivation. We therefore gain a mechanistic understanding of the role of IFNγ in reprogramming and X-reactivation and provide a comprehensive resource of the molecular networks involved in these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review was to provide a qualitative and quantitative overview of the effects of exercise on pain, physical function, and quality of life for patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis. This study was an umbrella and mapping review with meta-meta-analysis. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were included. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using the Modified Quality Assessment Scale for Systematic Reviews and the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews tool. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Grading Criteria. 41 meta-analyses were included, 43.9% of the studies had adequate methodological quality, and 56.1% of the studies had a low risk of bias. Moderate evidence was found that exercise decreases pain intensity (33 meta-analyses; SMD = −0.49; 95% CI −0.56 to −0.42), improves function (19 meta-analyses; SMD = −0.50; 95% CI −0.58 to −0.41), strength (6 meta-analyses; SMD = −0.57; 95% CI −0.70 to −0.44) and quality of life (SMD = −0.36; 95% CI −0.46 to −0.27) for patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis. Exercise is an effective intervention to decrease pain intensity and improve function in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis. (PROSPERO, CRD42020221987) Exercise in hip and knee osteoarthritis has shown improvement in pain, function, strength, and quality of life in different studies, but no differences have been observed in others. The meta-meta-analysis of the present article find that exercise produces significant improvements in pain, function, strength, and quality of life of patients with knee and/or hip osteoarthritis with a small effect size and significant heterogeneity. There is moderate evidence that exercise is effective in reducing pain and increasing function, strength, and quality of life of patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, cities are under multiple pressures because they must provide responses to global migration challenges, but have limited governance capacity. This is placing chronic stress on physical infrastructures, basic resources, and urban planning, which most often cities must face alone. There is a rising awareness that doing nothing may increase instability and social conflict, giving rise to more segregation, and racism. Focusing on the crucial tension between what cities might do (sovereignty) and what they can do (constraints), this article seeks first to incorporate 'urban resilience thinking' into the current 'local turn' literature on migration governance. In order to achieve this theoretical advancement, a fourth‐pronged approach is followed. First, the article proposes that 'urban resilience' captures the emerging but dispersed patterns of pro‐active cities, and urges for an analysis of the development of migration governance capacities. Second, a transformative approach to urban migration governance resilience is proposed, and its conceptual consequences explored. Subsequently, the article's focus is on demonstrating the distinctive characteristics of urban resilience when applied to migration governance research, with a particular emphasis on the potential novel contributions that may arise. Finally, in light of the novelties of this research area, the main empirical environments of urban resilience are specified. The concluding remarks close the argumentation by returning to the place of urban resilience thinking within the local turn literature, while also pointing to its normative and methodological potentialities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically examines how ideology permeates the politics of diversity today and is forcing us to clarify political positions towards a much more intercultural approach to diversity. At a time when the demographic argument is gaining momentum in the US, Europe, and other continents, with neo-colonial beliefs of white supremacy and irrational fears of the 'Great replacement' movement, the diversity politics debate is becoming strongly polarized. In this 'ideological turn' diversity emerges as a political option rather than a by-product of the globalization processes. Going beyond the multicultural/intercultural debate, this article represents a step forward by highlighting the specificities of interculturalism and how these distinctive features can be considered today as strategic resources for revitalizing the left's position on diversity politics. As a normative and political ideology, interculturalism may have the potential to shape diversity as a new public culture and implement the scale shift of citizenship from a state to a more urban intercultural citizenship. Theorizing these features from the left would certainly help to reduce right-wing ideologies that foster a strong reluctance to diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe medical condition resulting in substantial physiological and functional consequences for the individual. People with SCI are characterised by a chronic, low-grade systemic inflammatory state, which contributes to further undesirable secondary injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding aquatic therapy to the standard physiotherapy treatment, implemented in two different schedules, on systemic inflammation in SCI patients. Additionally, the relationship between cytokine blood levels and changes in functionality (measured with the 6MWT, 10MWT, WISCI, BBS, and TUG tests) throughout the study was assessed. A quantitative multiplexed antibody assay was performed to measure the expression level of 20 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood samples from SCI patients at three time points: baseline, week 6, and immediately post-intervention (week 12). This study identified a complex signature of five cytokines (IL-12p70, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1α, and IP10) associated with the time course of the two physiotherapy programs. Two other cytokines (IL-4 and TNF-α) were also associated with the functional recovery of patients. These could be important indicators for SCI prognosis and provide a basis for developing novel targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resection of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus (MWCSR) is a growing surgical maneuver for the radical removal of pituitary adenomas. Method: We present a simple modification of the technique following the two dural layers of the floor of the sella turcica, allowing for early identification of the medial wall and simplifying dissection. We support this technique with an anatomical analysis on cadaveric specimens and clarifying dissection images. Conclusion: Recognition and dissection of the dural unfolding of the floor of the sella turcica are "key points" that lower the risk and facilitate the MWCSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer in males is a very rare entity, and survival is mainly influenced by the stage at diagnosis. The lack of early detection tools in men results in a diagnostic delay of about 5–10 years and a higher percentage of metastatic disease at diagnosis. However, the characteristics of head metastases are not well defined. Case Reports: We present 2 cases of male breast cancer with metastases affecting cranial nervous structures and we provide imaging and histologic data. Both were middle-aged patients with ductal-type, HER-2- negative, and androgen receptor-positive primary tumors. Conclusion: Although central nervous system involvement is uncommon, this entity should be considered in middle-aged males with focal neurologic symptoms. More cases would be necessary to better understand the biology of this condition in order to establish an adequate diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels have been proposed as a biomarker of the clinical activity, disability progression, and response to treatment of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); however, questions remain about its implementation in clinical practice. Ocrelizumab (OCR) has proven effective in improving clinical and radiological outcomes and reducing sNfL levels. This real-life study followed the sNfL levels of 30 PwMS treated for 12 months with OCR and evaluated the usefulness of this biomarker for their short-term prognosis, considering expanded disability status scale (EDSS), annualized relapse rate (ARR), radiological activity, and NEDA-3 values. OCR reduced ARR in 83% of PwMS and radiological activity in 80%. EDSS was maintained, while NEDA-3 was achieved in 70% at 12 months. OCR produced an early reduction in sNfL levels (at 3 months). At baseline, greater MRI-evaluated radiological activity was associated with higher sNfL levels. sNfL levels over the first 12 months of treatment did not predict a suboptimal response or sustained control of the disease. Longer-term studies are needed to explore the predictive usefulness of sNfL levels in PwMS treated with high-efficacy drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speakers can project different personae when engaging in stylistic practices, which can be characterised by a consistent or variable use of linguistic features. This becomes relevant when addressing how politicians attempt to position themselves in communicative interactions through their use of language. The present study takes a third-wave approach to the analysis of Donald Trump’s sociolinguistic behaviour across various speech events by focusing on the indexical mutability of PRICE/PRIZE and R-Dropping. The results evidence intra-speaker variation in Trump’s populist speech style used for interactional and political purposes in that he alters his use of mainstream and non-mainstream forms as he operates across speech events. Thus, Trump exhibits a different sociolinguistic performance across different contexts, where he also takes a different approach towards the management and projection of his public persona, and therefore, transmits different social meanings through his language use. The results further suggest that the context, format and audience of the political event and the social meanings indexed by the selected linguistic features are what condition Trump’s sociolinguistic behaviour. We conclude that Trump’s speech style is characterised by the meaningful choices he makes about the linguistic resource to be used in a specific context and its corresponding social meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-REPEAT BINDING FACTORS (CBFs) are highly conserved plant transcription factors that promote cold tolerance. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), three CBFs (CBF1 to CBF3) play a critical role in cold acclimation, and the expression of their corresponding genes is rapidly and transiently induced during this adaptive response. Cold induction of CBFs has been extensively studied and shown to be tightly controlled, yet the molecular mechanisms that restrict the expression of each CBF after their induction during cold acclimation are poorly understood. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence that the decline in the induction of CBF3 during cold acclimation is epigenetically regulated through the Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC) 2. We show that this complex promotes the deposition of the repressive mark H3K27me3 at the coding region of CBF3, silencing its expression. Our results indicate that the cold-inducible long noncoding RNA SVALKA is essential for this regulation by recruiting PRC2 to CBF3. These findings unveil a SVALKA-PRC2 regulatory module that ensures the precise timing of CBF3 induction during cold acclimation and the correct development of this adaptive response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the capabilities of a compact dual-wavelength depolarization lidar to assess the spatiotemporal variations in aerosol properties aboard moving vectors. Our approach involves coupling the lightweight Cimel CE376 lidar, which provides measurements at 532 and 808 nm and depolarization at 532 nm , with a photometer to monitor aerosol properties. The assessments, both algorithmic and instrumental, were conducted at ATOLL (ATmospheric Observatory of LiLle) platform operated by the Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), in Lille, France. An early version of the CE376 lidar co-located with the CE318-T photometer and with a multi-wavelength Raman lidar were considered for comparisons and validation. We developed a modified Klett inversion method for simultaneous two-wavelength elastic lidar and photometer measurements. Using this setup, we characterized aerosols during two distinct events of Saharan dust and dust smoke aerosols transported over Lille in spring 2021 and summer 2022. For validation purposes, comparisons against the Raman lidar were performed, demonstrating good agreement in aerosol properties with relative differences of up to 12 % in the depolarization measurements. Moreover, a first dataset of CE376 lidar and photometer performing on-road measurements was obtained during the FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality) field campaign deployed in summer 2019 over the northwestern USA. By lidar and photometer mapping in 3D, we investigated the transport of released smoke from active fire spots at William Flats (northeast WA, USA). Despite extreme environmental conditions, our study enabled the investigation of aerosol optical properties near the fire source, distinguishing the influence of diffuse, convective, and residual smoke. Backscatter, extinction profiles, and column-integrated lidar ratios at 532 and 808 nm were derived for a quality-assured dataset. Additionally, the extinction Ångström exponent (EAE), color ratio (CR), attenuated color ratio (ACR), and particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) were derived. In this study, we discuss the capabilities (and limitations) of the CE376 lidar in bridging observational gaps in aerosol monitoring, providing valuable insights for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of social and economic factors on the crime rate in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The objective is to determine the incidence of these factors to design a strategic intervention plan to improve public safety. A mixed-method research was conducted, using descriptive analysis to gather data on criminal acts and citizen perception. The results highlight the increasing presence of violent crimes, such as contract assassinations and homicides, and point out social and cultural inequality as possible motivators of crime. Additionally, a lack of attention from authorities is observed, leading the community to take independent measures to ensure their safety. The importance of addressing crime in relation to economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product, which are negatively affected by the rise in criminal activity, is emphasised. It is concluded that social and economic aspects are factors that impact crime and constitute the starting point for addressing effective public policies regarding citizen security in the Ecuadorian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Determine the effect of chess training on executive functions: planning, cognitive flexibility, working memory and inhibition by reviewing the scientific research literature in the last decade. Method: A search was carried out in the Web of Science, Scielo, Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for the period 2012-2022, using the systematic review methodology. Results: Sixty-six articles were found and only thirteen that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. It was possible to identify relationships between chess and the four executive functions: inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning, in addition to executive functioning in general. Discussion: The results have suggested that the systematic practice of chess contributes to the development of executive functioning. Because it is an easily accessible practice, its benefits could be taken advantage of by incorporating it into various educational scenarios. Conclusion: The majority of research from the last ten years provides evidence that allows us to demonstrate the hypothesis that chess practice is associated with better executive performance; there is also a single article that, on the contrary, rejects this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal of individuals and gene flow are crucial aspects to maintain genetic diversity and viability of populations, especially in the case of threatened species. Landscape composition and structure may facilitate or limit individual movement within and among populations. We used a landscape genetics approach to assess the connectivity patterns of the threatened Dupont's lark (Chersophilus duponti subsp. duponti), considering their genetic patterns and the landscape features associated with its gene flow in Spain. We analysed the genetic relatedness based on 11 species‐specific polymorphic microsatellites on 416 Dupont's lark individuals sampled across peninsular Spain between 2017 and 2019, covering most of the European distribution of the species. To assess the relationship between the landscape composition and the species gene flow, we estimated genetic distance at the individual level (Dps). Next, we built a set of environmental surfaces from two time periods (years 1990 and 2018), based on factors such as land use and topography, influencing individuals' movement. We then obtained resistance surfaces from an optimization process on landscape variables. Landscape genetics analyses were done for single and composite surface models for each year separately. Our findings from both time points show that scatter or mosaic‐structured vegetation composed by low agricultural and tree cover and high presence of sclerophyllous shrubs favoured Dupont's lark dispersal, while dense and continuous tree cover, as well as areas of intensive agriculture, were limiting factors. Our results suggest the importance of steppe habitat patches for the species' establishment and dispersal. In addition, our results provide key information to develop conservation measures, including conserving and restoring steppe habitats as scattered and/or mosaic‐structured vegetation that could warrant the connectivity and persistence of Dupont's lark populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition is a prominent mechanism driving population dynamics and structuring community assemblage, which can be investigated by linking shifts in species' ecological niche and the densities of sympatric species because the ecological release from competitive constraints is a density‐dependent process. In this work we determine how a steppe passerine community segregates their ecological niches and evaluate the role of competition in inducing changes in the ecological niche of species. We built multidimensional ecological niches (with Gaussian kernel density estimators) using data on the habitat features used by 10 bird species collected from seven sites in the natural steppes of Central Spain over 2 consecutive years. We computed distance and niche similarity metrics to explore the ecological niche partitioning of the bird community. Next, we ran multivariate linear regression models to evaluate the effects of conspecific and heterospecific density (as proxies of intraspecific and interspecific competition, respectively) on niche breadth and/or position of the three most abundant species. We found low niche overlap in the community assemblage but varying levels of niche similarity among pairs of species, which could increase the likelihood of current competition operating in the community. However, we found no effect of heterospecific density on niche breadth or position, although conspecific density was negatively related to niche breadth. Contrary to predictions of competition theory, increased density of conspecifics caused niche contraction. Our results from a multispecies system contribute to advanced knowledge of the biotic mechanisms structuring wildlife communities within the framework of ecological niche theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PANS (Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) is characterized by acute-onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or disordered eating, as well as anxiety, tics, and developmental regressions, among other neuropsychiatric symptoms, after an infection or exposure to environmental triggers. PANS symptoms, which can be chronic and fluctuate in severity for several years, develop because of an aggressive autoimmune reaction to brain structures. Studies suggest that dietary changes, such as replacing industrialized foods with organic or eliminating gluten or dairy, can be important for autoimmune conditions. This mixed-method study examines dietary changes implemented as part of treatment for PANS and PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Associated with Streptococcus), which is a subset of PANS, through in-depth interviews with families and clinicians and a caregiver survey. 64.7% of the 467 survey participants indicated that a healthcare provider recommended dietary changes as part of PANS/PANDAS treatment. 55.7% of the families did implement dietary changes and 69.6% reported at least one diet to be somewhat effective in helping with PANS/PANDAS symptoms, with 36% reporting dietary changes to be very effective, particularly gluten-free and sugar-free diets. However, some parents and clinicians highlighted children’s resistance to new diets and concerns about worsening OCD and food restrictive disorders as barriers to implementing dietary changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platform capitalism is a growing reality with a widening social and economic impact. The rapid expansion of Short-Term Rental (STR) platforms has led to new challenges for policy regulation. The main objective of this paper is to shed some light on current conflicts surrounding the regulation of STR. The body of literature on this topic mainly focuses on the increasing substitution of sharing economy by commercial hosts. By contrast, we explain that the ideological notion of host hinders the understanding of the supply-side structure. A critical approach (as critique of ideology and ideological categories) should entail a class perspective based on rent theory and engage with critical works on platform capitalism. In this article, we propose an innovative analytical approach to STR supply-side supported by rent theory, which focuses on the relationship of agents with land and technology ownership and specialised management services, as these are forms of rent appropriation. From this point of view, these supply-side agents are not hosts, but class factions with common and competing economic interests in rent appropriation. Therefore, they can employ a variety of strategies to influence the political regulation of STRs. Based on in-depth interviews with landlords, individual managers, and corporate agencies in Andalusia (Southern Spain), we show the conflicting internal structure behind the ideological notion of host and even professionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Anterolateral Extreme Lateral Infrajugular Transcondylar (Al-ELITE) approach, a modified version of the standard ELITE approach used in neurosurgery. This approach provides access to the jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, and foramen magnum, making it ideal for treating certain tumors and lesions. The article provides a detailed description of the surgical anatomy associated with the Al-ELITE approach, using dissections performed on a cadaveric specimen. The study aims to enhance the educational understanding of this technique for trainees. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar (ELITE) approach, specifically focusing on its dorsolateral variant. The ELITE approach provides a surgical corridor to access complex neurosurgical lesions involving various structures such as the jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum, vertebral and posteroinferior cerebellar artery, medulla oblongata, brainstem, and cranial nerves V to XII. The study aims to provide a step-by-step dissection of the dorsolateral ELITE approach using cadaveric specimens, with the goal of enhancing understanding and proficiency among future neurosurgeons. The article emphasizes the importance of familiarizing oneself with this approach and its anatomical relationships. [Extracted from the article]

This article compares two variations of the extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar (ELITE) approach, the anterolateral (Al-ELITE) and dorsolateral (Dl-ELITE) approaches, for surgical access to various pathologies involving the skull base. The study conducted dissections on cadaveric specimens and found that both approaches involve similar steps, but the Al-ELITE approach provides a larger surgical exposure area and is better suited for certain types of lesions. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the anatomical aspects and differences between these approaches in order to select the appropriate surgical approach for each case. [Extracted from the article]

An experimental/theoretical study has been presented on the problem of the dynamic equation of motion of a close to neutral buoyancy sphere (0.04 m in diameter) decelerating freely in water after an impulsive start. It has been verified, via analysis of the acceleration parameter, that, for the range of parameters that have been considered, the motion is governed by unsteady effects. A model has been developed for this specific problem. It contains three forcing terms in the sphere dynamics equation of motion: (a) unsteady drag, (b) added mass, and (c) buoyancy. This departs from the approach following the standard Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen formulation. In this case, the equation of motion would contain four forcing terms: (a) steady drag, (b) added mass, (c) history, and (d) buoyancy. Comparison between the experimental and model results shows reasonable agreement in terms of trajectory, velocity, and acceleration profiles. The model could be used for practical engineering applications that involve this type of unsteady flow situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires kinetochores, multi-megadalton protein machines that assemble on the centromeres of chromosomes and mediate attachments to dynamic spindle microtubules. Kinetochores are built from numerous complexes, and there has been progress in structural studies on recombinant subassemblies. However, there is limited structural information on native kinetochore architecture. To address this, we purified functional, native kinetochores from the thermophilic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and examined them by electron microscopy (EM), cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The kinetochores are extremely large, flexible assemblies that exhibit features consistent with prior models. We assigned kinetochore polarity by visualizing their interactions with microtubules and locating the microtubule binder, Ndc80c. This work shows that isolated kinetochores are more dynamic and complex than what might be anticipated based on the known structures of recombinant subassemblies and provides the foundation to study the global architecture and functions of kinetochores at a structural level. [Display omitted] • Purification of relatively complete native K. marxianus kinetochores • Native K. marxianus kinetochores sustain microtubule attachment under 9 pN force • Cryotomography of K. marxianus kinetochores reveals a brush-like tri-laminar structure • AFM on K. marxianus kinetochores confirms architecture and flexibility Chromosome segregation requires kinetochores, macromolecular machines that assemble on centromeres. To understand their functions, structural information about kinetochores is critical. Barrero et al. purify native kinetochores from a thermophilic yeast and perform electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to provide insights into kinetochore architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Consumers perceive pasture-based livestock production as natural and ethical and, therefore, better for animal welfare. The objective of the study was to test the feasibility of the proposed measures to assess animal welfare on 24 commercial zebu cattle farms in tropical pasture systems. The methodology was developed through participatory workshops with producers, academia, and health authorities. The methodology included animal-based, resource-based, and management-based indicators. Study of the on-farm feasibility of the measures was carried out through interviews, the review of records, the direct observation of animal lots, and individual evaluation in the pastures. Application of the methodology and expert analysis demonstrated that simple measures exist to assess animal welfare in pasture systems. The protocol will help identify opportunities for improvement to strengthen the implementation of animal welfare practices and comply with sanitary requirements. Pasture-based production systems are predominant in major beef-producing countries; however, these systems lack validated protocols to assess animal welfare under commercial conditions. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of the proposed measures and methodology for the evaluation of animal welfare in fattening cattle under pasture conditions. The initial methodology was developed with the participation of producers, professionals, the general public, and the Colombian health authority, through workshops with a participatory approach and collaborative knowledge management. The study was carried out in 24 pasture-based commercial Zebu cattle farms in the middle Magdalena region of Colombia. Visits were made with an average duration of 2.5 h, which included the evaluation of 788 fattening cattle. The methodology evaluated animal-based, resource-based, and management-based indicators through a questionnaire-guided interview to evaluate cattle handling and health, animal-based measurements, and documentation management. A protocol validation process was carried out by selecting indicators that remained unchanged, adjusting those that were feasible to implement, and removing inadequate indicators. The application of the methodology demonstrated that there are feasible measures to include in the evaluation protocols of pasture-based fattening systems. Likewise, the active participation of producers is crucial to achieving a greater commitment to the implementation of this methodology for the assessment of animal welfare in cattle under pasture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the emerging understanding of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in potato plants. ABA is a stress hormone that plays a crucial role in plant physiology and agriculture. The study focuses on the negative role of the phosphatase StHAB1 in ABA perception and drought stress responses in potato. It also explores the connection between ABA signaling and the maintenance of dormancy in aerial lateral buds, as well as its potential role in tuber formation. The research provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of ABA signaling in potato and offers genetic tools for further study. The article emphasizes the importance of translational research from model plants to crops and highlights the need to consider diverse plant species in understanding ABA signaling. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Main anatomical landmarks of retrosigmoid craniotomy are transverse sinus (TS), sigmoid sinus (SS), and the confluence of both. Anatomical references and guidance based on preoperative imaging studies are less reliable in the posterior fossa than in the supratentorial region. Simple intraoperative real-time guidance methods are in demand to increase safety. Methods: This manuscript describes the localization of TS, SS, and TS-SS junction by audio blood flow detection with a micro-Doppler system. Conclusion: This is an additional technique to increase safety during craniotomy and dura opening, widening the surgical corridor to secure margins without carrying risks nor increase surgical time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Oxycephaly is a specific phenotype of multi-suture craniosynostosis that is often misrepresented. This study aims to review the relevant literature, clarify the diagnostic criteria, and present an alternate approach to its management. Methods: Published literature regarding oxycephaly was reviewed from 1997, when the largest series was published, until 2022. All cases at a single institution were then retrospectively reviewed. Results: Over the last 25 years, four studies met the inclusion criteria, none of which specifically defined oxycephaly. One case, in one study, was potentially consistent with the phenotype. An institutional review yielded two patients who met the original diagnostic criteria set forth by Renier and Marchac. Both patients had unexplained speech delays, mild retinal nerve fiber layer thickening, and diffuse inner table scalloping, along with the characteristic oxycephalic phenotype. One patient also had a direct intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement of 25 mmHg, and the other had a Chiari I malformation. Both were treated with posterior vault distraction osteogenesis (PVDO) to alleviate the cephalo-cranial disproportion while simultaneously allowing for turricephaly correction. Conclusions: Oxycephaly presents with late onset multi-suture fusion. Patients have patent sutures at birth. Midface hypoplasia and known syndromic associations are absent. Patients demonstrate supraorbital recession, an obtuse fronto-nasal angle, and turricephaly without substantial brachycephaly. Over 60% of patients have symptomatic ICP elevation, the presentation of which ranges from headaches to rapidly progressive blindness. This rare form of craniosynostosis is particularly virulent and likely often missed due to diagnostic ambiguity and its relatively mild phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the recent literature in migration and ethnic studies, and particularly the debate on the "local turn", mention multi-layered pressures that cities must address to develop their governance capacities, but few theorize an approach to better grasp these challenges. As cities move from state loyalty to empowerment, we enter the puzzle of urban resilience. This article argues that urban resilience is becoming a principle that regulates innovative political strategies to maintain cohesion and urban justice. After reviewing its application, and following an ideal-type Weberian methodology, this article presents initial findings from fieldwork in three different urban regimes, Barcelona, Marseille, and Tunisian cities. The main objective is to provide conceptual and empirical insights that can test the relevance of the use of urban resilience as a category of analysis and practice, and how this can help to articulate a future research program on urban migration governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Touristification refers to the multi-dimensional transformation of an area due to severe and rapid tourism intensification, which can harm that place's inhabitants in different ways. The activity's boom in the 2010s brought about an exponential increase in short-term tourist rentals (STRs) in traditionally non-tourist areas across cities worldwide, triggering or expanding displacement dynamics. The study delves into the connections between touristification and displacement and how the latter has conditioned neighbors' lives. As the health crisis abruptly stopped tourist hypermobility, we also question how displacement has been affected and the ways in which it might evolve in the post-pandemic city. We focus on Seville, the capital of Andalusia in southern Spain, a region highly dependent on the tourism and real estate sectors that has annually broken its visitors' records until the Covid-19 pandemic broke out. We reflect upon how local populations in central and increasingly tourist neighborhoods have experienced expulsion before and amidst the pandemic through thirty interviews with residents and displacees from different socio-economic backgrounds in Seville's historic district. We conclude that the reconversion of STRs into long-term leases during and after the pandemic has resolved little compared with the damage already done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Varicella causes a major health burden in many low- to middle-income countries located in tropical regions. Because of the lack of surveillance data, however, the epidemiology of varicella in these regions remains uncharacterized. In this study, based on an extensive dataset of weekly varicella incidence in children ≤10 during 2011–2014 in 25 municipalities, we aimed to delineate the seasonality of varicella across the diverse tropical climates of Colombia. Methods We used generalized additive models to estimate varicella seasonality, and we used clustering and matrix correlation methods to assess its correlation with climate. Furthermore, we developed a mathematical model to examine whether including the effect of climate on varicella transmission could reproduce the observed spatiotemporal patterns. Results Varicella seasonality was markedly bimodal, with latitudinal changes in the peaks' timing and amplitude. This spatial gradient strongly correlated with specific humidity (Mantel statistic = 0.412, P =.001) but not temperature (Mantel statistic = 0.077, P =.225). The mathematical model reproduced the observed patterns not only in Colombia but also México, and it predicted a latitudinal gradient in Central America. Conclusions These results demonstrate large variability in varicella seasonality across Colombia and suggest that spatiotemporal humidity fluctuations can explain the calendar of varicella epidemics in Colombia, México, and potentially in Central America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern electric machines are attracting great interest from the research community as a result of the increasing number of current applications, including electric vehicles and wind power generators, among others. Different machines, power converters, and control technologies are used, and the number of sensors is usually minimized to reduce the total cost of the system. Particularly interesting are the current and speed sensors, which are essential to the normal functioning of the entire system. This work analyzes different calibration techniques of these sensors, using as a case example a five-phase induction motor drive. Experimental results are included to show the influence of calibration techniques on the system analyzed. The obtained results can be extrapolated to any other similar system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nutraceutical properties of food hydrolysates rely on multiple biochemical interactions involving the modulation of enzymes and cellular receptors. Numerous bioactive peptides released from troponin and tropomyosin digestion have been identified. Their characterization has mostly been performed by hydrolysis catalyzed by proteases unrelated to the human digestive system. Objective: This study aimed to determine the bioactive profile of beef, pork, and chicken meat by analyzing the frequency and pharmacokinetics of biopeptides released from troponin and tropomyosin. Methods: In silico digestion and biopeptide release frequency were studied by three parameters; bioactive fragments release frequency (AE), frequency percentage (W), and mean occurrence (AS), all stated on the BIOPEP-UWM platform. Further on, hydrolysis end-products were screened based on gastrointestinal-absorption probability and pharmacokinetic profiling performed on SwissADME, SwissTargetPrediction, and ADME/Tlab bioinformatics web tools. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way ANOVA test. Results: Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibiting biopeptides exhibited the highest release frequency. Moreover, W and AS parameters showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the myofibrillar isoforms assessed. Seven biopeptides were classified as highly absorbable and reported optimal drug-likeness compliance. Although biopeptides hold good pharmacokinetic properties, the therapeutic potency of biopeptides showed to be lower than those of DPP-IV and ACEinhibiting drugs. Conclusions: Troponin and tropomyosin are rich dietary sources of bioactive peptides, mainly DPP-IV and ACE inhibitors. Digestion end-products are mainly dipeptides with optimal pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties, suggesting a potential therapeutic application in hypertensive and hyperglycemic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global transfer systems are equivalent to global N_\infty-operads, which parametrize different levels of commutativity in globally equivariant homotopy theory, where objects have compatible actions by all compact Lie groups. In this paper we explicitly describe and completely classify global transfer systems for the family of all abelian compact Lie groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to establish the psychometric properties of the prosociality scale of Caprara et al. (2005) in Colombia, taking as a reference its adaptation with Chilean students (Mieres-Chacaltana et al., 2020), given the recent research relevance that prosocial behavior has had in educational and social settings and the absence of an instrument that evaluates this construct in Colombian adolescents. Method: A reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. 501 university students from two Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) located in the departments of Magdalena and Tolima with ages between 15 and 18 years old (M=17,12 years, SD=0,766) participated, who voluntarily decided to join this research. Results: Construct validity was established through confirmatory factor analysis and model adjustment with standard acceptance limits: RMSEA=0,070, CFI=0,923, and TLI=0,905. The reliability consistency analysis showed an adequate Cronbach's Alpha reliability index (a=0,880). Conclusions: This instrument presents psychometric properties that make it an adequate tool to assess prosociality in Colombian adolescents. Its relevance lies in the fact that it makes it possible to measure the prevalence of prosocial behaviors reported by this population and broadens the possibilities of studying this construct in relation to other variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anticorrelation between the central density of the dark matter (DM) halo (ρ150, DM) and the pericentric distances (r p) of the Milky Way's (MW's) dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) has been reported in the literature. The existence and origin of such anticorrelation are, however, controversial, one possibility being that only the densest dSphs can survive the tidal field towards the centre of our Galaxy. In this work, we place particular emphasis on quantifying the statistical significance of such anticorrelation, by using available literature data in order to explore its robustness under different assumptions on the MW gravitational potential, and for various derivations of ρ150 and r p. We consider models in which the MW is isolated and has low (⁠|$8.8\times 10^{11}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$|) and high (⁠|$1.6\times 10^{12}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$|) halo masses, respectively, as well as configurations in which the MW's potential is perturbed by a Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) infall. We find that, while data generally support models in which the dSphs' central DM density decreases as a function of their pericentric radius, this anticorrelation is statistically significant at 3σ level only in |${\sim} 12~{{ \rm per\ cent}}$| of the combinations of ρ150 and r p explored. Moreover, including the impact of the LMC's infall on to the MW weakens or even washes away this anticorrelation, with respect to models in which the MW is isolated. Our results suggest that the strength and existence of such anticorrelation are still debatable: exploring it with high-resolution simulations including baryonic physics and different DM flavours will help us to understand its emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief note deals directly with what is interpreted as John Mollenkorpf's epistemological, comparative and regional critique to conceptual thinking in migration studies. The paper is devoted to meta-conceptual thinking. From an analytical point of view, there are three main lines of thought that inspired the author to define a geography of concepts and the need of Weberian approach. First, the distinction between the discussion of a conceptual agenda and the meanings of concepts; second, the definition of what the contextual dependence of concepts may entail; and third, the introduction of a multiscale approach. This conceptual talk is today more necessary than ever, even more so considering the era of great semantic confusion in which we live, where realities and virtuality merge, where evidence sometimes loses its function as an indicator of reality, with so many strategic narratives full of intentions and emotions in migration debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representing past, present and future locations is key for spatial navigation. Indeed, within each cycle of the theta oscillation, the population of hippocampal place cells appears to represent trajectories starting behind the current position of the animal and sweeping ahead of it. In particular, we reported recently that the position represented by CA1 place cells at a given theta phase corresponds to the location where animals were or will be located at a fixed time interval into the past or future assuming the animal ran at its typical, not the current, speed through that part of the environment. This coding scheme leads to longer theta trajectories, larger place fields and shallower phase precession in areas where animals typically run faster. Here we present a mechanistic computational model that accounts for these experimental observations. The model consists of a continuous attractor network with short-term synaptic facilitation and depression that internally generates theta sequences that advance at a fixed pace. Spatial locations are then mapped onto the active units via modified Hebbian plasticity. As a result, neighboring units become associated with spatial locations further apart where animals run faster, reproducing our earlier experimental results. The model also accounts for the higher density of place fields generally observed where animals slow down, such as around rewards. Furthermore, our modeling results reveal that an artifact of the decoding analysis might be partly responsible for the observation that theta trajectories start behind the animal's current position. Overall, our results shed light on how the hippocampal code might arise from the interplay between behavior, sensory input and predefined network dynamics. Author summary: To navigate in space we need to know where we are, but also where we are going and, possibly, where we are coming from. In mammals, including humans, this might rely on the hippocampal theta phase code, where in each cycle of the theta oscillation, spatial representations appear to start behind the animal's location and then sweep forward. Previously, we showed that these sweeps extend to the locations that were or will be reached at fixed time intervals in the past or future, but assuming the animal ran at its typical speed through each portion of the environment. Here, we present a computational model that can account for these effects, as well as for the over-representation of reward zones in the hippocampal code. The model uses preconfigured neural sequences in the hippocampus to learn sequences of spatial inputs, a mechanism which is supported by experimental findings. Similar mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the encoding of episodic memories. Our work might therefore help reconcile the prominence of spatial representations in the hippocampus with its well-known function in episodic memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial co‐occurrence patterns are determined by environmental factors, such as food availability or habitat characteristics and by biotic associations. When resources are limited, competition which implies a dominant hierarchy can shape species assemblage. Here, we study space and time co‐occurrence of steppe passerines during the breeding season in a natural steppe habitat, its modulation by environmental filtering, potential biotic interactions and random processes. We applied the joint species distribution model of hierarchical modelling of species community (HMSC) to data on species presence–absence and environmental, temporal and spatial covariates acquired from seven plots in a natural steppe in central Spain during two consecutive years. Our results reveal the patterns of bird species co‐occurrence and suggest that this assemblage might be competitively structured. The assemblage appears to be configured around one dominant species, the Eurasian skylark, which establishes principally negative associations with many of the coexistent species. Our results contribute to the understanding of how competition and dominance processes, together with ecological constraints and other biotic associations, shape bird assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study starts from the idea that literary criticism has found a new platform on Instagram to inform and comment on literature, maintaining some of the main characteristics of this journalistic genre and incorporating new features. For this, a content analysis of the six profiles in Spanish with the highest number of followers on Instagram has been carried out, in order to establish also the main characteristics of the content that these types of profiles host and their impact within the community. To reinforce the qualitative nature of the research, semi-structured interviews have been carried out with those responsible for these profiles on Instagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of Mediterranean migration studies and as a contribution to the emerging debate on the ‘local turn’, and on multiscalar approaches of region-making from different disciplines, the main objective of this article is to analyse an empirical trend that theoretically reinforces the view that cities can shape new regional domains. This city-region interface delimits the article’s two-sided argument. On one hand, the article argues that because of the increase of trans-Mediterranean relations, cities are contributing to regional-making; and, on the other hand, that this occurs through a critical process of State disengagement from the way in which the Mediterranean is configured today. After arguing for a Braudelian view of the Mediterranean as région de villes, the article conceptualizes the category of ‘regional cities’ within current geographical and international relations literature. Drawing on three examples of external city practices (city-to-city networks, city involvement in international non-governmental organization and city bilateral diplomacy with other cities), the article empirically illustrates, as a third step, the relevant different functionalities of the city that shape region-making. Finally, the article sets this empirical and theoretical focus within current European Union and State-based geo-migration politics as a top-down region-making failure. The purpose is to highlight the dissonance between the top-down region-making blockage and the historical bottom-up construct of the Mediterranean as a region of interconnected cities. This invites us to visualize regional cities as the basic component for a paradigm shift in Mediterranean migration governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study is presented that addresses the problem of a freely decelerating sphere in a still water tank. The diameter of the sphere was 0.04 m. Three different solid-to-fluid density ratios were considered: 0.78, 0.88, and 0.94. The submerged sphere was impulsively started upon being rammed by an actuator-mass system. Six initial velocities were considered: 0.91, 2.03, 2.54, 2.94, 3.29, and 3.78 m/s. The Reynolds number of the initial velocities based on the sphere diameter was 3.6 × 104, 8.1 × 104, 1.01 × 105, 1.17 × 105, 1.31 × 105, and 1.51 × 105 (subcritical). It was observed that both sphere dynamics and associated flow topology (identified via an optical system and a particle image velocimetry system, respectively) differed significantly from the case of an accelerating sphere. In the present case, a large vortex ring structure (both torus diameters of the order of the sphere's diameter) formed and attached to the sphere surface. This vortex ring followed the sphere motion all the way down the falling trajectory. From the data reduction standpoint, it was found that a suitably defined dimensionless acceleration parameter allowed for collapsing the kinematics variables of the sphere trajectory, namely, position, velocity, and acceleration, into a single ordinary differential equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core reflection of this article is to explore the potential of using the Mediterranean as a category of analysis for migration studies, what epistemological and ontological effects this may have and how this could be done. To better capture this focus, I will speak about Med‐Thinking. This Mediterranean scale of analysis invites us to follow methodological regionalism. In practice, this means that we need to encourage scholars to channel their findings towards the development of a Mediterranean approach. To develop an integrative and reflexive regional approach, I will first point out the background premises of such a normative effort and second, I will present the main analytical tools framing this Med‐Thinking approach by articulating four main dimensions: epistemic solipsism, holism, homeostatic and positive thinking on migration. In the end, I will suggest some paths to promote the continued application of the Med‐Thinking approach for the development of Mediterranean migration studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]