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Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although osteohistology has proven to be useful to discern several palaeobiological traits and systematics in non-avian dinosaurs, the bone microstructure of several groups (e.g., abelisaurid theropods) is still poorly documented. Here, we provide a microstructural description of different bones (a cervical epipophysis, three dorsal ribs, three grastralia, and the left femur) of the type specimen of the abelisaurid Aucasaurus garridoi, its ontogenetic stage and compare its growth with other theropods, especially abelisauroid taxa. The cortical bone is mostly composed by fibrolamellar bone tissue composed of a woven-fibred matrix. Secondary remodelling varies among the different elements. The compacta of the rib shows eleven growth marks (with an additional seven in the external fundamental system), implying that the specimen was at least eleven years old and had reached somatic maturity when it died. The presence of lines of arrested growth/annuli supports a cyclical growth strategy, as in Niebla, Quilmesaurus, and Abelisauridae indet. MMCh-PV 69. All these abelisaurids indicate that the maturity based on cyclical growth marks spacing is not reliable, due to considerable variability of this parameter within a single element. This study represents the first intensive osteohistological investigation for an Abelisauridae member, providing new information on palaeobiological traits of this clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luxuriant, bushy antlers, bizarre crests, and huge, twisting horns and tusks are conventionally understood as products of sexual selection. This view stems from both direct observation and from the empirical finding that the size of these structures grows faster than body size (i.e., ornament size shows positive allometry).We contend that the familiar evolutionary increase in the complexity of ornaments over time in many animal clades is decoupled from ornament size evolution. Increased body size comes with extended growth. Since growth scales to the quarter power of body size, we predicted that ornament complexity should scale according to the quarter power law as well, irrespective of the role of sexual selection in the evolution and function of the ornament. To test this hypothesis, we selected three clades (ammonites, deer, and ceratopsian dinosaurs) whose species bore ornaments that differ in terms of the importance of sexual selection to their evolution.We found that the exponent of the regression of ornament complexity to body size is the same for the three groups and is statistically indistinguishable from0.25.We suggest that the evolution of ornament complexity is a by-product of Cope's rule. We argue that although sexual selection may control size in most ornaments, it does not influence their shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]