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Underage drinking has become a major public concern having a negative impact on the growth and development of the skeleton. Peak bone mass is attained during adolescence hence the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of acute binge alcohol consumption on trabecular morphometry and tensile strength of the adolescent mandible in the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat. The study comprised of 24 SD rats, aged 7 weeks, placed into either the alcohol-exposed [n=12 (6 males and 6 female)] or pair-fed control group [n=12 (6 male and 6 female)]. The treatment of the groups was as follows; the alcohol exposed group and the pair-fed control were administered a single daily dose of 3 g/kg of 20 % alcohol 3 days a week (alternate days) for 7 days and a caloric equivalent dose of maltose dextrin via oral gavage, respectively. The animals were terminated on day 7 via pentobarbital injection. The mandibles were harvested and scanned using a Nikon XTH 255L 3D-microCT scanner (Nikon Metrology, Leuven, Belgium), and biomechanical tests were done using a Shimadzu universal tensile strength testing machine (China). Following scanning and reconstruction, the trabecular morphometry was assessed using Volume Graphics Studio® software. A 3-point bending test was used to evaluate the tensile strength of the bone. Findings from our study showed changes in some trabecular parameters in the female alcohol-exposed group, while the male groups remained unaffected. No changes in tensile strength were seen when comparing male pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups and when comparing female pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups. Trabecular and tensile strength differences were observed between the sexes when comparing male pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups to female pair-fed control and alcohol-exposed groups. These findings do suggest that acute binge alcohol consumption has detrimental effects on the bone micro-architecture in female alcohol-exposed rats and that differences are seen between the sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following literature review provides a comprehensive compilation of essential information concerning the design and development of lower limb prostheses. The document encompasses critical aspects gleaned from 91 distinct, high impact works related to this subject. Upon concluding the document, a section is presented, summarizing key findings and significant insights, along with an exploration of future challenges and prospects in the field of lower limb prosthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: mastectomy after breast cancer produces several postural and biomechanical alterations in the frontal and sagittal plane. Such changes lead to disturbed kinematics of the spine, muscle imbalance and altered foot weight bearing. This study aims to describe body balance alterations after mastectomy based on the baropodometric analysis of their mean pressure and static load. Methodology: a descriptive correlational research was carried out. Foot weight-bearing properties were identified in 17 patients who have undergone a mastectomy. An Ecosanit Foot pressure plate was used to measure foot load at anatomical position and keeping the feet together. Results: 17 female patients who had undergo mastectomy with a mean age of 54.16 years took part on the research. Patients who have had a dominant-side mastectomy demonstrated significant greater mean pressure at anatomical position when compared to those patients who have had a non-dominant side mastectomy (227.2 ± 22.16 versus 175.6 ± 14.95, p =0.05). There was no significant difference for static load between the patients who have had a dominant side mastectomy and patients who have had a non-dominant side mastectomy at anatomical position (52.43 ± 4.069 versus 49.69 ± 4.094, respectively). Conclusion: the current results of our research showed the unbalanced weight distribution in patients after mastectomy. Consequently, it describes the postural and muscular alterations, and the static and dynamic imbalance in breast cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional insoles can reduce foot injuries caused by running. In this paper, ten male volunteers from the Track and Field Department of Guilin University of Electronic Technology were selected as subjects to test the biomechanical characteristics of the foot, such as plantar pressure, impulse, and center line pressure distribution, when using normal insoles and shock-absorbing functional insoles made of latex, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), and conventional insoles. The results showed that the plantar pressure and impulse were mainly concentrated on the first toe, the middle of the metatarsal, and the lateral part of the heel. After using the shock-absorbing insoles, the average pressure and impulse of the first toe, second to fifth toe, lateral metatarsal, and lateral heel were significantly reduced, while the average pressure intensity and impulse of the medial metatarsal, middle metatarsal, and medial heel were significantly increased; the center line of pressure became longer and straighter, indicating that the running stability was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common injuries in the current context, and reconstruction by autograft is the most used rehabilitation method along with physiotherapy for physical rehabilitation; However, certain biomechanical alterations have been detected in the gait pattern of these patients due to the effects that the injury produces on the surrounding structures and this has resulted in the development of degenerative pathologies secondary to the reconstruction of the ligament. The objective of the present investigation is to analyze the alterations in gait biomechanics present in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction through different autograft techniques. A systematic review was carried out based on the PRISMA method guidelines in the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Springerlink databases, including a total of 11 articles. Several gait alterations were detected in the patients analyzed in parameters such as angles of movement, joint range, tibial translation, moments of force and vertical ground reaction; being the knee flexion angle the most evaluated. However, the studies show discrepancies in several of the results found and, in addition, there is little or no information on the biomechanics of the hip and ankle; Therefore, it is difficult to reach a conclusion about a specific gait pattern for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The static and dynamic analyzes in the biomechanical field developed at the level of the locomotor system occupy a very extensive space of theoretical and experimental research, with different applications, from theoretical foundation to objective evaluations, to find performance solutions, improvement, recovery/rehabilitation of movements performed by the human body. The purpose of the study was to analyze the general aspects and, in some situations, and particulars of the different areas of applicability but also of the diversity of methods and means possible to use in biomechanics studies of the human body. Material and method: The domains were analyzed and a model was proposed to determine an efficiency score for the rapid identification of useful experimental solutions. Results: The analysis of the variants of dedicated systems for biomechanics studies allowed the development of a methodology to evaluate the efficiency of the choice of these systems to complement each other, to combine to obtain more information and to validate the particular experiments. It was also found that open systems, which can be developed according to particular procedures, represent a first step for the validation of modular products and much easier to make compatible. Conclusions: From an application point of view, the authors believe that the creation of a complete and complex database of mechanical, electronic, optical, video or complementary system variants possible to use in biomechanics analyzes will be able to streamline and improve the performance of determinations and it will be possible develop a fast compatibility mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Table Tennis game does not involve large displacements by the practitioner in the environment, a characteristic that can promote greater safety for the elderly in locomotor terms. In addition, it needs coordination, agility, speed of reaction, dynamic balance, which have been the focus of current recommendations of physical activity for the health of adults and the elderly. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of table tennis practice on physical and functional fitness in the elderly. This quasi-experimental research with a parallel and controlled design. The sample consisted of 16 elderly people, allocated 8 in the experimental group (EG) and 8 in the control group (CG). The research lasted 18 weeks, with 2 weeks of evaluation (initial and final) and 16 weeks of intervention. Physical fitness assessments were carried out using the agility and balance and functional fitness tests. In the intra-group comparison (pre-post intervention), EG showed a significant difference for the variable agility (pre: 15.6 ± 1.2 s; post: 14.7 ± 0.7 s). Also, the EG showed a reduction in Area (pre: 11.00±3.32 cm²; post: 6.52±3.06 cm²), AP Amplitude (pre: 4.92±2.77 cm; post: 3.28±0.58 cm) and ML speed (pre: 2.77±1.07 cm/s; post: 2.31±1.03 cm/s) in the Tandem posture with eyes open. Our findings highlight the importance of a Table Tennis program, administered twice a week and consisted of low to moderate intensity activities, to promote a beneficial effect on the agility and balance of physically active elderly people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lesions of the iliopsoas generate metabolic alterations and mechanical modifications, clinically related to pain, decreased flexibility, restriction of the optimal range of movement and gait. The objective is to present the effectiveness of stretching with different techniques on hip mobility, iliopsoas flexibility and biomechanical gait parameters in children with hip extension deficit. Four patients were evaluated and intervened, two of the male gender and two of the female gender, from 6 to 11 years old, at the Centro de Rehabilitación Infantil of the SEDENA. The assessment was with analysis of gait and movement, then they were given a stretching protocol for 10 sessions. All participants showed significant results in the time-space parameters of gait, demonstrating a higher quality in gait biomechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shoulder impingement is the main cause of shoulder pain. Manual therapy is one of the proposed therapeutic strategies. In this context, the Mulligan maneuver implies anterior axial rotation of the clavicle, emulating the action of the subclavius muscle, which hypothetically would increase the subacromial space. However, there are no antecedents that provide experimental support for this hypothesis. The objective of the present study was to explore whether the axial rotation of the clavicle, produced by the Mulligan maneuver, has an effect on the pressure registered in the subacromial space, with the purpose of having methodological antecedents that can contribute to the design of future studies that address the problem exposed and consider a larger sample size. Through an ex-vivo exploratory study, two anatomical preparations comprising the scapula, clavicle, and proximal two-thirds of the humerus, both with glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joint sparing, were evaluated. In these, the pressure in the subacromial space and the axial rotation of the clavicle were recorded, all during the performance of an anterior clavicular axial rotation maneuver. Pressure differences between a basal condition and during the maneuver were analyzed, as well as the maximum axial rotation of the clavicle. These variables were recorded using a pressure sensor and a movement analysis system. The pressure in the subacromial space during the maneuver decreased in all repetitions in a range between 21-51% of the basal pressure. The maximum axial rotation recorded was between 3.9-10°. The results of this exploratory study give rise to the hypothesis that the anterior axial rotation maneuver of the clavicle produces a decrease in subacromial pressure, in the area immediately below the acromion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gait is a series of movements of the lower extremities and trunk to move the body forward and can be affected using prostheses and orthoses. A hands-free crutch was built as an alternative to conventional crutches, which presents problems in some parts of its design and requires a gait analysis, which is carried out using the Kinovea software. The current study compared three situations: normal gait, using the orthosis, and accompanying the device with a Canadian cane. It is noted that there are abnormalities when using the orthosis compared to normal walking which is slightly corrected with the auxiliary support of the cane. It is concluded that the orthosis is deficient in its walking cycle, so it is proposed to make structural changes. Developing this hands-free crutch will improve the quality of life for patients with lower limb injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implant loosening, catastrophic failure of the bone-screw interface, material migration, and loss of stability of the fixation component assembly constitute a serious complication in adult spinal surgery. The contribution of biomechanics is based on experimental measurement and simulation of transpedicular spinal fixations. The cortical insertion trajectory showed an increase in the resistance of the screw-bone interface with respect to the pedicle insertion trajectory, both for axial traction forces to the screw and for stress distribution in the vertebra. The double-threaded screws and standard pedicle screws had similar strength. Partially threaded screws with four-thread showed better resistance to fatigue in terms of a higher failure load and number of cycles to fail. Cement or hydroxyapatite augmented screws with also showed a better fatigue resistance in osteoporotic vertebrae. Rigid segment simulations confirmed the presence of higher stresses on the intervertebral discs causing damage to adjacent segments. The posterior body of the vertebra may be subjected to high stresses, in the bone-screw interface, being this bone region more susceptible to failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective. The wide range of movement and strength of the hand have been key in the development of the human species given its ability to adapt according to functional demands. Knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the structures that influence the generation of fingers force is crucial to understand the alterations that can cause its deterioration. Multiple studies have been conducted to assess the strength of each finger and its role in the functionality of the complex musculoskeletal system of the hand. In this descriptive paper, basic concepts are reviewed and stages of design and construction of a three-dimensional device capable of individually quantify the strength of each finger for healthy patients evaluation is presented. Methods. Multiple measurements were performed in 20 healthy patients with a device that discriminates the strength of each finger, comparing the results with previously published studies. Results. The results of the different measures are comparable with each other and with the results in previous studies. Conclusions. The use of this new device offers the possibility of measuring the strength of the fingers individually, which constitutes a valuable and novel tool in the evaluation of healthy patients and patients with traumatic and non-traumatic pathologies, to quantify their degree of disability, postoperative evolution or its disease specifically to the involved finger and its impact on the global grip strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dorsal laminectomy is routinely performed for spinal cord compressions or stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal. However, despite good results, relevant complications have been described in dogs. Considering the incomplete understanding of the necessity for complementary surgical stabilization after performing laminectomies in the cervical region, this study compared the resistance and range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spinal column subjected to Funkquist B laminectomy between the sixth and seventh vertebrae in dogs. Forty-four cervical vertebral columns (C2-T1) of dogs, with an average weight of 26.2±3.8 kg, were selected using radiography and computed tomography. Four experimental groups (n=11) were established according to the mechanical test: two control groups (flexion and extension control) and two laminectomy groups (flexion and extension laminectomies). Numerical results of the maximum loadfor measuring the resistance and ROM of the columns of the two control groups and the two laminectomy groups were compared. The laminectomy groups showed a lower maximum load, regardless of the mechanical test performed (P<0.001). The ROM was not influenced by laminectomy, the type of mechanical test (ventral flexion or extension), or its interaction (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the effect of the laminectomy factors (yes or no) and the effect of the mechanical tests for ventral flexion or extension (P<0.05). In conclusion, Funkquist B dorsal cervical laminectomy between C6 and C7 decreases mechanical resistance with a supraphysiological loading force but does not alter the ROM, suggesting that it can be used without additional mechanical stabilization in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to highlight the impact of biomechanical corneal response in available in vivo tonometry methods for glaucoma management. Systematic review of non-contact air-puff tonometers that analyzes the corneal deformation response, with special focus on the investigation of the correlation of derived parameters with intraocular pressure measurements. The two actual and commercially available in vivo corneal tonometers provide promising information about biomechanical characteristics of the cornea and its relation to glaucoma, allowing the development of new protocols to evaluate, diagnose, and manage this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Table Tennis game does not involve large displacements by the practitioner in the environment, a characteristic that can promote greater safety for the elderly in locomotor terms. In addition, it needs coordination, agility, speed of reaction, dynamic balance, which have been the focus of current recommendations of physical activity for the health of adults and the elderly. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of table tennis practice on physical and functional fitness in the elderly. This quasi-experimental research with a parallel and controlled design. The sample consisted of 16 elderly people, allocated 8 in the experimental group (EG) and 8 in the control group (CG). The research lasted 18 weeks, with 2 weeks of evaluation (initial and final) and 16 weeks of intervention. Physical fitness assessments were carried out using the agility and balance and functional fitness tests. In the intra-group comparison (pre-post intervention), EG showed a significant difference for the variable agility (pre: 15.6 ± 1.2 s; post: 14.7 ± 0.7 s). Also, the EG showed a reduction in Area (pre: 11.00±3.32 cm² ; post: 6.52±3.06 cm² ), AP Amplitude (pre: 4.92±2.77 cm; post: 3.28±0.58 cm) and ML speed (pre: 2.77±1.07 cm/s; post: 2.31±1.03 cm/s) in the Tandem posture with eyes open. Our findings highlight the importance of a Table Tennis program, administered twice a week and consisted of low to moderate intensity activities, to promote a beneficial effect on the agility and balance of physically active elderly people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aetosaurs are quadrupedal archosaurs that had a worldwide distribution during the Late Triassic. They had small heads relative to their body size and a long tail, and they are characterized by a dorsal and ventral carapace formed by ornamented and articulated osteoderms. Although aetosaurs historically have been considered the only herbivorous among the early pseudosuchian archosaurs, few analyses quantitatively assess their feeding habits, and some authors have proposed omnivorous and/or scavenging habits for the group. Neoaetosauroides engaeus is an aetosaur from the Late Triassic of the Los Colorados Formation, La Rioja, Argentina. N. engaeus is known from three relatively well-preserved skulls, making it an excellent taxon to study the feeding ecology. We applied the Finite Element Method to estimate bite force and to evaluate the structural response of the skull at different positions during food processing. Our results show that the skull of N. engaeus generated a bite force of 3.6 kN, a magnitude comparable with the measurement made in Alligator mississippiensis, and could resist lateral and longitudinal forces during feeding. This indicates that N. engaeus was capable of hunting of small living prey (e.g., cynodonts) with its jaws, and/or dragging carcasses of larger sizes (e.g., dicynodonts). These results bring new evidence that supports possible zoophagy or omnivory for N. engaeus, thus expanding the potential ecological roles of aetosaurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The cavus foot is a musculoskeletal pathology with an increase of the medial arch of the concavity of the foot. The etiology of the cavus foot is still enigmatic, it is related with neurologic conditions, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and cerebral palsy. The aim of this research was to analyze the plantar pressure distribution of the feet on young athletes with cavus foot. Material and methods: Eighty-three young athletes between nine and 20 years old, that presented cavus feet pathology were recruited. The mass and height average were 56.9 ± 12.36 kg and 1.61 ± 0.10 m respectively. Plantar pressure distribution of the feet was recorded during static conditions. The hindfoot and forefoot pressure were compared in each foot. Results: The plantar pressure distribution were categorized in three groups. In the first group the participants presented higher pressure in the hindfoot than forefoot, in the second group, the athletes showed similar pressure in the posterior and anterior region of the feet and in the last one, the subjects revealed higher pressure in the forefoot. To be considered in one of the three groups, the diff erence of pressure between the posterior and anterior part of the foot was established at 16%. Conclusion: Many musculoskeletal disorders in the human body are biomechanical in origin and related with foot anatomy. The cavus foot is a pathology with high prevalence in athletes and it is related with the mechanical forces over the feet during dynamic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies report that the type of food directly influences the kinematic patterns of mastication. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the chewing cycles of adult and fully dentate participants during the mastication of foods of different texture and hardness (peanuts and carrots) using 3D electromagnetic articulography. Eleven healthy participants (5 men; 6 women), 31.9 ± 5.2 years old, were evaluated. By means of 3D electromagnetic articulography, the mastication of two test foods (peanuts and carrots) was recorded. The data associated to mandibular movement were processed with MATLAB® obtaining different parameters--masticatory frequency in cycles per second, mandibular descent and ascent rate, area of the projections of each masticatory cycle in the three planes of space--which were compared according to type of food and sex of the participants. Statistically significant differences were found between the areas of the masticatory cycles in the horizontal plane according to type of food, being greater for carrots (P=.003). Likewise, statistically significant differences were detected between the sagittal areas of the cycles between men and women, being greater in women (P=.042). Our results agree with other studies that affirm that the texture of the food influences the kinematic characteristics of the masticatory cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, evidence-based medicine has generated the need to quantify any movement, objectively. Today, thanks to the development of electronics and computing, new techniques have been developed, such as approaching biomechanical studies. One of them is 3D photogrammetry. In this way, the present work aims to evaluate the technical launch gesture with atlatl, through a biomechanical analysis using the 3D Photogrammetry tool and the bioinformatics application: Ariel Performance Analysis System (APAS 2000 3D), in order to infer in this way Musculoskeletal Stress Markers involved in it. The results show that the sites subjected to the greatest stresses are those related to shoulder acceleration, and therefore this joint is the most compromised, which is consistent with similar findings in certain related sports and the pathology associated with throwing. Therefore, we disagree with the term «Elbow of Atlatl» that is still used by many anthropologists. It is suggested to be more cautious when interpreting the activity patterns related to this technical gesture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to prospectively describe different cases of highly asymmetric ectasia (very asymmetric ectasia, VAE) to differentiate subclinical or "frustrated" forms of keratoconus (forme fruste keratoconus - FFKC) from cases of unilateral ectatic disease. Case 1 is a 39-year-old patient with unilateral ectasia treated with an intrastromal ring implant. The contralateral eye was normal due to multimodal propaedeutics, stable for more than 3 years, with a TBI of 0.02. The patient admitted to having intensely scratched only his right eye in his youth. In Case 2, a 15-year-old patient with clinical ectasia in the right eye, had a left eye with normal topography and tomographic and biomechanical changes characterizing FFKC. Case 3 is the mother of the case 2 patient, aged 46, who presented with presbyopia, without any relevant ophthalmological history. Uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 in each eye, Placido topography with slight lower curving, but without definitive signs of ectasia. The biomechanical and tomographic evaluation revealed signs of keratoconus in both eyes. These three cases are in accordance with the definition of the global consensus: keratoconus is a bilateral disease, but ectasia can occur because of strictly mechanical unilateral (in any eye). The relevance of multimodal refractive imaging is highlighted, with a focus on integrating biomechanical and tomographic assessments with Scheimpflug images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To Perform a review on the diagnosis of keratoconus, focusing on the available propaedeutic methods. Methods:A search was performed in the PubMed database using the key words: Keratoconus, diagnosis, topography and tomography. As it is a review, there was no restriction regarding the publication period of the selected articles. Furthermore, both the preferred practice pattern(PPP) manual of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, as well as the website “eyewiki.aao.org” were used as reference. The project was submitted to the research ethics committee of the Federal University of São Paulo / UNIFESP / SP 2018 (# 2,568,770). Results: Out of the 641 papers found in PubMed, in adition to those used as a reference for PPP, 36 were selected while considered more relevant to the adopted theme. The website “eyewiki.aao.org” was used as a reference for the images. Conclusion: The diagnosis of keratoconus has evolved considerably since it was first described. It is desirable to diagnose it on the early stages due to its high potential of morbility. A possibility of an integration between the various diagnostic indices, genetic research, molecular biology and artificial intelligence is recommended for greater diagnostic accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaffolds are customized structures, whose designs influences cell growth for tissue repair. However, they are still under constant study to meet all the biological requirements. In this work, a methodology is proposed, and the behavior of various scaffold designs are numerically evaluated by using the finite elements method. Different geometries are evaluated by varying the material and pore size. Subsequently, after selecting the designs, the viability of the scaffolds in a scaffold-bone-plate assembly in two healing stages was evaluated. The initial, when there is no bone inside the scaffold, and the final repair, when the scaffold is full of bone material. For its evaluation, an equivalent scaffold geometry was proposed using basic homogenization techniques. It was observed that the bone within the Ti6Al4V scaffold significantly increases the mechanical properties of the area, and important areas of stress concentration can be generated. This highlights the convenience of the scaffold being biodegradable to avoid subsequent injuries to the patient, due to the difference in stiffness along the femur. In this evaluation, only two biocompatible materials were considered, such as titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti6Al4V) and polylactic acid (PLLA) (biodegradable). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hip dysplasia is an incurable but treatable disease that affects medium and large dog breeds. It appears as a result of genetic disorders, overweight, among other causes. Currently, there are no specialized mechanisms that provide comfort to the life of these pets, while adapting to the canine condition and promoting the use of their hind legs until mobility is completely lost. Therefore, in the present study, a versatile device was synthesized and modeled to help to improve the life quality of dogs, taking as a reference the "German Shepherd" breed. It was designed considering the health and welfare of these animals, taking into account the mobility and safety of their limbs. This device uses a linkage mechanism to provide structural support to the dogs, while allowing for mobility within an specified range of motion. It aims to incorporate a gear and spring system that controls the weight lifted by the device, so that dogs partially use their hind legs. The static and dynamic behavior of this mechanism were mathematically modeled, finding an optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current world and the tendencies of universalization of processes that occur through globalization, the opening of markets, internationalization, competition and all the new situations that business development brings every day make processes must be more efficient and risks, with which there are risks associated with activities that involve physical exertion and therefore a possible musculoskeletal injury. Objective. Analyze the relationships identified between the negative impact tasks and the ergonomic variables associated with cargo handling, by using the REBA and RULA assessment tools so that risk factors are identified by Drilling & Well workers Services, especially wedges and pollsters of an oil company. Materials and methods. The research is descriptive, since it represents an experimental analysis that aims to establish the initial conditions and determine the way in which a particular circumstance is manifested by identifying the characteristic features of the operation. Results. There were activities such as lifting and positioning the wedge, moving the drill pipe, releasing or adjusting the power keys and adjusting the arms of the elevators to close and with it controlling the drill pipe, as the most important risk actions in the operations of the wedges and operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In military life, load carriage is an unavoidable part of field operations which is the reason why soldiers often make use of a military backpack. Infantry soldiers usually carry loads weighting more than 30% of their body weight. When the soldier carries a certain weight, his energy expenditure increases, which causes a reduction in performance. The transported load has a movement similar to the vertical displacement of the center of mass of the soldier while walking. This leads to a significant increase in the acceleration forces generated by the action of said load on the body which explains the increase in energy expenditure. The objective of this project was to develop a load carriage system that suspends the load and reduces its vertical displacement. Results show a reduction in both the vertical excursion of the load and in the total vertical ground reaction force when carrying a load with the developed prototype, with respect to the conventional military backpack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is currently known that the speed of swimming is a function of the propulsion generated from the lower limbs and not just the upper limbs. However, for years the action of the legs, during swimming, had its importance mitigated. Thus, the objective of this work was to raise, by means of an integrative literature review, the state of the art regarding the importance of the lower limbs in swimming. This research was delimited in the action of surface legs and underwater legs, excluding the analysis of exits and turns. Studies indexed in the following databases were analyzed: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs and SciELO. The search system included reading of titles, abstracts and articles in full, found through blocks of descriptors that combined main and secondary terms. A total of 154 articles were found, of which 55 were included for qualitative analysis. The results showed that studies on the use of the lower limbs in swimming have a low sample value and a heterogeneous description of the levels of the participants. Breaststroke and underwater swells are the most studied variables. It is recommended to examine the effectiveness of other anthropometric, kinematic and coordination variables to better understand the production of maximum speed and to consider the importance of individual techniques in the action of the legs in swimming. Still, in the field of using the lower limbs in swimming, there are some gaps, which the articles themselves point out. These demands are due to the strength generated by these segments, in addition to the discussion of the importance of considering individual factors in the action of the legs for swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: El bazedoxifeno es un SERM de 3ª generación con efectos agonistas sobre el hueso y sobre el útero y el tejido mamario. Nuestro objetivo ha sido estudiar los efectos del bazedoxifeno sobre la calidad ósea en un modelo experimental de ratas ovariectomizadas. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron 3 grupos de 15 ratas Wistar hembras de 6 meses de edad: uno control; otro de ratas ovariectomizadas; y un tercer grupo de ratas ovariectomizadas tratadas con bazedoxifeno (0,33 mg/kg/día). Tras 8 meses se estudiaron la densitometría ósea lumbar y femoral, los parámetros microtomográficos, los marcadores bioquímicos de remodelado y los parámetros biomecánicos del hueso. Resultados: La ovariectomía descendió la densidad ósea femoral y lumbar. La última se recuperó parcialmente con bazedoxifeno. El remodelado óseo aumentó, recuperando el bazedoxifeno los niveles de formación. El bazedoxifeno recuperó la fracción volumétrica ósea (BV/TV), la densidad de superficie ósea (BS/TV), el aumento en la separación trabecular (Tb.Sp), la disminución en el número de trabéculas (Tb.N), el aumento del factor de patrón trabecular (Tb.Pf) y el índice de modelo estructural (SMI). La superficie relativa cortical aumentó tras la ovariectomía, normalizándose con bazedoxifeno. También recuperó la deformación máxima antes de la rotura producida por la ovariectomía, y amortiguó parcialmente la ganancia de peso de las ratas ovariectomizadas. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio muestra resultados positivos del bazedoxifeno sobre la calidad ósea. Este fármaco podría estar especialmente indicado para mujeres jóvenes postmenopáusicas con osteoporosis o en riesgo de padecerla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomical and locomotive understanding of natural gaits in camels is an essential tool for its kinetic and kinematic evaluation as they constitute elements of marked predictability for functional performance, energy expenditure and training response. Biomechanics evaluation, complemented with applied thermography analysis, makes possible the precise delimitation for those risk factors potentially associated with musculoskeletal injuries derived from the physical work these animals do, mainly classified as multifactorial etiology pathologies. Speed competitions, recreational exhibitions or tourist walks are some of the motor activities carried out by camels, being outlined by strong cultural roots in specific geographical regions. In particular, Canarian camel breed (Camelus dromedarius) is marginally relegated for touristic activities. As an autochthonous endangered breed, the systematized adjustment of locomotor performance records will enrich the viability and sustainability of its conservation programmes, selective breeding and functional revaluation actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Reconstruction of the masticatory apparatus and functional morphology of extinct caviomorph rodents: Actenomys priscus as a case study" presents a study on the morphology and function of the masticatory apparatus of extinct caviomorph rodents. It focuses on the species Actenomys priscus, which inhabited the Buenos Aires province in Argentina during the Pliocene. The study uses digital reconstructions and biomechanical analysis to determine the adaptive characteristics of this species and its digging capacity. It is concluded that, although A. priscus had certain adaptive characteristics for underground life, its morphology was not prepared to accommodate a mandibular adductor musculature like that observed in current underground rodents. Additionally, it was found that the bite force of A. priscus was similar to that of other more gracile and semi-fossorial octodontid caviomorph species, but lower than that of current ctenomyids. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The correct activation of the trunk stabilizing muscles is essential in several situations, including prevention and treatment of low back pain. Proper activation of these muscles is a principle of the Pilates Method, but not all the effects of exercise variations are described in the literature. Objective: compare the electric activity of power house muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique/transverse abdominal and multifidus) during the execution of the Leg Circles exercise with high spring and low spring in Cadillac apparatus. Methods: Ten Pilates instructors were selected, with 30 years (±5), 58 kg (±7), 163 cm (±7) who underwent maximum voluntary isometric contraction tests before the execution of the Leg Circles on the Cadillac, with high and low spring. The electrical activity of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique/transverse abdominal, external oblique and multifidus muscles was collected. Results: The internal oblique (p=0,002) and the multifidus (p=0,042) activations were greater on the high spring. However, the external oblique showed a higher activation on the lower spring (p = 0.001). The abdominal rectus did not change its activation = 0.375). Conclusion: The high spring can be considered as the most suitable position to activate the deep musculature of the trunk, since the greater activation of the multifidus and of the internal oblique/transverse abdominal, together with the lower activation of the external oblique and the low activation in the rectus abdominus found in the high spring situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elbow dysplasia (ED) is a general term used to name a polygenic hereditary disease in dogs. Three bones are involved humerus, ulna and radius creating three articulations: humeroradial, humeroulnar, and radioulnar. Four processes characterize the disease, either independently or combined: I) fracture in the medial coronoid process; II) osteochondritis dissecans of the humerus condyle; III) ununited anconeal process; and IV) radius-ulna incongruence. To contribute to a better understanding of the disease, this work enquires whether the elbow joint functional mechanics is associated with the ED. To do so and using the I-DEAS 9.0 and ABAQUS 6.3 software that engineers use for calculating the effort distribution and delivery in grid structures a joint 3D model was designed based on computer-aided tomography. This way accurate information has been obtained about the distribution of the forces acting in the elbow articular surface, both when holding the animal weight loads and after a selective muscle action. This biomechanic model has enabled to find different associations between the ED injured areas and the articular regions making the greater mechanic efforts. Likewise, it allows focusing the radiological exploration of animals with potential DE and designing therapeutic habits for the trauma treatment. All this may be the starting point for studying other more complex epidemiological and biomechanic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Biomechanics of the lumbar spine with clinical approach allows the physician related to locomotive sciences, to have a better interpretation of the clinical and radiological findings in order to carry out a treatment or a prediction of a medical problem with greater scientific foundation. The lumbar vertebral segment is studied from a biomechanical point of view in an integrated way, correlating with other body regions. The structures analyzed are the vertebrae, the intervertebral disks, the ligament and muscular system. The method of study goes from the static of the column to the dynamic, which includes the kinetic and kinematic aspects. The contradiction in the study of the lumbar spine is that the disorders of this body region are of the most frequent in the general and specialized medical consultation and, however, is not enough provided to the financial funds to carry out research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Snatch is part of the sport of weightlifting currently used in recreational strength training workouts, and it has shown a high potential of musculoskeletal injury risk of lower limbs due to poor executions of the exercise. The main purpose of this study is to present a comparative dynamic analysis of motion on cross fitters of the same gender but of different sport level (beginner and professional), based on position and force data obtained from a capture motion analysis using the "Helen Hayes" protocol. The dynamic reactions on the knee joint of two women performing the Snatch with and without a weighted bar are presented for the three phases of a well-performed technique. Subjects were instrumented with "Moticon" force sensors (Sensing Foot Dynamics) operating at 50 Hz; four cameras "OptiTrack Prime 13" at 100 Hz with passive markers were used to provide the input parameters of the dynamic analysis. Information found indicates that there is a 6.11% increase in the reaction forces supported by the knee joint of the beginner compared to the one of the professional crossfitter. However, power generation along the complete motion of the Snatch is 171.81% higher for the beginner during the catching phase when using a not weighted bar and 5.08% higher for the professional women during the second pull when using the bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: swimming performance can be influenced by different factors, such as swimming technique, the forces involved in the task or, also, physiological and biomechanical aspects, among which the analyzes of the propulsive (PF) and resistive (FR) forces are of fundamental importance for the development of competitive swimming. The tied swim is a method widely used by technical researchers in the last 50 years, we can attribute this to its practicality and reduced cost when compared to other methods. Objective: to elucidate the applicability of the tied swim in historical and practical level. Methods: a bibliographic survey was carried out in databases whose works somehow used the tethered swimming or studied it. Results: It has been observed that the tied swim is a tool with high reproducibility, has a good relationship with swimming performance and can be used to accompany athletes throughout a training program, as well as to serve as a potential predictor of sports talents. Conclusion: the tied swim has gaps when the detailed description of the methods used, however due to the volume of work produced in the last decades, we can affirm that it has a solid base to be applied for research and swimming training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using videography, a cross-sectional descriptive-multivariate study was carried out, consisting of 61 patients with clinical, neurological and genetic diagnosis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) and Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA), as well as 51 healthy individuals chosen at random, attended in the Neurology consultation of the General Teaching Hospital Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso in Santiago de Cuba. The results of the metrological evaluations performed on the instrumental proposal are included in the work, and the behavior of the kinematic variables (gait speed, excessive increase in step width and lateral oscillations of the hip) are analyzed, for 3 manifestations of the movement of the groups of healthy and sick subjects. Finally, the discriminant linear models obtained for different groups of healthy and sick subjects whose validation reveals their potential usefulness for the study of normal and pathological movement are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to establish three-dimensional finite element models of micro-implants-lingual straight wire appliance and to investigate the effects of different wire patterns on the initial displacement of the maxillary anterior teeth and the stress of the periodontal ligament and tooth root during retracting maxillary anterior teeth in lingual orthodontics. A three-dimensional geometric models of maxilla with maxillary dentition was established using Cone-beam CT scan. Three types of maxilla models including microimplants and Duet-Slot Lingual Bracket appliance with three different arch wires (model A: 0.016 inch ' 0.022 inch stainless steel square wire; modelB: 0.016 inch stainless steel round wire; model C: double wire of 0.016 inch ' 0.022 inch stainless steel square wire + anterior teeth 0.016 inch stainless steel round wire) were assembled by Unigraphics NX 8.5 software. The labial intrusion force and lingual retraction force were simulatively loaded to obtain initial displacement of the anterior teeth and the stresses of each tooth root and periodontal ligament, using three-dimensional finite element calculation software Ansys Workbench 15. The initial displacement of the lateral incisors was close to the bodily movement; and central incisors and lateral incisors slightly extruded. Compared with group A and group C, canine teeth appeared obviously horizontal "arched effect" by crown labial tipping in group B. The stress distribution of the tooth root and periodontal ligament was minimal and uniform in the group C. The 0.016 ' 0.022- in stainless steel rectangular wire combined with 0.016- in stainless steel round wire used in the anterior teeth can better control the torque of the maxillary anterior teeth for space close in lingual orthodontics. Moreover, the stress distribution of tooth root and periodontal ligament is even, which is difficult to damage the periodontal ligament or result in external resorption of tooth root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biomechanics in total hip arthroplasty is essential to improve postoperative outcomes. A literature review study analyzed 11 articles published between 2010 and 2023, which highlighted the importance of biomechanics in the post-surgical technique. The studies emphasized the importance of strengthening the external rotator muscles, Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius and Minimus, adductors, and Iliopsoas in physiotherapeutic practice to stabilize the hip. The application of biomechanics in total hip arthroplasty improves joint function and patient gait in the postoperative period. [Extracted from the article]

Human movement has been the subject of a large number of investigations, mainly within the biomedical sciences, sports science and 3D animation. Due to the large amount of available technologies in the market, a technological surveillance is necessary in order to establish the main advantages and drawbacks, applications and state of the art, considering studies on the use of technologies in Colombia. In this work, a literature review on these topics was performed following the standards of the PRISMA and PRISMA P-2015 methodologies. It was found that movement analysis technologies are divided between optical, inertial and magnetic, where the optical systems appeared to be the most reported. The Vicon technology is the most used, since it can be used in a high number of applications. Regarding Colombia, the literature review suggests that a low number of studies have addressed on the topic, hence the need to improve the proficiency at both academic and industrial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral palsy (CP) generates limitations due musculoskeletal and motor disorders, being hemiplegia one of its main consequences. The hemiplegic gait may affect the musculoskeletal system in childhood, which may create muscle imbalance in adulthood. Objective: To assess the kinematic parameters of gait in children and adolescents with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy and verify if there is any difference in which concerns the side of the body affected (right or left). The study included 37 children and adolescents, both sexes, aged between 5 and 16 years with a clinical diagnosis of CP (GMFCS levels I and II), evaluated by the Movement Laboratory of the State University of Goiás. They were submitted to height and weight measurements and anthropometric evaluation of the pelvis and lower limbs. Reflective markers were placed at specific anatomical points and the three-dimensional gait analysis was performed. The sample was divided into two groups: group 1, with right hemiplegia (n=20) and group 2, with left hemiplegia (n=17). Among the gait parameters analyzed in this study, there was a significant difference between the groups regarding stride length (p=0.00), step period (p=0.02), stride width (p=0.05) and response to load (p=0.00) of the non-paretic limb. There were no statistical differences between the groups for the paretic limb. Conclusion: The findings showed that the left hemiplegic individuals had worse dynamic balance control of the paretic limb, an increased support phase on the non-paretic limb and faster gait speed. However, right hemiplegic individuals require more time to adapt when responding to load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the theoretical and methodological bases of the teachinglearning process in Biomechanics, its relationship with the development of research abilities and premises for its implementation in Physical Culture. The aim of this is to achieve the main ability of the science; the biomechanical analysis in the evaluation of the technical performance of athletes. We could know that during its pedagogical process a spontaneous vision of teaching is demanded. This vision promotes an autonomous environment, where the student searches and organizes knowledge according to his/her interests, from a research perspective and where working practice can be used to solve problems, as an action guided to promote their learning and implementation starting from concepts, processes and strategies in the creation of a useful knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing production of footwear and competitiveness has led the colombian businessmen to manufacture shoes with added value. To achieve this, the concepts of ergonomics and comfort play a significant role. To this effect, it is necessary to know the foot dimensions of the target audiences to design the lasts, sole pads and soles that fit correctly. Anthropometry defines these dimensions and the associated technology is useful to manufacture shoes. Nevertheless, colombian manufacturers use the dimensions provided by american and european standards. It calls for an evaluation of the state of the characterization process of the foot globally and locally, and the Disponible in technologies to perform it. The literature review was performed through exhaustive search in academic databases, where keywords and search formulas were identified. The information was classified according to the publication date, the methodology used in each work, the scientific rigor and the depth of the analysis. The review led to identify that the sole pressure analysis complement the anthropometric studies in the footwear development, 3D technology is currently the most used technology for anthropometric studies and that in Colombia, as in most latinamerican countries, the antropometric studies are few and outdated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great development and progress of Transparent Orthodontics techniques has been possible thanks to biotechnology, based on clinical evidence and efficacy and research studies in bioengineering and software technology, making it possible for these techniques to become authentic Therapeutic Systems, without forgetting that the biology, the physiology, the biophysical, biomechanical, biochemical, bioelectrical concepts, that sustain the Orthodontics, as a specialty within the OdontoEstomatology, remain the same. In the present work, we review the biomechanical principles that support the orthodontic tooth movements necessary for the therapeutic correction of the different malocclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, three-dimensional modeling of the residual limb of a transfemoral amputee is performed, which includes skin, fat tissue, muscle and residual femur. The loading conditions are established for the support phase during the normal gait cycle, the standing and walking through stairs of a transfemoral amputee of 88 kg and a height of 1.7 m. An analysis of the incidence of load conditions on the stresses and deformations in muscle tissue was made to establish its influence on the development of deep tissue injuries (DTI) in the residual limb of the amputee. From the analysis it was obtained that the average compressive stress is close to 18.6 kPa and the highest average strain at compression is 56.8%, it happens when the individual is walking through stairs or slope. The maximum concentration of stress and strain occurs in the distal area of the residual femur in muscle tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shoulder is one of the most complex joints of the human body, representing the pectoral arch. The capacity to perform this complex movement at the shoulder joint still remains a challenge until the present. The objective of this paper is to show a current understanding in the motion and stability of the shoulder joint given the particular anatomy and biomechanical aspects. The presentation of complex biomechanics aspects is important because the upper limb is only connected to the rest of the skeleton through the clavicle bone together with a strong and intricate system of muscles and ligaments that allow this joint its wide array of motion. This review can help us in the future to better approach the treatment of the diverse pathology and to improve rehabilitation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was analyzed by finite element method Screw Intrapedicular Fusion 6.3 mm and the Prisoner, designed and manufactured by CALVENT-Medicalas part of a package called screw - catch - tulip - prisoner for attachment of the spine. Loads the criterion of Von Mises, produce the onset of permanent plastic deformation in the area of the Prisoner neck torsional loads on the head, then with a nonlinear elasto plastic analysis was determined by linear static analysis, estimated the load required to cause rupture. Equivalently were estimated Screw Intrapedicular linear static analysis axial loads, bending and torsion producing creep, where also a dynamic analysis is incorporated to determine the fatigue life thereof, estimating the alternating critical loads that initiate endless life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the relationships among wood anatomy, hydraulic conductivity, density and shear parallel to the grain in the stem of Handroanthus vellosoi trees with the goal to identify possible trade-offs between hydraulic conductivity and mechanical properties. For this study we felled 12 trees with 24-year-old and cut 10-cm-thick disks at three heights: base of the trunk, one meter in height, and two meters in height. We propose that the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and mechanical resistance found along the H. vellosoi trunk indicates greater mechanical investment in the wood at the base of the trunk compared with the other two heights (1 and 2 meters). Anatomically, this would be represented by smaller diameter vessels and fibers with thicker walls. Consequently, strength investment implies lower water conductivity at the stem base. However, more studies are needed to determine whether this lower value with respect to 1 and 2 meters represents a significant effect on water transport along the stem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of kinematics, the physiological load bearing during statics and dynamics, and all forces that act on the hip joint have been and still are a major challenge even today, and this subject was also the purpose of the authors' study. The authors suggest that through this work the qualitative analysis of the movement, patterns and motion geometry, forces and anatomy of the movement should be encouraged. The aim of this paper was to draw an up-to-date picture of the normal anatomical and biomechanical knowledge of the hip. Only by observing the anatomical elements of the hip can the architecture and stability of the hip be understood. By corroborating the anamnesis and physical examination data the source of the pathology can be identified and evaluated. This paper should serve as a foundation for understanding, evaluating and treating the musculoskeletal deficiencies that concern not only the hip, but also the knee and the pelvic ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postur instability and body balance alteration, are signs commonly observed in patients with diseases associated with the musculoskeletal, visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems, being the stabilometry the main clinical assessment study. However, it has not been established a standard or a quantitative pattern to classify healthy and pathological subjects based on the impaired balance level. Objective: The main objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary stabilometric analysis in 38 healthy subjects (19 women and 19 men) in order to identify a characteristic pattern of the position displacement. Methodology: This study was based on the Rombergś test. Three measurements was performed to each patient with open eyes (OA) and eyes closed (OC) stand over a force platform. Results: A characteristic pattern of the medio-lateral X and anteroposterior Y movement was identified, and remarkable stability on the vertical axis Z around the center of pressure. Limitations: However, because of the small sample size there was not found conclusive results related to Body-Mass-Index, sex or age. Originality: Despite, promising parameters were found for the evaluation of stabilometry in healthy young people, strengthening the objective tools of clinical assessment. Conclusion: This research identified common patient characteristics of normal movement, that could be considered as an objective standard for patient monitoring and treatment evaluation in patients with pathological balance disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]