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With an increasing incidence of malignant melanoma, new prognostic biomarkers for clinical decision making have become more important. In this study, we evaluated the role of ecto-NOX disulfide-thiol exchanger 2 (ENOX2/tNOX), a cancer- and growth-associated protein, in the prognosis and therapy of primary malignant melanoma. We conducted a tissue microarray analysis of immunohistochemical ENOX2 protein expression and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ENOX2 RNA expression analysis, as well as viability assays and Western blots of melanoma cell lines treated with the ENOX2 inhibitor phenoxodiol (PXD) and BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) vemurafenib. We discovered that high ENOX2 expression is associated with decreased overall (OS), disease-specific (DSS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) in primary melanoma (PM) and a reduction in electronic tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (eTILs). A gradual rise in ENOX2 expression was found with an increase in malignant potential from benign nevi (BNs) via PMs to melanoma metastases (MMs), as well as with an increasing tumor thickness and stage. These results highlight the important role of ENOX2 in cancer growth, progression and metastasis. The ENOX2 expression was not limited to malignant cell lines but could also be found in keratinocytes, fibroblasts and melanocytes. The viability of melanoma cell lines could be inhibited by PXD. A reduced induction of phospho-AKT under PXD could prevent the development of acquired BRAFi resistance. In conclusion, ENOX2 may serve as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in malignant melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Collagen, a critical structural protein found abundantly in animal skin and bones, has become increasingly recognized for its potential therapeutic role in skincare. Despite growing interest, the scientific evidence for the efficacy of collagen sheet masks remains limited. The principal objective of our study was to provide insights into the multifaceted role of collagen in skin health, with a specific focus on its application in collagen sheet masks. Methods: The effects of a collagen sheet mask consisting of >92% native bovine collagen were investigated. The soluble protein components of the collagen matrix were analyzed and the influence of soluble collagen components on fibroblast regulation was examined. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was performed for structural analysis and effect on irritated skin. Five different clinical studies were conducted, including a comparison of the diversity of the skin microbiome, the tolerance and local irritating reactions in atopic dermatitis, an evaluation of skin redness after UV radiation, wrinkle reduction, and hydration and skin roughness of the collagen mask in comparison to a pre‐soaked cellulose sheet mask. Results: The collagen mask contains soluble protein components, including small collagen peptides. The mask showed potential for promoting fibroblast activity. SEM analysis showed a native collagen structure similar to human dermis. The mask maintained the skin microbiome diversity and decreased skin pH levels. It demonstrated good tolerability on both intact and lesional skin and had a significant effect in reducing erythema caused by UV radiation compared to other skincare products. It showed significant improvements in skin hydration and the volume of eye wrinkles and was more effective than pre‐soaked cellulose sheet masks. Conclusion: Collagen sheet masks have the potential to positively impact skin health and appearance by increasing hydration, reducing erythema, minimizing wrinkles, and maintaining a healthy skin microbiome and skin barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostein (P501S), also termed solute carrier family 45 member 3 (SLC45A3) is an androgen regulated protein which is preferentially expressed in prostate epithelial cells. Because of its frequent expression in prostate cancer, prostein was suggested a diagnostic prostate cancer marker. Methods: In order to comprehensively assess the diagnostic utility of prostein immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 19,202 samples from 152 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Prostein immunostaining was typically cytoplasmic, granular and perinuclear. Prostein positivity was seen in 96.7% of 419 prostate cancers including 78.3% with strong staining. In 16,709 extra-prostatic tumors, prostein positivity was observed in 7.2% of all cases but only 0.3% had a strong staining. Overall, 50 different extra-prostatic tumor categories were prostein positive, 12 of which included at least one strongly positive case. Extra-prostatic tumors with highest rates of prostein positivity included different subtypes of salivary gland tumors (7.6-44.4%), neuroendocrine neoplasms (15.8-44.4%), adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract (7.3-14.8%), biliopancreatic adenocarcinomas (3.6-38.7%), hepatocellular carcinomas (8.1%), and adenocarcinomas of other organs (up to 21%). Conclusions: Our data provide a comprehensive overview on prostein expression in human cancers. Prostein is a highly sensitive prostate cancer marker occurring in > 96% of prostate cancers. Because prostein can also be expressed in various other tumor entities, classifying of a tumor mass as a prostate cancer should not be based on prostein positivity alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that muscle fascicle curvature increases with increasing contraction level and decreasing muscle–tendon complex length. The analyses were done with limited examination windows concerning contraction level, muscle–tendon complex length, and/or intramuscular position of ultrasound imaging. With this study we aimed to investigate the correlation between fascicle arching and contraction, muscle–tendon complex length and their associated architectural parameters in gastrocnemius muscles to develop hypotheses concerning the fundamental mechanism of fascicle curving. Twelve participants were tested in five different positions (90°/105°*, 90°/90°*, 135°/90°*, 170°/90°*, and 170°/75°*; *knee/ankle angle). They performed isometric contractions at four different contraction levels (5%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction) in each position. Panoramic ultrasound images of gastrocnemius muscles were collected at rest and during constant contraction. Aponeuroses and fascicles were tracked in all ultrasound images and the parameters fascicle curvature, muscle–tendon complex strain, contraction level, pennation angle, fascicle length, fascicle strain, intramuscular position, sex and age group were analyzed by linear mixed effect models. Mean fascicle curvature of the medial gastrocnemius increased with contraction level (+5 m−1 from 0% to 100%; p = 0.006). Muscle–tendon complex length had no significant impact on mean fascicle curvature. Mean pennation angle (2.2 m−1 per 10°; p < 0.001), inverse mean fascicle length (20 m−1 per cm−1; p = 0.003), and mean fascicle strain (−0.07 m−1 per +10%; p = 0.004) correlated with mean fascicle curvature. Evidence has also been found for intermuscular, intramuscular, and sex‐specific intramuscular differences of fascicle curving. Pennation angle and the inverse fascicle length show the highest predictive capacities for fascicle curving. Due to the strong correlations between pennation angle and fascicle curvature and the intramuscular pattern of curving we suggest for future studies to examine correlations between fascicle curvature and intramuscular fluid pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gluten-viscoelastic properties are essential for breadmaking quality and are affected by both genotypes and environments, such as weather conditions. However, it is still not clear how weather conditions cause variation in gluten quality and at which stage of the grain filling they are critical. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between weather parameters during grain filling and the viscoelastic properties of gluten. The gluten of spring wheat varieties grown over 17 seasons, resulting in a total of 70 different environments, was analyzed with the Kieffer extensibility rig. The variation in viscoelastic properties of gluten was mainly explained by environment, followed by genotype, while the genotype∗environment interaction was small. The results also indicated that the periods around heading and physical maturity were the most critical when weather conditions affected the gluten quality. Our results also revealed that factors other than weather conditions are responsible for the variation in gluten quality. [Display omitted] • Viscoelastic properties of gluten varied largely between 70 environments. • The variations were mainly explained by environment (E) and genotype (G). • The effect of E∗G interaction was significant although small. • Temperature and rain were the important factors causing the variation. • Weather during 10-days before harvest was the crucial period for gluten quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The human skin acts as a protective barrier against external pathogens and hosts a diverse microbiome consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Disruptions to the skin microbiome can impact immune function, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. The importance of pH for the microbiome is paramount. Cosmetic skincare products interact with the skin microbiome and skin pH, playing a key role in maintaining microbial balance. Research suggests that products with non-physiological pH levels may disrupt the skin microbiota. Our clinical study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-pH cosmetic products (pH < 5) on the skin microbiome, contributing to improved skin health.The clinical study focused on evaluating the skin microbiome diversity following the application for 28 days of four different low-pH cosmetic products (vitamin C, resveratrol, a collagen mask, and a native algae mask) on the forearms of post-menopausal women with skin pH > 5.5.The diversity of the natural skin microbiome increased consistently throughout the study, evident in both the untreated area and after the application of the Vitamin C Concentrate, Resveratrol Concentrate, Collagen Mask, and Native Algae Mask, as indicated by Shannon’s diversity index. The native algae mask notably reduced the Corynebacterium genus and significantly lowered the pH. The skin pH changes corresponded with microbiota stability.In conclusion, enhanced diversity of the natural skin microbiome was observed over the study duration. None of the investigational products caused significant disruption to the skin microbiome diversity, as evidenced by the stable Shannon’s diversity index and relative abundance of specific genera. Notably, the native algae mask significantly decreased the presence of the opportunistic pathogenic Corynebacterium genus, which is likely attributable to a minor reduction in skin pH following extended product use. The findings suggest that the use of low-pH skincare products, like the native algae mask, do not disrupt skin microbiome diversity and may have the potential to positively impact skin microbiome diversity and health by reducing certain pathogenic microbial populations.Methods: The human skin acts as a protective barrier against external pathogens and hosts a diverse microbiome consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Disruptions to the skin microbiome can impact immune function, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. The importance of pH for the microbiome is paramount. Cosmetic skincare products interact with the skin microbiome and skin pH, playing a key role in maintaining microbial balance. Research suggests that products with non-physiological pH levels may disrupt the skin microbiota. Our clinical study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-pH cosmetic products (pH < 5) on the skin microbiome, contributing to improved skin health.The clinical study focused on evaluating the skin microbiome diversity following the application for 28 days of four different low-pH cosmetic products (vitamin C, resveratrol, a collagen mask, and a native algae mask) on the forearms of post-menopausal women with skin pH > 5.5.The diversity of the natural skin microbiome increased consistently throughout the study, evident in both the untreated area and after the application of the Vitamin C Concentrate, Resveratrol Concentrate, Collagen Mask, and Native Algae Mask, as indicated by Shannon’s diversity index. The native algae mask notably reduced the Corynebacterium genus and significantly lowered the pH. The skin pH changes corresponded with microbiota stability.In conclusion, enhanced diversity of the natural skin microbiome was observed over the study duration. None of the investigational products caused significant disruption to the skin microbiome diversity, as evidenced by the stable Shannon’s diversity index and relative abundance of specific genera. Notably, the native algae mask significantly decreased the presence of the opportunistic pathogenic Corynebacterium genus, which is likely attributable to a minor reduction in skin pH following extended product use. The findings suggest that the use of low-pH skincare products, like the native algae mask, do not disrupt skin microbiome diversity and may have the potential to positively impact skin microbiome diversity and health by reducing certain pathogenic microbial populations.Results: The human skin acts as a protective barrier against external pathogens and hosts a diverse microbiome consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Disruptions to the skin microbiome can impact immune function, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. The importance of pH for the microbiome is paramount. Cosmetic skincare products interact with the skin microbiome and skin pH, playing a key role in maintaining microbial balance. Research suggests that products with non-physiological pH levels may disrupt the skin microbiota. Our clinical study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-pH cosmetic products (pH < 5) on the skin microbiome, contributing to improved skin health.The clinical study focused on evaluating the skin microbiome diversity following the application for 28 days of four different low-pH cosmetic products (vitamin C, resveratrol, a collagen mask, and a native algae mask) on the forearms of post-menopausal women with skin pH > 5.5.The diversity of the natural skin microbiome increased consistently throughout the study, evident in both the untreated area and after the application of the Vitamin C Concentrate, Resveratrol Concentrate, Collagen Mask, and Native Algae Mask, as indicated by Shannon’s diversity index. The native algae mask notably reduced the Corynebacterium genus and significantly lowered the pH. The skin pH changes corresponded with microbiota stability.In conclusion, enhanced diversity of the natural skin microbiome was observed over the study duration. None of the investigational products caused significant disruption to the skin microbiome diversity, as evidenced by the stable Shannon’s diversity index and relative abundance of specific genera. Notably, the native algae mask significantly decreased the presence of the opportunistic pathogenic Corynebacterium genus, which is likely attributable to a minor reduction in skin pH following extended product use. The findings suggest that the use of low-pH skincare products, like the native algae mask, do not disrupt skin microbiome diversity and may have the potential to positively impact skin microbiome diversity and health by reducing certain pathogenic microbial populations.Conclusions: The human skin acts as a protective barrier against external pathogens and hosts a diverse microbiome consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Disruptions to the skin microbiome can impact immune function, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. The importance of pH for the microbiome is paramount. Cosmetic skincare products interact with the skin microbiome and skin pH, playing a key role in maintaining microbial balance. Research suggests that products with non-physiological pH levels may disrupt the skin microbiota. Our clinical study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-pH cosmetic products (pH < 5) on the skin microbiome, contributing to improved skin health.The clinical study focused on evaluating the skin microbiome diversity following the application for 28 days of four different low-pH cosmetic products (vitamin C, resveratrol, a collagen mask, and a native algae mask) on the forearms of post-menopausal women with skin pH > 5.5.The diversity of the natural skin microbiome increased consistently throughout the study, evident in both the untreated area and after the application of the Vitamin C Concentrate, Resveratrol Concentrate, Collagen Mask, and Native Algae Mask, as indicated by Shannon’s diversity index. The native algae mask notably reduced the Corynebacterium genus and significantly lowered the pH. The skin pH changes corresponded with microbiota stability.In conclusion, enhanced diversity of the natural skin microbiome was observed over the study duration. None of the investigational products caused significant disruption to the skin microbiome diversity, as evidenced by the stable Shannon’s diversity index and relative abundance of specific genera. Notably, the native algae mask significantly decreased the presence of the opportunistic pathogenic Corynebacterium genus, which is likely attributable to a minor reduction in skin pH following extended product use. The findings suggest that the use of low-pH skincare products, like the native algae mask, do not disrupt skin microbiome diversity and may have the potential to positively impact skin microbiome diversity and health by reducing certain pathogenic microbial populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Coronapandemie hat einen hohen Bedarf an Informationen ausgelöst. Gleichzeitig wurde eine große Menge an Wissenschaftsinformationen über verschiedene Kanäle verbreitet, darunter häufig auch über Social Media. Somit entstanden für die Forschung zum Informationsverhalten neue Chancen zur Beobachtung von Nutzenden, aber auch neue methodische Herausforderungen, dieses Verhalten mit dem sonstigen Konsum von Nachrichten und Wissenschaftskommunikation in Bezug zu setzen. Es wird ein Mixed-Methods-Ansatz aus einer Befragung zur Nutzung und Bewertung von Informationsquellen kombiniert mit Beobachtungen aus einer Nutzungsstudie vorgestellt Für diese wurden in einem Experiment Ergebnislisten verschiedener Web- und Videosuchen als Ausgangspunkt genutzt, um Auswahlmethoden und Qualitätskriterien für Wissenschaftskommunikate zu ermitteln. Beide methodischen Ansätze zeigten, dass die Seriosität und die Bekanntheit einer Quelle eine dominierende Rolle bei Auswahlentscheidungen spielen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: If tensionless nerve coaptation is not possible, bridging the resulting peripheral nerve defect with an autologous nerve graft is still the current gold standard. The concept of conduits as an alternative with different materials and architectures, such as autologous vein conduits or bioartificial nerve conduits, could not replace the nerve graft until today. Chitosan, as a relatively new biomaterial, has recently demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility and material stability with neural lineage cells. The purpose of this prospective randomized clinical experiment was to determine the efficacy of chitosan-based nerve conduits in regenerating sensory nerves in the hand. Materials and methods: Forty-seven patients with peripheral nerve defects up to 26 mm distal to the carpal tunnel were randomized to receive either a chitosan conduit or an autologous nerve graft with the latter serving as the control group. Fifteen patients from the conduit group and seven patients from the control group were available for a 12-month follow-up examination. The primary outcome parameter was tactile gnosis measured with two-point discrimination. The secondary outcome parameters were Semmens Weinstein Monofilament Testing, self-assessed pain, and patient satisfaction. Results: Significant improvement (in static two-point discrimination) was observed six months after trauma (10.7 ± 1.2 mm; p < 0.05) for chitosan-based nerve conduits, but no further improvement was observed after 12 months of regeneration (10.9 ± 1.3 mm). After six months and twelve months, the autologous nerve graft demonstrated comparable results to the nerve conduit, with a static two-point discrimination of 11.0 ± 2.0 mm and 7.9 ± 1.1 mm. Semmes Weinstein Filament Testing in the nerve conduit group showed a continuous improvement over the regeneration period by reaching from 3.1 ± 0.3 after three months up to 3.7 ± 0.4 after twelve months. Autologous nerve grafts presented similar results: 3.3 ± 0.4 after three months and 3.7 ± 0.5 after twelve months. Patient satisfaction and self-reported pain levels were similar between the chitosan nerve conduit and nerve graft groups. One patient required revision surgery due to complications associated with the chitosan nerve tube. Conclusion: Chitosan-based nerve conduits are safe and suitable for bridging nerve lesions up to 26 mm in the hand. Tactile gnosis improved significantly during the early regeneration period, and functional outcomes were similar to those obtained with an autologous nerve graft. Thus, chitosan appears to be a sufficient substitute for autologous nerve grafts in the treatment of small nerve defects in the hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isothermal planar‐biaxial fatigue behavior was studied for two different disk batches of nickel‐base superalloy Inconel 718 using cruciform specimens at 400°C and 630°C under equi‐biaxial and shear loading. Additionally, non‐proportional tests were performed. The planar‐biaxial test results were compared with uniaxial reference tests using the von Mises equivalent strain hypothesis, a shear strain parameter of the critical plane, and a modified crack‐opening‐displacement strain range approach. Additionally, the crack initiation mechanism was analyzed. Using a modified crack‐opening‐displacement strain range approach, the low‐cycle fatigue lifetimes of the proportional planar‐biaxial tests (i.e., lifetimes up to 40,000 cycles) were described within a scatter band of two. Thus, it was better than using the equivalent strain of von Mises or a shear strain parameter. The fatigue crack initiation took place at oxidized primary carbides at the surface. The crack paths were presented. Highlights: IN718 showed cyclic softening and final stabilization, also for planar‐biaxial loading.A modified COD strain range approach showed a good correlation in the LCF regime.Crack initiation occurred on the surface at oxidized primary carbides in the gauge area.The crack paths were monitored for the different planar‐biaxial loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas turbines and aircraft engines are dominated by cyclic operating modes with fatigue-related loads. This may result in the acceleration of damage development on the components. Critical components of turbine blades and disks are exposed to cyclic thermal and mechanical multi-axial fatigue. In this work, planar-biaxial low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) tests are conducted using cruciform specimens at different test temperatures. The influence on the deformation and lifetime behavior of the nickel-base disk alloy Inconel 718 is investigated at selected cyclic proportional loading cases, namely, shear and equi-biaxial. The calculation of the stress and strain distribution of the cruciform specimens from the experimental data is difficult to obtain due to complex geometry and temperature gradients. Therefore, there is a need for finite element (FE) Simulations. A viscoplastic material model is considered to simulate the material behavior subjected to uniaxial and the selected planar-biaxial loading conditions. At first, uniaxial simulation results are compared with the uniaxial experiment results for both batches of IN718. Then, the same material parameters are used for simulating the biaxial loading cases. The prediction of FE simulation results is in good agreement with the experimental LCF test for both shear and equi-biaxial loadings. The equivalent stress amplitude results of the biaxial simulation are compared with the uniaxial results. Furthermore, the lifetime is calculated based on the stabilized cycle from the simulation and by using Crossland and Sines multi-axial stress-based approaches. The Crossland model predicts fatigue life significantly better than the Sines model. Finally, the simulated lifetime results are compared with the experimental lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rigidity of law, according to an early founder of the German-language strand of the sociology of law, signals the domination of the dead over the living (Ehrlich 1913: 323). Legally standardized ideals of action and the actual everyday practice of dealing with the law are not necessarily compatible. Such contradictions become visible, for example, in moments in which there is a struggle for interpretative sovereignty over legal claims. Through a practice-oriented lens, law is woven into relationships between persons, but at the same time it is reinterpreted, contested, acted out, or even rejected in these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that may result in low-trauma fracture if untreated. Among men and women ≥ 70 years untreated for osteoporosis, 30% (43,514) sustained at least one post-index fracture. Care for patients with osteoporosis diagnosis directly contributed to a cost burden of €786 million. Introduction: Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that manifests as bone mineral density loss and low-trauma fractures. This database analysis describes the characteristics of untreated osteoporosis patients, and their rate of fractures, health resource utilization, and cost burden. Methods: From the InGef database (2011–2016), eligible patients (≥ 70 years) untreated for osteoporosis were identified via a recorded diagnosis of osteoporosis (ICD-10 codes M80/M81) or an initial fragility fracture (index point). All patients were followed up for fractures post index. Direct costs included inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy, and ancillary care costs. Results: A total of 144,752 patients (mean age 79 years; 73% female, median follow-up of 3.2 years) met the eligibility criteria; 23% had a history of fractures. Forty-eight percent of patients had cardiac diseases, 32% diabetes, and 27% cerebrovascular disease. Thirty percent (43,514) of patients had at least one post-index fracture; two or more post-index fractures were experienced in 7% (10,262) of patients. Median time from index date to first fracture was 145.5 days. Bisphosphonates were the most prescribed osteoporosis treatment following a first fracture post-index (n = 4102, 9.2%). There was a total of 107,055 patients (74.0%) who had at least one all-cause hospital stay. The total number of fracture-related admissions was 63,595 and that of outpatient visits was 323,460. A total of 34,764 (24%) patients died during follow-up. Costs for fracture-related care for patients directly contributed to a cost burden of €786 million. Conclusions: Osteoporosis patients and patients who sustain a fragility fracture remain undertreated for osteoporosis, increasing their risk of future fractures. Diagnosing and treating this group of patients should remain a priority to alleviate the clinical and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Germany every second offence occasioning bodily harm and every fourth sexual offence occur under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Untreated substance use disorders are a risk factor for further offences. The §64 of the German Penal Code (StGB) regulates the commitment of offenders to a Forensic addiction treatment unit as a result of an addiction to excessive consummation of intoxicating substances. The previous regulation has come under criticism because too many patients are committed, the sentence is often given to the wrong persons, the treatment is often terminated without success and the sentence consumes to many resources. From a psychiatric perspective the reform of commitment to a Forensic addiction treatment unit (§64 StGB) must fulfil the principles of medical ethics, in particular the respect for the autonomy of the patient, the principle of distributional justice and the code of medical professional ethics. The commitment according to §64 must be restricted to the treatment of people with a clinically relevant substance use disorder. From a psychiatric perspective, decisive for the prospect of success are the willingness to be treated and self-determination for admission to the clinic. In order to release the treatment from the extrinsic influences of the enforcement law, on admission to treatment a sufficient amount of the sentence should have already been served that the commitment only serves the purpose of the treatment and resocialization, so that the risk of further substance-related offences is reduced. The legal term "Entziehungsanstalt" should be replaced by "Forensic Clinic for Dependancy Diseases". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Musculoskeletal aging can clinically hardly be distinguished from degenerative disease, especially if symptoms are nonspecific, like lower back pain and reduced physical resilience. However, age-related changes are considered to be physiological until they cause osteoporotic fractures or sarcopenia-related restrictions. This radio-anatomic investigation examines whether findings in lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mirror age- and sex-related musculoskeletal differences that help to identify the onset of sarcopenia. Methods: Lumbar MRI investigations from 101 women and 101 men were retrospectively evaluated for vertebral and muscular cross-sectional diameter sizes and T2-signal intensities ("T2-brightness") in axial sections in the L5-level. The results were correlated with the individual's age to find specific alterations that were indicative of sarcopenia or attributable to the aging process. Results: In women (average age 62.6 (34–85) years), musculoskeletal cross-sectional area sizes and diameters were significantly smaller (p < 0.00001) compared to those in men (average age 57.0 (21–90) years). The most pronounced structural age-related change was the increasing mean posterior paravertebral muscle brightness (MPPVB), which exceeded the mean vertebral brightness (MVB) earlier and to a greater extent in women than in men (p < 0.00001). The brightness difference (∆MVB − MPPVB) was found to indicate (pre-)sarcopenia at values below 25. Conclusions: Significant age-related deterioration in muscle quantity and quality was more obvious in women, correlated with the onset of menopause, and progressed to lower levels during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the fracture patterns and complexity of distal humerus fractures with high-resolution computed tomography (CT) as a function of Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived bone marrow density (BMD) measurements in an elderly patient cohort. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patient data collected at a Level I trauma center between January 2007 and January 2022. Inclusion criteria comprised patients aged ≥40 years with a confirmed distal humerus fracture as demonstrated by CT. Additionally, patients were included if they underwent DXA. Patient demographics and detailed information regarding the surgical treatment and trauma mechanism were retrieved from the institutional databank. Fractures were classified as either 'low-plane' distal humeral fractures or 'non-low-plane' distal humerus fractures. Furthermore, the fracture patterns were classified according to established classification systems. Intra- and postoperative complication and revision rates were analyzed. Results: A total of 41 patients (30 women; mean age 74 ± 13 years) were enrolled. Low-energy trauma was sustained by 68% of the patients. The remaining 32% of the fractures involved medium-energy trauma. A total of 62% of the patients underwent primary osteosynthesis, while 30% of patients were initially treated with an external fixator. ORIF was performed in 89% of cases and, in the majority, double-plate osteosynthesis was used (76%). An olecranon osteotomy was performed in 30% of cases. A total of 5% of cases received total elbow arthroplasty, and 10% of cases were treated conservatively. A total of 61% of patients had osteoporosis, 24% of patients had osteopenia, and 15% of patients had a normal BMD with an overall mean T-score of −2.4. Most of the fractures were complex (including 61% Type C fractures). A total of 66% of cases were considered as 'low-plane' fractures. Postoperative complications occurred in 11% of patients (64% of cases among 'low-plane' fractures). Revision surgery was required in 20% of cases. Conclusions: The consecutive series of patients showed a high incidence of 'low-plane' fractures. However, no statistical significance was found between the BMD and fracture complexity. The very distal 'low-plane' fractures showed a high complication rate, which was aggravated by osteoporotic bone conditions. These findings highlight the need for future research with larger patient samples to better understand the relationship between the BMD, fracture complexity, and outcomes in patients with 'low-plane' fractures in order to reduce complications and improve clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently introduced 5G New Radio is the first wireless standard natively designed to support critical and massive machine type communications (MTC). However, it is already becoming evident that some of the more demanding requirements for MTC cannot be fully supported by 5G networks. Alongside, emerging use cases and applications towards 2030 will give rise to new and more stringent requirements on wireless connectivity in general and MTC in particular. Next generation wireless networks, namely 6G, should therefore be an agile and efficient convergent network designed to meet the diverse and challenging requirements anticipated by 2030. This paper explores the main drivers and requirements of MTC towards 6G, and discusses a wide variety of enabling technologies. More specifically, we first explore the emerging key performance indicators for MTC in 6G. Thereafter, we present a vision for an MTC-optimized holistic end-to-end network architecture. Finally, key enablers towards (1) ultra-low power MTC, (2) massively scalable global connectivity, (3) critical and dependable MTC, and (4) security and privacy preserving schemes for MTC are detailed. Our main objective is to present a set of research directions considering different aspects for an MTC-optimized 6G network in the 2030-era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new magnetic ligand fishing probe for discovery of DPP-IV inhibitory ligands was developed and it was tested as a proof of concept on the fruit extract of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry). The ligands were shown to have appreciable dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity (IC50: 31.8 μg mL-1).) Inhibition of DPP-IV is a well-known therapeutic approach for management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). DPP-IV was successfully immobilized onto magnetic beads and was shown to retain its catalytic activity and selectivity over a model mixture. A total of four ligands were successfully fished out and identified as cyanidin-3-galactoside (2), cyanidin-3-arabinoside (3), proanthocynidin A (4), and 10-carboxyl-pyranopeonidin 3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside (5) using HPLC/HRMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of environmental concerns and changing consumer demands, efforts are increasing to replace frequently used animal-based emulsifiers. We demonstrate the interfacial network formation and emulsifying potential of Arthrospira platensis protein extracts and hypothesize a mechanistic change upon progressing purification. A microalgae suspension of A. platensis powder in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7, 0.1 M) was homogenized and insoluble components separated by centrifugation. Proteins were precipitated at the identified isoelectric point at pH 3.5 and diafiltrated. In interfacial shear rheology measurements, the build-up of an interfacial viscoelastic network was faster and final network strength increased with the degree of purification. It is suggested that isolated A. platensis proteins rapidly form an interconnected protein layer while coextracted surfactants impede protein adsorption for crude and soluble extracts. Emulsions with 20 vol % medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil could be formed with all extracts of different degrees of purification. Normalized by protein concentration, smaller droplets could be stabilized with the isolated fractions. For potential applications in food, pharma and cosmetic product categories, the enhanced functionality has to be balanced against the loss in biomass while purifying microalgae proteins or other alternative single cell proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are expected to play a key role as sustainable protein source in future food production systems. Besides nutritional aspects, microalgae proteins are increasingly screened for their technofunctional potential, including the stabilization of emulsions and foams. Emulsions and foams are ubiquitous in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry and are generally stabilized by synthetic surfactants or proteins of animal origin. Here, we assess the potential of microalgae proteins as green alternative to stabilize fluid interfaces. The use of microalgae proteins for stabilization of fluid interfaces is reviewed from fundamental adsorption kinetics and interfacial elasticity to the formation and stability of emulsions and foams. Special emphasis is paid to microalgae extract purification regarding functionality and resource efficiency. The microalgae proteins are critically compared to currently employed proteins with respect to interfacial performance, economic, and environmental aspects. Microalgae proteins exhibit comparable to superior interfacial stabilization compared to animal or plant based proteins. Their emulsions and foams exhibit minor pH-dependency due to a characteristically low isoelectric point and extraordinary resistance towards increased ionic strength. Minimally processed disruptured cells allow the stabilization of basic emulsions. Fractionation into a soluble extract or protein isolation considerably enhance protein functionality, but are associated with higher production efforts and lower protein yields. We conclude that microalgae proteins have the potential to replace surfactants and animal based proteins for the stabilization of emulsions and foams, and protein extraction for interfacial stabilization could provide added value for future microalgae biorefinery concepts. • Fundamentals: Adsorption kinetics and interfacial elasticity at fluid interfaces. • Applications: Microalgae protein performance in emulsions and foams. • Discussion on effects of pH, ionic strength, and extract purification. • Interfacial, economic, and sustainability aspects compared to established proteins. • Overview on current challenges and future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike sharing systems are increasingly promoted as a quick, accessible, affordable, and healthy transport alternative in a less car-dependent urban mobility system. The objective of this article is to elucidate the social and spatial inclusiveness of bike sharing, by exploring its intersectionality with user backgrounds and residential contexts, and its mechanisms of mediation by attitudes, mobility resources and daily mobility patterns. Hereto, the paper examines and cross-compares the discrepancies between stated bike sharing interest and reported bike sharing membership, amongst a sample of 3672 residents of urban regions in Norway in structural equation models (SEM). Our results indicate that interest is positively influenced by early adopter characteristics, such as young age, full-time work, environmental consciousness, urban outlook, urban residential locations, and the current adoption of combined bicycle and public transport use. In contrast, reported bike sharing membership is explained more typically as a travel behaviour: with reduced effects of attitudes; enhanced effects of residential urban form and bicycle-public transport use; and additional negative effects of car and bike ownership. The paper concludes by discussing these and other interest-adoption discrepancies across social and spatial categories, to derive policy and research directions for inclusive bike sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike sharing could provide a key role in a transition towards a less car dependent and more sustainable, healthy and socially inclusive urban transport future. This paper investigates two important prerequisites for bike sharing to fulfil these premises: Does it synergise rather than compete with current alternatives to car-based urban mobility; and is it inclusively accessible across population and spatial segments? Drawing on complete 2016–2017 trip records of the Oslo (Norway) bike sharing system, this paper analyses the potential use of bike sharing for accessing, egressing and interchanging public transport and explores its age and gender dimensions. Bike sharing ridership is substantially higher on routes that either start or end with metro/rail connectivity, whilst controlling for other factors, such as route distance, elevation, urban form, time of day and bike dock capacities. However, our results also reveal that bike sharing – both as a stand-alone system and in conjunction with public transport – is less accessible to, suited to, and used by women and older age groups. Especially gender biases appear profound, multifaceted, and intersected by spatial inequalities favouring central male-dominated employment areas. These findings are discussed to derive policy and design directions regarding multimodal integration, dock expansion, rental limitations, and the introduction of e-bikes, to improve the performance, multimodal integration, gender equality and overall socio-spatial inclusiveness of bike sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolite identification is a crucial step in nontargeted metabolomics, but also represents one of its current bottlenecks. Accurate identifications are required for correct biological interpretation. To date, annotation and identification are usually based on the use of accurate mass search or tandem mass spectrometry analysis, but neglect orthogonal information such as retention times obtained by chromatographic separation. While several tools are available for the analysis and prediction of tandem mass spectrometry data, prediction of retention times for metabolite identification are not widespread. Here, we review the current state of retention time prediction in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics, with a focus on publications published after 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The one of the most commonly used reference system for clinical gait analysis is an optical motion capture system (OMC) using a multi-segment foot model. A time- and cost-efficient alternative could be an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based systems. However, these are limited to a single segment approach for the foot and ankle. Therefore, the current setup was modified to be based on a 2-segment foot model, allowing for a separate analysis of the hind- and midfoot. The study aimed to evaluate the reliability (inter-rater, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability) of an IMU-based 2-segment foot model. Twelve healthy subjects were recruited to test the inter-rater, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability of the new IMU based 2-segment foot model. Gait analysis was performed on a treadmill at a constant speed of 4 km/h. Kinematic data of the tibia/hindfoot, tibia/forefoot and hindfoot/forefoot over 100 % gait cycle were analyzed. The reliability was tested by using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The SPM showed no significant difference for inter-, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability, but for a small segment of tibia/forefoot dorsiflexion test-retest reliability (2.1° difference). The single standard deviation measurement error for the sagittal and transverse plane was <5° and worse for the frontal plane. The new 2-segment foot model revealed a high inter-rater, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability. It is suitable for use in adult clinical practice. Still, comparative data to the OMC system using a multi-segment foot model are missing. • Assessing the reliability of an IMU-based 2-segment foot model as an extension of the traditionally used 1-segment models. • Resulting kinematic curves for the foot and ankle were tested for differences using statistical parametric mapping. • The 2-segment foot model showed good inter-, intra- and test-retest reliability with no clinical relevant differences. • Gait analysis with IMUs provide a cost and time effective alternative to optical motion capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred diagnostic means to visualize spinal pathologies, and offers the possibility of precise structural tissue analysis. However, knowledge about MRI-based measurements of physiological cross-sectional musculoskeletal dimensions and associated tissue-specific average structural brightness in the lumbar spine of healthy young women and men is scarce. The current study was planned to investigate characteristic intersexual differences and to provide MRI-related musculoskeletal baseline values before the onset of biological aging. Methods: At a single medical center, lumbar MRI scans of 40 women and 40 men aged 20–40 years who presented with moderate nonspecific low back pain were retrospectively evaluated for sex-specific differences in cross-sectional sizes of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, psoas and posterior paravertebral muscles, and respective sex- and age-dependent average brightness alterations on T2-weighted axial sections in the L5-level. Results: In women (mean age 33.5 years ± 5.0 (standard deviation)), the investigated musculoskeletal cross-sectional area sizes were significantly smaller (p < 0.001) compared to those in men (mean age 33.0 years ± 5.7). Respective average musculoskeletal brightness values were higher in women compared to those in men, and most pronounced in posterior paravertebral muscles (p < 0.001). By correlating brightness results to those of subcutaneous fat tissue, all intersexual differences, including those between fifth lumbar vertebrae and psoas muscles, turned out to be statistically significant. This phenomenon was least pronounced in psoas muscles. Conclusions: Lumbar musculoskeletal parameters showed significantly larger dimensions of investigated anatomical structures in men compared to those in women aged 20–40 years, and an earlier onset and faster progress of bone loss and muscle degradation in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the understudied relationship between post-/pandemic mobility adaptations and wellbeing outcomes, drawing on a longitudinal mixed-method approach combining survey analyses and in-depth citizen interviews conducted between 2019 and 2022 in Oslo, Norway. Qualitative analyses explore the depth and diversity of pandemic mobility adaptations and the implications for hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Factor and structural equation models confirm statistical evidence for three pandemic coping strategies – working from home, avoiding spaces of infection, and (enjoyment of) the local environment – with respectively neutral, negative and positive impacts on satisfaction with life. The post-pandemic ability to be more mobile and attend diverse activities again is by many perceived as positive, but people struggle to maintain cherished aspects of the slower-paced, localised lifestyles adopted during the pandemic. We discuss the significance of our findings for inclusive pandemic resilience, and reflect on the lessons relevant for addressing another crisis – climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interdisciplinary conference "Interdisciplinary Research Approaches to Science Communication and Information Behavior in the Corona Pandemic" took place at the University of Hildesheim. The conference addressed topics such as trust in media, the selection of information sources, and the challenges of science communication during the pandemic. It emphasized the importance of scientific communication and informed behavior in society. The conference also discussed the impact of conspiracy theories, misinformation, and hate speech in relation to COVID-19. Recommendations for addressing these challenges were provided, and the conference results will be published in an open-access anthology. [Extracted from the article]

Germany struggles to deal with its past colonial atrocities. From 1904 to 1908, the Empire has committed the first genocide of the 20th century in Africa; descendants of Herero and Nama in Namibia bear the consequences until today. Why full responsibility is still missing: the interdisciplinary approach identifies legal, political and ethical dimensions. The essential point is to recommend a political apology. If victim communities are included, this can be a powerful transitional justice tool even if the violence dates long back. With the return of art and human remains and with a remembrance culture, more instruments of conflict transformation are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We analyse weather effects on trip purpose, trip chaining, distance and mode choice. • We use national travel survey data, weather records and structural equation modelling. • Light, warm, calm and dry conditions may increase cycling and outdoor leisure. • Dark, cold, wet and windy conditions may enhance car use and trip chaining. • We find clear differences between Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish city regions. With climate change, weather has emerged as an important theme in transport research and planning. Although recent studies demonstrate profound weather effects on mobility in single case study areas, international cross-comparisons are required to reveal how effects differ between cities with different transport and climate regimes. This paper provides an international cross-comparison of the simultaneous effects of weather on destination choices, distances, trip chaining, and transport modes in the urban regions of Utrecht (Netherlands), Oslo and Stavanger (Norway), and Stockholm (Sweden). Hereto, regional subsamples of national travel survey data were linked to meteorological records for the three respective countries and analysed in generalised Structural Equation Models. Our findings generally indicate that light, calm, dry and warm atmospheric conditions may positively affect cycling and the selection of outdoor leisure destinations, while cold and to a lesser extent wet and windy weather conditions reduce cycling and enhance car use and travel optimising strategies like trip chaining, to reduce weather exposures. A positive effect of air temperature on cycling flattens out above 20–25 °C in most of our study areas, but hot weather does not seem to reduce cycling strongly. However, our findings also show considerable regional differences in the effects of weather on mobility. Both general effects and differences are interpreted in relation to geographical context, transport and land use, climate conditions, cultures, habits and adaptations and are discussed to formulate policies to mitigate active transport mode users' exposures to adverse weather and make walking and cycling (even more) year-round modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicide application in agricultural systems is currently critically discussed because of its possible adverse effects on the environment and human health. Currently, governments and food industry actors search for solutions to reduce herbicide use on farms. Yet, potential consequences of herbicide reductions on a farm-level are not well known. The goal of this article is to develop and apply a bio-economic modelling approach to simulate how farmers and agricultural systems react to a potential ban of glyphosate and eventually of all herbicides. We apply this approach for Swiss Extenso wheat production, which is a widespread form of wheat production in Switzerland, where pesticide use is currently limited to herbicides and seed treatments. Our modelling approach combines spatially explicit, detailed information on weed pressure, possible yield effects of weeds and efficacy and costs of 140 weed control strategies in a spatially explicit economic decision model. We assess the strategies optimal for farmers in response to i) glyphosate-free and ii) herbicide-free production requirements in terms of economic losses, yield reductions and environmental impacts. We find economic losses in the glyphosate-free production scenario of up to CHF 119/ha and in the herbicide-free scenario of up to CHF 192/ha, with respective yield reductions ranging between 0.8 and 2.7 dt/ha (i.e. of up to 6%). However, possible economic losses would be outweighed by existing Swiss agri-environmental direct payments for herbicide-free and reduced tillage production systems. We find that restrictions with respect to glyphosate and herbicide use imply trade-offs between the reduction in pesticide risks for the environment and human health versus higher energy consumption. Yet, these trade-offs can be limited if incentive schemes for glyphosate and herbicide reduction are combined with requirements to prevent more intensive tillage. • We develop and apply a bio-economic modelling approach to simulate farmers weed control. • We analyze effects of a potential ban of glyphosate and eventually of all herbicides in Swiss Extenso wheat production. • The removal of glyphosate and all herbicides reflects current discussions in Swiss wheat value chains. • We quantify economic and environmental consequences arising from bans of glyphosate and all herbicides. • We find moderate economic losses and moderate yield reductions arising from bans of glyphosate and all herbicides. • Possible economic losses would be outweighed by existing Swiss agri-environmental direct payments. • We find significant reductions of risks for the environment and human health due to pesticide use if glyphosate (and all herbicides) are removed. • Effects on the energy balance of wheat production are ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Stability of colorants is concerning for food coloring matrices, particularly for the only natural blue food coloring, phycocyanin. The Spirulina -based microalgal extract is mainly comprised of heat sensitive protein-chromophore complexes, C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. Although frequently encountered in food processing, the impact of short time heat treatments has not been studied systematically. Here, phosphate buffered phycocyanin solution was heated in batch and emerging continuous processing systems, both characterized with high surface-to-volume ratios allowing isothermal conditions with residence times down to 5 s. Absorption scans revealed biphasic degradation of phycocyanin color activity to about 30% within 30 s at T ≥ 70 °C. Kinetic modelling of the color decay via an nth order approach contradicts previously assumed linear first order kinetics with a best fitting empirical reaction order of n = 6. It shows that decay in phycocyanin color activity is not a single process but encompasses C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin aggregate disintegration and denaturation. Industrial relevance Central to this study is the color stability of phycocyanin, which is a high value component, derived from the emerging food source microalgae. It is also the only naturally obtained blue food coloring available to the food industry. Insights could be gained on the color degradation kinetics by treating an industry relevant formulation in batch and emerging scalable continuous systems via micro process engineering. This data will directly support food research and development activities to optimize and minimize blue color losses within multiple product categories. Highlights • Relevant short time heating of high value phycocyanin formulation • Color activity of phycocyanin degrades in 30 s at T ≥ 70 °C to 30% initial intensity. • Denaturation of phycocyanin does not follow log 10 linear degradation kinetics. • Degradation kinetics best described with empirical reaction order of n = 6 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head-to-tail cyclization of genetically encoded peptides and proteins can be achieved with the split intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins (SICLOPPS) method by inserting the desired polypeptide between the C- and N-terminal fragments of a split intein. To prevent the intramolecular protein splicing reaction from spontaneously occurring upon folding of the intein domain, we have previously rendered this process light-dependent in a photo-controllable variant of the M86 intein, using genetically encoded ortho-nitrobenzyltyrosine at a structurally important position. Here, we report improvements on this photo-intein with regard to expression yields and rate of cyclic peptide formation. The temporally defined photo-activation of the purified stable intein precursor enabled a kinetic analysis that identified the final resolution of the branched intermediate as the rate-determining individual reaction of the three steps catalyzed by the intein. With this knowledge, we prepared an R143H mutant with a block F histidine residue. This histidine is conserved in most inteins and helps catalyze the third step of succinimide formation. The engineered intein formed the cyclic peptide product up to 3-fold faster within the first 15 min after irradiation, underlining the potential of protein splicing pathway engineering. The broader utility of the intein was also shown by formation of the 14-mer sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Kohle-Kommission, mit der offiziellen Bezeichnung „Kommission für Wachstum, Strukturwandel und Beschäftigung”, hat im Auftrag der Bundesregierung als Termin für den Ausstieg aus der Verstromung von Braunkohle das Jahr 2038, eventuell auch schon 2035, benannt und zusätzlich Ausgleichsmaßnahmen im Umfang von 40 Mrd. € für die davon betroffenen Arbeitnehmer und für die Braunkohleregionen im Rheinland, in der Lausitz und in Mitteldeutschland vorgeschlagen. Hinzu kommen noch mindestens 40 Mrd. € für weitere strukturelle Maßnahmen und 70 Mrd. € für die Anpassung der Stromnetze. Grundlage dafür ist das Ziel der Bundesregierung, den Braunkohlestrom durch Solarstrom und Windstrom möglichst bald zu ersetzen. Damit sollen die CO2-Emissionen zur Stabilisierung des Weltklimas gesenkt und gleichzeitig der Nachweis geführt werden, dass eine hoch entwickelte Volkswirtschaft planmäßig von der fossilen Basis auf eine regenerative Basis umgestellt und damit Vorbild und Vorreiter bei Klimafragen sein kann. Diesem hohen Anspruch steht die Wirklichkeit gegenüber: Die deutsche Energiewende ignoriert, dass weltweit die CO2-Emissionen über drei Jahrzehnte unentwegt gestiegen sind und weiter steigen werden. Die selbst gesetzten nationalen Klimaziele werden bisher verfehlt. Der Braunkohleausstieg wird keine messbare Wirkung auf das Klima haben und verursacht sehr hohe Kosten. Stromverbraucher und Steuerzahler werden zukünftig noch mehr belastet, obwohl Deutschland in Folge der Energiewende bereits jetzt die höchsten Strompreise in Europa hat. Die Folgewirkungen des Ausstiegs für Arbeitsplätze und volkswirtschaftliche Wertschöpfung werden unterschätzt. Hinzu kommt, dass die Rolle des Vorreiters beim Klimaschutz eine Selbsttäuschung ist - keiner reitet hinterher. Daraus folgt: die Klima- und Energiestrategie muss neu justiert werden. Die überhöhten Ambitionen der bis jetzt - und wohl auch in Zukunft - unwirksamen CO2-Verhinderungsstrategie müssen reduziert werden. Es bedarf einer tragfähigen Strategie der rechtzeitigen und klug geplanten Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Dabei bleibt ein weiterer, aber von realistischen Zielen getragener Ausbau der regenerativen Energie ebenso richtig, wie fortgesetzte Anstrengungen zur Effizienzsteigerung und zum Energiesparen. Braunkohlestrom sollte nicht kurzfristig durch Gasstrom, sondern aus Kostengründen nur in begrenztem Umfang und erst dann durch Regenerativstrom ersetzt werden, wenn die notwendigen Stromspeicher zur Verfügung stehen. Bis dahin bleibt ein vernünftiger, kostenoptimierter Strommix, mit dem die Vorteile von Regenerativ- und Fossilenergie kombiniert werden, volkswirtschaftlich richtig. Nur dann sind Versorgungssicherheit und Preiswürdigkeit zusätzlich zur Umweltverträglichkeit erreichbar. Der hastige Ausstieg aus der Braunkohle ist ein Fehler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The two most commonly instrumented gait analysis tools used are Optical Motion Capture systems (OMC) and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU). To date, OMC based gait analysis is considered the gold-standard. Still, it is space-, cost-, and time-intense. On the other hand IMU systems are more cost- and time effective but simulate the whole foot as a single segment. To get a more detailed model of the foot and ankle, a new 2-segment foot model using IMU was developed, comparable to the multi-segment foot models assessed by OMC. Research question: Can an IMU based 2-segment foot model be developed to provide a more detailed representation of the foot and ankle kinematics? Methods: To establish a 2-segment foot model, in addition to the previous 1-segment foot model an IMU sensor was added to the calcaneus. This allowed the differentiation between the hindfoot and forefoot kinematics. 30 healthy individuals (mean age 27 ± 7 years) were recruited to create a norm data set of a healthy cohort. Moreover, the kinematic data of the 2-segment foot model were compared to those of the traditional 1-segment foot model using statistical parametric mapping. Results: The 2-segment foot model proved to be applicable. Furthermore, it allowed for a more detailed representation of the foot and ankle joints, similar to other multi-segment foot model. The healthy cohort's norm data set showed a homogeneous motion pattern for gait. Conclusion: The 2-segment foot model allows for an extension of IMU-based gait analysis. Futures studies must prove the reliability and validity of the 2-segment foot model in healthy and pathologic situations. Level of evidence: Level II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The deployment of the mental health nurse, an additional healthcare provider for individuals in need of mental healthcare in Dutch general practices, was expected to substitute treatments from general practitioners and providers in basic and specialized mental healthcare (psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, etc.). The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which the degree of mental health nurse deployment in general practices is associated with healthcare utilization patterns of individuals with depression. Methods: We combined national health insurers' claims data with electronic health records from general practices. Healthcare utilization patterns of individuals with depression between 2014 and 2019 (N = 31,873) were analysed. The changes in the proportion of individuals treated after depression onset were assessed in association with the degree of mental health nurse deployment in general practices. Results: The proportion of individuals with depression treated by the GP, in basic and specialized mental healthcare was lower in individuals in practices with high mental health nurse deployment. While the association between mental health nurse deployment and consultation in basic mental healthcare was smaller for individuals who depleted their deductibles, the association was still significant. Treatment volume of general practitioners was also lower in practices with higher levels of mental health nurse deployment. Conclusion: Individuals receiving care at a general practice with a higher degree of mental health nurse deployment have lower odds of being treated by mental healthcare providers in other healthcare settings. More research is needed to evaluate to what extent substitution of care from specialized mental healthcare towards general practices might be associated with waiting times for specialized mental healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static characterisation and fast switching processes of lateral β-Ga2O3 metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are presented. The investigated transistors with 10 mm gate width and 6 µm gate drain distance achieve on-state resistances of 5 Ω and saturation currents above 2.4 A. Hard switching in a double pulse test setup with an inductive load results in voltage slopes up to 65 V/ns at 300 V input voltage. After longer blocking times and higher DC voltages, a strong dynamic increase in on-state resistance occurs. Switching with an ohmic load and different load currents reveals only minor influence of the hot electron mechanism during the hard turn on. However, a clear influence of the turn-on gate drive voltage on the dynamic increase is observed, indicating a shift of the transfer characteristic due to charge trapping in the gate region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inteins change the structure and function of their host protein in a unique way and the Gp41-1 split intein is the fastest protein trans-splicing intein known to date. To design a photo-activatable variant, we have incorporated ortho-nitrobenzyl-tyrosine (ONBY) at the position of a structurally conserved phenylalanine in the Gp41-1-N fragment. Using irradiation at 365 nm, the splicing reaction was triggered with virtually unchanged rates. The partial cellular reduction of the nitro group in ONBY, previously observed during bacterial protein expression for several photo-caged amino acids, was overcome by periplasmatic expression and by using an E. coli K12(DE3) strain instead of BL21(DE3). Together, our findings provide new tools for the artificial photo-control of proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detention of asylum seekers: a matter of feeling? This paper analyses how street-level bureaucrats in the Netherlands decide on detaining asylum seekers. The paper is based on interviews with officers of the national police and the military police who take these decisions as part of their job. The relevant Dutch and European legal rules are not clear and unambiguous and the officers are given wide margins of discretion in making these decisions. Many interviewees said that they ultimately rely on their 'feelings'. The paper therefore pays special attention to whether and how gut feelings and emotions of the officers influence their decision-making. In addition, the paper examines whether and how the increased use of ICTs and the Europeanisation of migration and asylum law have reduced the officers' discretion and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arising challenges in the bio-based industry caused by population growth, seek sustainable solutions to increase productivity with the given resources. Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) processes provide a promising tool to tackle these challenges. Among the possible applications of nsPEF are the following: sub-lethal stress induction, targeted release of intracellular valuables and induced cell apoptosis. However, without accurate pulse measurement and control, nsPEF processes are not readily applicable within the bio-based industry. The present research undertook an in-depth analysis of the process parameters and their influences on pulse measurements to address this shortcoming. These findings regarding the system enabled calculation of an accurate energy input from pulse measurement based on a novel theoretical relationship. The acquired comprehensive understanding of the system dependency enabled applications of nsPEF in the bio-based industry. A case study with Chlorella vulgaris allowed microbial contamination control applying nsPEF while retaining the viability of microalgae cells. Industrial relevance Pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies are rapidly developing because of their promising applications, continuous operability, short processing times and low energy requirements. Nanosecond PEF (nsPEF) as emerging field can be applied for sub-lethal stress induction, targeted release of intracellular valuables and induced cell apoptosis. However, process characterization and control is limited so far. The acquired comprehensive understanding of the system dependency in this research enables improved applications of nsPEF in the bio-based industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bio-economic model is developed that allows a detailed representation of optimal weed control decisions. It implements an output damage control approach for German silage maize production, considering almost eighty mechanical and herbicide based weed control options against over thirty weeds, working with detailed data on weed abundance and yields for more than three hundred municipalities in the federal state of North-Rhine-Westphalia. We apply the model to simulate economic optimal weed control over two growing periods under current environmental standards and under the scenario of a glyphosate ban as recently discussed after glyphosate was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. Considering different levels of weed pressure, we find that adjustments in the intensity of mechanical pre-sowing strategies are an optimal response to a glyphosate ban, causing yield reductions of about 1%. In contrast, we find little evidence for a substitution towards selective herbicides post-sowing. On average, the aggregated economic impacts of a glyphosate ban are small, i.e. at about € 1–2/ha, but single farms may face higher losses at about € 10/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a key technology for the analysis of small molecules. For the identification and structural elucidation of novel molecules, new approaches beyond straightforward spectral comparison are required. In this review, we will cover computational methods that help with the identification of small molecules by analyzing fragmentation MS data. We focus on the four main approaches to mine a database of metabolite structures, that is rule-based fragmentation spectrum prediction, combinatorial fragmentation, competitive fragmentation modeling, and molecular fingerprint prediction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:624-633, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of dry-film Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements as a monitoring tool for enzymatic hydrolysis of protein-based substrates is explored in this study. As a proof-of-concept, the enzymatic digestion of bovine serum albumin using Alcalase was monitored. To evaluate the analytical approach on complex substrates with industrial relevance, salmon- and chicken-based substrates were digested for 80 minutes using Alcalase and a total of 12 FTIR spectra were acquired during the course of the hydrolysis. The observed changes in the IR spectral features as a function of hydrolysis time were found to be in agreement with the breakdown of the amide backbone and formation of amino and carboxylate terminals. Some of the most consistent markers for hydrolysis time were the bands at 1516 cm−1 (–NH3+) and ∼1400 cm−1 (–COO−). Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR spectra was used to demonstrate the systematic relationship of the hydrolysis time with key variables (wavelengths) in the protein backbone region (800–1800 cm−1). Scores in the first principal component versus the hydrolysis time have been shown to provide an overview of the process dynamics related to protein structural changes. The herein presented results suggest that dry-film FTIR measurements have potential as a rapid tool for monitoring industrial protein hydrolysis processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]