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Purpose: The saphenous nerve is a predominantly sensory nerve. It is the longest nerve of the body which supplies the skin of the medial side of the leg and foot as far as the ball of the great toe. We present here an unusual motor branch of the saphenous nerve to the sartorius muscle. Method: Institutional guidelines for use of human cadaver were followed. Routine dissection of the lower limbs for undergraduate medical teaching was performed in a 67 years old female cadaver employing standard methods. Relevant gross features of the variations were photographed. H&E staining of relevant structure was done and photomicrographed. Results: The unusual motor branch to Sartorius was observed in the right thigh. The branch was given off in the lower third of the thigh after the saphenous nerve exited the adductor canal. The branch was distinctly seen entering the substance of the sartorius. The structure was confirmed to be a peripheral nerve by histological examination. The saphenous nerve then descended between the sartorius and gracilis tendons, pierced the fascia lata and became cutaneous. Conclusion: The motor branch to the sartorius muscle is a very rare branch whose knowledge is important for clinicians as it can get damaged during arthroscopy and other knee surgery or during adductor canal block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the perceived need among surgical residents to revisit their anatomical knowledge and evaluate their attitude towards integrating clinical anatomists into surgical residency program curriculum. BACKGROUND: While medical students learn human anatomy during undergraduate years, the practical application of clinically oriented anatomy becomes vital in surgical specialties. However, this aspect has not been adequately addressed in Indian surgical residency programs. METHODS: An 11-item questionnaire, including closed-ended and Likert-scale questions, was administered to 153 surgical residents. Consent was obtained, and responses were collected via Google Forms. RESULTS: Half of the respondents (50%) felt confident in their self-d irected anatomy learning, but 87% believed integrating clinical anatomists would enhance their su rgical expertise. Additionally, 88% saw value in revisiting cadaveric dissection. Third-year residents showed a significantly higher inclination towards cadaveric dissection. Deficiencies in the curriculum and time constraints were identified as major barriers. CONCLUSION: The study highlights a perceived need among surgical residents to augment their anatomical knowledge, advocating for the integration of clinical anatomists and cadaveric dissection into training. A collaborative approach, emphasizing both horizontal and vertical integration of anatomy, is recommended to enhance surgical education and practice. (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 25). Text in PDF www.elis.sk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The introduction of competency-based medical education curriculum and a shifted focus towards self-directed learning (SDL) in medical schools across the world has necessitated a reduction of didactic teaching hours. Museum specimens are an indispensable tool in anatomy teaching and can play a pivotal role in fostering and reinforcing SDL. Coloring of specimens makes it attractive and facilitates understanding anatomy. The aims of this study were: (1) weigh up the two commonly used coloring materials in anatomy viz. acrylic paint and nail polish; and (2) to assess the perception of anatomy students towards a Novel Osteo Refurbishment Method (NORM) for restoration of partially damaged osteology specimens. Methods: Undergraduate and postgraduate students of anatomy were recruited in the study. Participants responded to a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Obtained data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2019. For a comparison of the two coloring agents Mann-Whitney U test was applied to the responses toward the Likert scale-based questionnaire. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 318 study participants, 63.7% and 36.3% of the respondents were male and female, respectively. 90.5 % were new entrants to university and the remainder 9.5% had a prior university degree. Students found the acrylic paint to be a better coloring agent and they also opined that NORM generated refurbished osteology specimens could serve as a useful selflearning tool. Acrylic paint was found to be more suitable as compared to nail polish with significant p-value in most of the parameters tested. Conclusions: Acrylic colour holds a good place in coloring both specimens and models in anatomy. Nail polish can be an alternative but with some noted disadvantages. The initial experience with NORM yielded encouraging results with potential practical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: variable insertions of peroneus tertius (PT) muscle tendon is described by various authors. Mention of extra PT tendon is also described in literature. Autologus tendon grafting is a blooming arena of clinical research at present time. Scarcity of auto graft and difficulty of choosing an appropriate auto graft often perplex reconstructive surgeons. There is paucity of data with regard to use of PT muscle tendon as auto graft. Case Report: we report here an extra tendon of PT muscle joining with the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) tendon. The extra PT tendon with optimum length and thickness is indeed an additional advantage from the point of view of auto graft harvesting. Discussion: we believe that though partial or total removal of the PT tendon might result in some degree of functional loss in maintaining steadiness and eversion, but presence of extra tendon will enable to use only the extra tendon not directly involved in primary action thereby minimising any possible functional impairment. An extra tendon of the PT muscle comparable in dimension with that of its primary tendon as reported here has promising opportunities in tendon grafting. Conclusion: the anatomical variation of extra tendon of PT can be of tremendous future prospects to be used as an alternate tendon auto graft in ligament repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: anatomical variation of inferior gluteal nerve (IGN) has not received much attention from clinicians. Mechanical injuries of IGN such as entrapment, compression by adjacent structures in the gluteal region are not infrequent. The present case reports unusual bilateral IGN anatomical variation formed by variable contributions of dorsal division of ventral rami (L5, S1 & S2) entering below the piriformis. On the right side, the upper root of IGN traversed the space alone and supplied the medial part of the gluteus maximus (GM). The middle and lower roots accompanied the inferior gluteal artery (IGA), encircled it and formed the lower root of IGN dorsal to the artery; which then supplied the lower part of GM. On the left side, the upper and the middle roots encircled the IGA and then united to form the upper root of the IGN. The middle root arose in common with the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh. The lower root traversed the space alone superficial to the sciatic nerve and supplied the left GM. The roots of IGN embracing the IGA (the lower two roots on the right side and the upper two roots on the left side) from before backwards place it in a vulnerable position for compression in the event of any vascular lesion like arterial aneurysm. IGN neuropathy can present as abnormal gait or kinesiological disturbance. Awareness of such variation will aid in clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superficial palmar arch (SPA) is an important anastomotic network primarily formed by the superficial branch of the ulnar artery with one of the superficial branches of the radial artery. SPA variations were observed in three out of 20 cadaveric hand specimens. Two cases of unilateral incomplete SPA and the third case of a unilateral ulnar-to-median complete SPA were recorded. The incomplete SPA was located superficial to the flexor digitorum tendons and deep to the palmar aponeurosis. SPA in the remaining 17 hands was anatomically normal, with major contributions from the superficial palmar branch of the ulnar artery and minor contributions from the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. These variations are clinically important, especially during procedures like arterial blood sampling, cardiac catheterization, and hemodialysis. Thus, anatomical variabilities in this region may cause complications with vascular occlusion if not ascertained before the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a letter to the editor of the Medeniyet Medical Journal, titled "Clarifications Regarding 'Investigation of Morphological and Biomechanical Properties of the Scapula for Shoulder Joint'." The authors of the letter express their interest in the article and commend the authors for their efforts. However, they raise several points of clarification and concern, including negative values in calculations, missing references, and incomplete information about the sample size and scapulae used. They also request clarification on the use of the term "biomechanics" in relation to a study conducted on dry bone. The authors conclude by expressing their appreciation for the editor's consideration and requesting a response from the original authors. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: supracondylar foramen of humerus is a rare finding while supracondylar spur has been found with variable incidences in different population groups. Presence of complete foramen can be attributed to ossification of struther's ligament. Reporting about this type of variation is sparse in literature. It may cause supracondylar syndrome by compression of median nerve, ulnar nerve and brachial artery leading to neurovascular compromise in forearm and hand. Case Report: during routine bone demonstration of humerus to undergraduate MBBS students, supracondylar foramen was found in one specimen. Completely ossified bony bridge extending from medial epicondyle to anteromedial surface of humerus was found. Conclusion: generally, this type of variation is asymptomatic. Sometimes, it can be symptomatic if median nerve, ulnar nerve or brachial artery is/are compressed within this foramen. It is important to include this variation in differential diagnosis in patients with neurovascular symptoms around elbow, forearm and hand. Also, it can mimic as benign and malignant tumors involving lower end of humerus. The mainstay of management is removal of ossified bony bridge by either open or arthroscopic surgical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: cholecystohepatic duct (CHD) is one of the important but rare anatomical variations of extra hepatic biliary apparatus. It can get injured easily if proper care is not taken intraoperatively leading to prolonged bile leakage and postoperative complications. Two cases of this rare variation were found intraoperatively during cholecystectomy. CHD was arising from right hepatic duct and communicating with body of the gall bladder in both cases. These were type E6 accessory bile duct according to Goor's classification. In the present case, intraoperative identification of anomaly could avoid subsequent post operative complications due to prolonged bile leakage. Hepatobiliary surgeons performing surgery in the region of calot's or cholecystohepatic triangle should always keep in mind probable presence of CHD. A high index of clinical suspicion and vigilance can prevent subsequent grave complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]