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This article reviews the main milestones in the history of gastric surgery, in peptic ulcer and gastric cancer in the world and in Chile. The main protagonists are mentioned, their contribution and set time lines. As a summary it is not possible to detail contexts or complete stories, but it seeks to give a panoramic view of the development of this surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present 2 cases of massive hiatal hernia and review the literature on the subject. Materials and Methods: Information is obtained from electronic records of both cases and a review of the literature on classification and management is carried out. Results: 2 clinical cases of massive hiatal hernia with different forms of presentation are presented, both with surgical management and good postoperative evolution. Discussion: Type IV paraesophageal hiatal hernias usually contain the entire stomach, transverse colon, omentum, sometimes the small intestine and, more rarely, the spleen. In massive hiatal hernia (MHH), the duodenum, bile duct and pancreas are added to the indicated organs. MHH is a rare occurrence and constitutes a surgical challenge. The literature reports just over thirty cases in the last 50 years, not all of which have been operated on. Management must be surgical and early, in order to promptly restore the anatomy and performed by a team with experience in the management of complex hiatal hernias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed alkynylation of quinolinium salts is reported. The reaction employs StackPhos, a newly developed imidazole-based chiral biaryl PN ligand, and copper bromide to effect a three-component reaction between a quinoline, a terminal alkyne, and ethyl chloroformate. Under the reaction conditions, the desired products are delivered in high yields with ee values of up to 98 %. The transformation tolerates a wide range of functional groups with respect to both the alkyne and the quinoline starting materials and the products are easily transformed into useful synthons. Efficient, enantioselective syntheses of the tetrahydroquinoline alkaloids (+)-galipinine, (+)-angustureine, and (-)-cuspareine are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed alkynylation of quinolinium salts is reported. The reaction employs StackPhos, a newly developed imidazole-based chiral biaryl P,N ligand, and copper bromide to effect a three-component reaction between a quinoline, a terminal alkyne, and ethyl chloroformate. Under the reaction conditions, the desired products are delivered in high yields with ee values of up to 98%. The transformation tolerates a wide range of functional groups with respect to both the alkyne and the quinoline starting materials and the products are easily transformed into useful synthons. Efficient, enantioselective syntheses of the tetrahydroquinoline alkaloids (+)-galipinine, (+)-angustureine, and (-)-cuspareine are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper takes a close look at balanced permutations, a recently developed sample reuse method with applications in bioinformatics. It turns out that balanced permutation reference distributions do not have the correct null behavior, which can be traced to their lack of a group structure. We find that they can give p-values that are too permissive to varying degrees. In particular the observed test statistic can be larger than that of all Bbalanced permutations of a data set with a probability much higher than 1/(B+ 1), even under the null hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic system of CuBr and the newly developed chiral StackPhos ligand is successfully applied for the three-component reaction of quinolines with terminal alkynes and ethyl chloroformate leading to dihydroquinolines such as (IV) and (VII), which are readily converted into natural compounds (-)-angustureine (Va), (+)-galipinine, and (+)-cuspareine (VIII). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNitric oxide (NO), plays multiple roles in the nervous system. In addition to regulating proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons, NO is involved in synaptic activity, neural plasticity, and memory function. Nitric oxide promotes survival and differentiation of neural cells and exerts long-lasting effects through regulation of transcription factors and modulation of gene expression. Signaling by reactive nitrogen species is carried out mainly by targeted modifications of critical cysteine residues in proteins, including S-nitrosylation and S-oxidation, as well as by lipid nitration. NO and other reactive nitrogen species are also involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, such as in Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, Friedreich ataxia, and Huntington disease. Susceptibility to NO and peroxynitrite exposure may depend on factors such as the intracellular reduced glutathione and cellular stress resistance signaling pathways. Thus, neurons, in contrast to astrocytes, appear particularly vulnerable to the effects of nitrosative stress. This article reviews the current understanding of the cytotoxic versuscytoprotective effects of NO in the central nervous system, highlighting the Janus-faced properties of this small molecule. The significance of NO in redox signaling and modulation of the adaptive cellular stress responses and its exciting future perspectives also are discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal.11, 2717–2739. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]