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Berries are widely consumed in different forms (fruits, juice, jams, dried and candied berries), and contain high amounts of phenolic compounds providing several health benefits. Although its consumption continues to grow, most of these fruits are fragile and perishable due to their high moisture content. In this context, the scientific communities are interested in preserving these fruits and extending their shelf life while maintaining their benefits. In addition, the development of functional foods is given special attention by the food industry since the natural ingredients extracted or the whole fruit can be incorporated into different foods and improve their quality. This review goal is to discuss the most abundant bioactive compounds in various berries and their potential health benefits, as well as the different physical technologies its preservation, with a focus on ionizing radiation technology to extend berries' shelf life and increase its bioactivity for potential enrichment in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to study the impact of electron‐beam (e‐beam) irradiation (0.5–2 kGy) on microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory quality of raspberries, over a storage period of 14 days at 4°C. Results showed that irradiation had a significant effect (p <.05) on the reduction of the microbial population, weight loss, and the firmness of raspberries by slightly affecting the pH, TA, and TSS during storage. This effect depends on the used dose. The brightness of irradiated raspberries increased significantly by e‐beam doses. The panel preferred raspberries irradiated with 0.5 and 1 kGy. In fact, untreated and treated at 2 kGy samples, showed a sensory degradation of stored raspberries. These results pointed out that e‐beam irradiation can be considered as an environmentally friendly postharvest treatment suitable for conservation and preserving the quality of raspberries during storage. Novelty impact statement: There is an ever‐increasing consumer demand for food obtained by low‐processed, more environmentally friendly, and greener preservation techniques to ensure food safety, guarantee high nutritional and organoleptic quality.E‐beam irradiation at 0.5 and 1 kGy improved the color and some quality characteristics of raspberries better than control.E‐beam irradiation at low doses is a method that may be a substitute and could be used along with conventional methods, providing raspberries quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to study the impact of ionizing radiation (gamma radiation and electron beam, 1–3 kGy) on the antioxidants of the strawberry, through evaluation of the total phenolic and L-ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity (293 T and A549 cell lines) after storage at 4 °C for 15 days. Results showed that both gamma and electron beam radiation could preserve the phenolic content of strawberries during the storage. Both irradiation treatments induced the degradation on L-ascorbic acid content and indicated to increase the antioxidant activity mainly on strawberries treated at 2 kGy. Regarding cytotoxicity assay, non-tumor 293 T cells were more sensitive to strawberry extracts than A549 cells and ionizing radiation had no impact on the viability of both cell lines. These results pointed out that gamma and electron-beam radiation at 2 kGy can be used as safe and environmental friendly post-harvest treatments of strawberries to preserve their bioactive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of electron beam irradiation (1–3 kGy) was studied on the microbiological, physicochemical, sensory, and bioactive properties of strawberries during storage at 4 °C for 14 days. E -beam treatment reduced the population of fungi to non-detectable levels and the bacterial mesophilic population by 2 log CFU g−1. Sensory analysis highlighted the strawberries treated at 2 kGy with 7 days storage as the most appreciated. Principal Compounds Analysis between the different physicochemical parameters and sensory descriptors suggested that the attributes of the strawberries irradiated at 1 and 2 kGy were enhanced comparatively to the control. The bioactive content of strawberries was preserved or improved after irradiation and 7 days of storage. The results indicated that e-beam treatment at 2 kGy and refrigerated storage could guarantee the microbial safety and extend the shelf-life up to 7 days, while preserve and/or improve the physicochemical and sensory attributes of strawberries. Strawberries are sources of compounds with high bioactivity and health benefits, despite of being high perishable. The present work demonstrated that e-beam radiation could be used as an environmental friendly and safe post-harvest treatment of strawberries to preserve the bioactive properties in order to extend their shelf-life, thus ensuring their quality and safety, and consequently, increasing their commercial value. • Electron-beam radiation was evaluated as a post-harvest treatment of strawberries. • Strawberries treated at 2 kGy were the most appreciated by the panelists. • Physicochemical parameters and sensory descriptors were positively correlated by PCA. • Irradiation and 7 days of storage preserved the bioactive content of strawberries. • 2 kGy guaranteed the safety and quality of strawberries, extending the shelf-life up to 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to perform a comprehensive study on the effect of gamma radiation on strawberries by evaluating its effect on physicochemical, microbiological, sensory acceptance, phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity over a storage period of 14 days at 4 °C. The results showed that gamma irradiation significantly decreased the proliferation of molds and yeasts at 1, 2 and 3 kGy up to seven days of storage. However, a significant decrease of firmness, redness and chroma was noticed with gamma radiation doses. Moreover, sensory scores revealed that gamma radiation had no significant effect on strawberries compared to the non-treated, the dose of 2 kGy seemed to be the best dose to maintain the acceptance sensory quality of strawberries for the panel. A positive relation between different physicochemical parameters and sensory descriptors was illustrated with Principal Compounds Analysis. The gamma radiation treatment and refrigerated storage indicated to have an increasing trend on the bioactive content of strawberries. Based on the obtained results, the dose of 2 kGy point out to be the optimal treatment to maintain the safety and global quality of strawberries with extended shelf-life. • Gamma radiation at 2 kGy ensures strawberries safety and improves sensory quality. • Gamma radiation at 2 kGy increases antioxidants of strawberries. • Data analysis shows strong correlations between sensory and physicochemical attributes. • Data analysis allows distinction of treatments resulting in different quality levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the internal structure and the dynamics of our solar system is mandatory to understand the behavior of our universe and its origin. One of the tools chosen by NASA is seismology, particularly in order to constrain the deep interior structure of the red planet via the Insight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport) mission that was successfully landed on November 26th, 2018 in Elysium Planitia. However, planetary seismology is still far from providing models with high precision and calculation speed. Thus, this study is one of the first attempts to model the Martian interior structure using a seismic waveform inversion technique : the Machine Learning and the Pattern Search algorithm by resolving a nonlinear global optimization problem.It's a new revolutionary mathematical tool for seismology and inverse problem in general as it gives a better understanding of blinded or burred problems like our case.For that, before applying it to the incoming InSight data provided by the seismometer SEIS (the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure), we need to ensure its efficiency through several tests. Therefore, we will focus on the inversion sensibility error by comparing the resulting inverted crustal model obtained using this new method to the existing models provided by the SEIS team using other tools like Markov Chain Monte Carlo (McMC). This technique will be applied to the MSS blind test data computed by the InSight collaborators. The aim is to constrain the epicentral distance, the depth and origin time of the seismic event, as well as the seismic velocity profiles and the attenuation, and to compare it with existing methods developed by the InSight science team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instrument package SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) with the three very broadband and three short‐period seismic sensors is installed on the surface on Mars as part of NASA's InSight Discovery mission. When compared to terrestrial installations, SEIS is deployed in a very harsh wind and temperature environment that leads to inevitable degradation of the quality of the recorded data. One ubiquitous artifact in the raw data is an abundance of transient one‐sided pulses often accompanied by high‐frequency spikes. These pulses, which we term "glitches", can be modeled as the response of the instrument to a step in acceleration, while the spikes can be modeled as the response to a simultaneous step in displacement. We attribute the glitches primarily to SEIS‐internal stress relaxations caused by the large temperature variations to which the instrument is exposed during a Martian day. Only a small fraction of glitches correspond to a motion of the SEIS package as a whole caused by minuscule tilts of either the instrument or the ground. In this study, we focus on the analysis of the glitch+spike phenomenon and present how these signals can be automatically detected and removed from SEIS's raw data. As glitches affect many standard seismological analysis methods such as receiver functions, spectral decomposition and source inversions, we anticipate that studies of the Martian seismicity as well as studies of Mars' internal structure should benefit from deglitched seismic data. Plain Language Summary: The instrument package SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) with two fully equipped seismometers is installed on the surface of Mars as part of NASA's InSight Discovery mission. When compared to terrestrial installations, SEIS is more exposed to wind and daily temperature changes that leads to inevitable degradation of the quality of the recorded data. One consequence is the occurrence of a specific type of transient noise that we term "glitch". Glitches show up in the recorded data as one‐sided pulses and have strong implications for the typical seismic data analysis. Glitches can be understood as step‐like changes in the acceleration sensed by the seismometers. We attribute them primarily to SEIS‐internal stress relaxations caused by the large temperature variations to which the instrument is exposed during a Martian day. Only a small fraction of glitches correspond to a motion of the whole SEIS instrument. In this study, we focus on the detection and removal of glitches and anticipate that studies of the Martian seismicity as well as studies of Mars's internal structure should benefit from deglitched seismic data. Key Points: Glitches due to steps in acceleration significantly complicate seismic records on MarsGlitches are mostly due to relaxations of thermal stresses and instrument tiltWe provide a toolbox to automatically detect and remove glitches [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The InSight lander successfully delivered geophysical instrument package on the Martian surface on November 26th, 2018, including a broadband and a short-period seismometer (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure, SEIS). The seismic instrument package is specifically designed to record marsquakes and meteoritic impacts in Martian conditions. Routine operations are split into two services: the Mars Structure Service (MSS) and the Marsquake Service (MQS), which are responsible for defining structure models and seismicity catalogs, respectively. The first "deliverable" of the MSS will be a model based on the events detected during the first 3 months of seismic monitoring of the mission, for which only a few quakes might be expected based on current estimates of Mars seismic activity. To test our approach of determining the interior model of Mars and to prepare the InSight science team for data return, we made use of a "blind test" time series for which the Marsquake parameters (location, depth, origin time, and moment tensor) and interior model were unknown to the group at large.In preparation for the mission, the goal was to develop mature algorithms to handle the data as efficiency as possible. Synthetic seismic waveforms were computed in a 1D mantle model with a 3D crust on top using AxiSEM and Salvus. The time series were created by adding seismic noise that relies on pre-landing estimates of noise generated by the sensors, electronic system, environment, and nearby lander. To characterize what we could learn about Mars interior structure with only one station and with the first seismic event, we performed inversions of a synthetic data following a blind test process, where the interior model was unknown to all team members carrying out data analysis and inversion. We detail and compare the results of this "blind test" using different methods including inversion of surface wave dispersion data, body waves travel times, and the waveforms themselves. We have used mainly Bayesian techniques to obtain robust probability density functions of interior structure parameters. The effects on the retrieved model distributions of fixing mars quake location and origin time are investigated, as is the effect of using fixed Vs flexible parameterizations. To allow for tighter constraints, we also test the use of priors based on thermodynamically-constrained models together with seismic observations, as well as seismic confirmation/rejection of models purely based on thermodynamical modelling. These techniques considered here form a large part of the planned modeling of the MSS that will be ultimately employed with the first recording of a seismic event by InSight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]