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Induction-based breathing sensors in automobiles enable unobtrusive respiratory rate monitoring as an indicator of a driver's alertness and health. This paper introduces a quantitative method based on signal quality to guide the integration of textile inductive electrodes in automotive applications. A case study with a simplified setup illustrated the ability of the method to successfully provide basic design rules about where and how to integrate the electrodes on seat belts and seat backs to gather good quality respiratory signals in an automobile. The best signals came from the subject's waist, then from the chest, then from the upper back, and finally from the lower back. Furthermore, folding the electrodes before their integration on a seat back improves the signal quality for both the upper and lower back. This analysis provided guidelines with three design rules to increase the chance of acquiring good quality signals: (1) use a multi-electrode acquisition approach, (2) place the electrodes in locations that maximize breathing-induced body displacement, and (3) use a mechanical amplifying method such as folding the electrodes in locations with little potential for breathing-induced displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are hundreds, even thousands of various pallets and hangers, which we call them carriers collectively in this paper, in automobile assembly workshop for car assembly and car parts delivery. Their geometry accuracy is very important to ensure equipment availability (EA) and overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), the two KPIs of the workshop. So, either good or bad, equipment management department of each automobile plant all have their own methods to check and ensure geometry accuracy of carriers. To make equipment management standardized, one set of geometry accuracy check and control method should be established. Firstly, based on the brief introduction of automobile assembly process, what are carriers in automobile assembly workshop is presented through some examples. Then, what is geometry accuracy of carrier is illustrated through three kinds of typical carriers used in automobile assembly workshop. And then reasons of geometry accuracy loss of carriers are simply summarized. Finally, considering functionality, practicability, operation easiness and traceability, one set of standardized check methods of geometry accuracy which can be used practically in automobile assembly workshop are raised for different types of carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Visualization experiment using a high-speed camera of a vertical sliding vane rotary engine. • Investigate the effect of compressor rotational speed on vane contact. • Effect of oil supply amount and temperature on vane chattering. • Influences of ratio of compressor discharge pressure and supply pressure on vane and cylinder contact. In this study, the impacts of various factors on the chattering phenomenon in sliding vane compressors, which is a crucial aspect that influences their performance and efficiency were explored. The analysis focused on the compressor rotational speed, pressure ratio, and operating temperature, considering both ambient and heated conditions. The aim was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between these factors and the occurrence of chattering at different operational intervals, as well as the vane sealing performance and adherence to the chamber wall. The methodology involved examining vane behavior and the chattering occurrence across three intervals under various conditions, specifically looking at oil films formation and sealing performance degradation. The experimental results provided notable insights into the chattering phenomenon. It was shown that as the pressure ratio increased and the compressor rotational speed decreased, the sealing performance deteriorated. Moreover, when operating under heated conditions, a decrease in oil viscosity leads to reduced friction between the vane and bearing, improving vane adherence compared to ambient conditions. The methodology and findings of this study provide insights into the chattering phenomenon in vane compressors by considering the interplay between various factors. The results emphasize the importance of optimizing the compressor oil refueling flow, rotational speed, pressure ratio, and operating temperature, to ensure proper lubrication and efficient interaction between the vanes and compression chamber walls for improved compressor performance and reduced operational challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do environmentally-driven and firm-specific factors influence business innovation and adaptation? How can the analysis of their co-evolutionary relationship help explain firm survival or failure over time? To address these key questions, this article focuses on the study regarding the 20-year performance (1997–2017) of the Fiat (later Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) group in the automobile industry. The analysis primarily deals with three historical phases: crisis (1997–2002), turnaround (2003–2007), and expansion (2008–2017). As a key contribution, the study combines elaborations from a robust dataset comprising both industry characteristics and executive team features, with historical events both at the environmental and the firm's strategy levels. Results suggest that when executive team diversity and a wide breadth of product portfolio are concurrently present, they positively affect corporate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conducts a 20-year review of studies investigating the utilization of artificial intelligence in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system control, with a particular focus on automotive HVAC systems, renowned for their unique challenges due to the highly dynamic nature of automotive cabins. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) provide adaptive modeling and control capabilities to enhance energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and air quality in HVAC systems. Nevertheless, ANNs exhibit limitations, primarily their performance being constrained by training data, impeding adaptability to unforeseen scenarios. To overcome these constraints, researchers have explored hybrid approaches that integrate ANNs with PID (Proportional, Integral, and Derivative) or PI (Proportional and Integral) algorithms, resulting in systems referred to as Neuro-PID or Neuro-PI. These systems can effectively handle unanticipated situations by absorbing errors introduced by ANNs. Nonetheless, the applicability of Neuro-PID varies depending on the specific system. It becomes infeasible in scenarios with substantial delays, prompting the choice of the appropriate approach based on the controllability factor, a ratio between system delay and time constant. A controllability factor less than 2 indicates the suitability of employing ANNs for PID controller tuning. Furthermore, the intricate interaction between temperature and humidity in HVAC control systems diminishes the effectiveness of traditional PID. To proficiently regulate both variables, a viable alternative is the amalgamation of ANNs with specific control logic or the deployment of distinct ANN algorithms for varying scenarios. The heightened variability and unpredictability within automotive HVAC systems, driven by continuous vehicle movement and door/window operations, present additional challenges. In such contexts, reinforcement learning techniques have found application, allowing systems to dynamically adapt to unforeseen events. In summary, the choice of HVAC control approach hinges on the primary goal—thermal comfort or specific variable control—as well as the system's noise level, controllability factor, and system nature. While ANNs hold significant potential, combining them with other techniques, such as PID, reinforcement learning, or specific control logic, may prove essential in addressing the intricacies of HVAC systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower-income consumers who seek to increase their perceived social status or to emulate their wealthier peers may be motivated to purchase conspicuous luxury goods. Using a vehicle financing dataset, we find that non-prime consumers value vehicle prestige more than the average consumer. The stronger preferences for prestige lead non-prime consumers to purchase more expensive vehicles than they otherwise would. The preferences for prestige are driven both by status signaling and peer emulation motives. Furthermore, we show that larger vehicle purchases financed by auto loans lead to worse loan performance and credit standing for non-prime consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolating performance of NSS (Negative-Stiffness-Structure) on ameliorating the automotive's comfortable in all vertical, pitching, and rolling directions has been not studied yet. Thus, two vibration models of the automobile including the two-dimensional (2-D) model and three-dimensional (3-D) model are built to evaluate automobile's comfortable efficiency under various conditions. The reduction of the seat and automobile accelerations has been used as an evaluation index. Results present that seat's vertical acceleration using NSS is evidently improved compared without NSS in two models of the automobile. Especially, the seat's root-mean-square acceleration with NSS is strongly deteriorated by 65.1% with 2-D model and reduced by 69.7% with 3-D model in comparison without NSS. However, the seat's NSS does not affect the pitching vibration of the automobile's body. Besides, from the comparison results between 2-D and 3-D models, seat's NSS could strongly ameliorate the comfortable efficiency in both vertical and rolling vibrations while the seat's NSS does not affect improving the automobile's pitching angle of the automobile. Therefore, to fully assess NSS's isolating performance as well as improve the comfortable efficiency of the automobile in all vibration directions, 3-D model of the automobile should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAutonomous vehicles (AVs) are rapidly evolving as a novel way of transportation. Nevertheless, there is a consensus that AVs cannot address all traffic scenarios independently. Consequently, there arises a need for remote human intervention. To pave the way for large-scale deployment of AVs onto public roadways, innovative models of remote operation must evolve. Such a paradigm is Tele-assistance, which posits that the low-level control of AVs should be delegated through high-level commands. Our work explores how such a command language should be constructed as a first step in designing a Tele-assistance user interface. Through interviews with 17 experienced teleoperators, we elicit a set of discrete commands that a remote operator can use to resolve various road scenarios. Subsequently, we create a scenario-command mapping and a thematic classification of the defined commands. Finally, we present an initial Tele-assistance interface design based on these commands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the changing dynamics of internal labour market segmentation intertwined with the history of working-class struggle in an industrial belt in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Nuances of workers' class struggle in the automobile sector in Delhi-NCR over the last 15 years have shown that unity between permanent and contract workers was key to several successful struggles against worsening work conditions and management control within the global value chains of automobile production. Our fieldwork findings, along with direct and indirect political engagement in the region, reveal that increasing salaries and allotment of supervisory roles to small sections of permanent workers, coupled with the simultaneous fragmentation a lower strata of workers into multiple categories with very low salaries, benefits and heavy workloads, have been significant attempts by capital to break class solidarity among different sections of workers. Relatively pro-labour legislation and trade unions tend to concentrate in high-wage zones, while low-wage and precarious employment remains unprotected by such institutional mechanisms. Labour segmentation is inherent to capitalist exploitation, guarded by institutional mechanisms. Advanced mechanisation reduces distinction of skill requirements between highly paid permanent and lowly paid contract workers. In this context, labour segmentation is a political response to trade unionism from the side of capitalist management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transformation in the postsocialist Global East was heavily determined by the mass privatization of state assets and by a dramatic increase in car ownership. Tbilisi, Georgia, has experienced these significant changes. The upsurge in private vehicle ownership was brought about by failing public transit, ineffective planning, suspended vehicle quality control and greater individualism. The problem has been exacerbated on two fronts in Tbilisi: new buildings built since the 1990s are now consuming former open spaces, while more people seek parking for their cars in the few crowded remaining areas leading to competition for parking space. Households of residential buildings are devising strategies for guarding nearby areas suitable for parking, while non-driving residents are at a loss to use these formerly open spaces for other purposes. Barriers are installed by the car-owning residents of apartment blocks to impose the primary function of parking to shared residential courtyards, an understudied communal space, turning them into part of the city's automobility system. The article relies on data from in-depth interviews with city officials and residents of affected areas, policy documents and field observations from the districts of Tbilisi most affected by such change. It argues that the changes started with the privatization of urban space and followed by an increase in the dominance of the automobile in Tbilisi have led to the rapid modification and deterioration of collective areas of multistory apartment blocks and created factors that are transforming courtyards from leisure space into the part of Tbilisi's automobility system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The achievement and control of desired motions in active machines often involves precise manipulation of artificial muscles in a distributed and sequential manner, which poses significant challenges. A novel motion control strategy based on self-oscillation in active machines offers distinctive benefits, such as direct energy harvesting from the ambient environment and the elimination of complex controllers. Drawing inspiration from automobiles, a self-moving automobile designed for operation under steady illumination is developed, comprising two wheels and a liquid crystal elastomer fiber. To explore the dynamic behavior of this self-moving automobile under steady illumination, a nonlinear theoretical model is proposed, integrating with the established dynamic liquid crystal elastomer model. Numerical simulations are conducted using the Runge-Kutta method based on MATLAB software, and it is observed that the automobile undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, transitioning from a static state to a self-moving state. The sustained periodic self-moving is facilitated by the interplay between light energy and damping dissipation. Furthermore, the conditions under which the Hopf bifurcation occurs are analyzed in detail. It is worth noting that increasing the light intensity or decreasing rolling resistance coefficient can improve the self-moving average velocity. The innovative design of the self-moving automobile offers advantages such as not requiring an independent power source, possessing a simple structure, and being sustainable. These characteristics make it highly promising for a range of applications including actuators, soft robotics, energy harvesting, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bumper is an automotive part act as a protective shield in the vehicle. It bears and absorbs the load when the vehicle incurs a collision. If the bumper has got more weight it leads to more fuel consumption and decreases the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. This problem can be overcome by reducing the weight of the bumper without compromising its performance. The main objective in bumper design and fabrication is that it should possess less weight and at the same time, it should withstand the higher load during a collision. In this paper, the properties and performance of the developed bumper composite are compared with the existing bumper. The bumper performance is optimized using a finite element analysis with ANSYS R15.0. From the cost analysis, it has been observed that the weight and cost of the Basalt composite bumper is 49% and 56% lesser than the steel bumper. The Impact strength and Factor of Safety values of the Basalt fabric composite bumper is 47.6% and 32.5% higher than the steel bumper. The total deformation of the Steel bumper is 15.7 mm, and the Basalt composite bumper is 32 mm, which shows 51% higher deformation than steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, due to the rapid changes and developments in automobile brands, consumer preferences have become crucial in selecting car brands and features. In this study, survey data obtained from 571 car users residing in Kilis Province in 2022 were evaluated using Markov analysis to predict the future car brand, fuel type, and gear preferences of car users categorized as women and men driver; low, middle, and high-income participants; young, middle-aged, and elderly individuals. Through the markov analysis, the frequency matrix of transitions, the probability matrix of transitions, and the long-term equilibrium state matrix were determined. By looking at the long-term equilibrium state matrices, it was found that low-income participants will mostly prefer Tofaş, middle-income participants will prefer Toyota, and high-income participants will prefer Audi in the future. Low and middle-income participants will mostly prefer LPG fuel type and manual transmission, while high-income participants will prefer diesel fuel type and automatic transmission. Young individuals are predicted to mostly prefer Volkswagen, middle-aged individuals and elderly individuals will mostly prefer Toyota brand in the long term. Young individuals will prefer LPG, middle-aged indiiduals will prefer diesel and LPG, and elderly individuals will prefer diesel fuel type. In the future, young individuals will mostly prefer manual transmission, middle-aged individuals will prefer manual and automatic transmission, and elderly individuals will prefer automatic transmission. Furthermore, women driver will prefer Volkswagen and automatic, gasoline cars, while men driver will prefer Toyota, manual, diesel and LPG cars in terms of brand, gear and fuel type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores some of the basic similarities and differences between fault-based and no-fault systems of automobile accident insurance from the perspective of a U.S. state and the laws of Macedonia. The majorities of U.S. states have adopted an at-fault system of compensation and therefore share more similarities with Macedonia than the laws of a dozen U.S. states that have adopted a no-fault system. Whereas Macedonia employs a system of nearly universal health care, such is not the case in the United States. The respective states have adopted either a fault-based system or a no-fault system, but in either case issues of coverage for automobile accidents is more complicated for the lack of a nationalized health care system that at minimum acts as a safety net for treatment of injuries related to automobile accidents. It is posited that complications relating to the lack of universal health care coverage in the United States has led to significantly heightened regulatory intervention by the several states such that the similarities between the free-market approach of the states and of civil law (code) systems are greater than the differences. The paper is not based on empirical data of the legal systems or the medical systems, nor is the undeniable interrelation between a medical system and the corresponding legal system with regard to insurance coverage of primarily health-based issues considered other than to highlight how both may play a part in regulation of the automobile accident insurance industry in light the involvement of public health, safety and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If road friction coefficients can be measured in real time, the performance of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs), such as anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and automatic braking systems, can be improved. Generally, ADASs use information obtained from wheel speed sensors and acceleration sensors. However, it is difficult to accurately measure the road friction coefficients using these sensors. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to measure road friction coefficients using strains at the inside surface of a tire tread, which are the only places that ground road surfaces. However, sensors installed on the inside surface of a tire tread, where significant deformation occurs locally because of protrusions on road surfaces, can easily be peeled off or damaged. Therefore, this study investigated a method for measuring road friction coefficients using strains on the sidewalls of the tires. If the sidewalls of tires are used instead, stable measurements can be expected because the sidewalls of tires are harder to deform locally compared with the inside surface of a tire tread. First, using an experimental device that simulates the complete slip state of a tire, we measured the relationship between the triaxial direction loads acting on the ground surface of the tire and the strain induced on the sidewall of the tire. Subsequently, we established experimental formulas that express the relationship and devised methods for measuring the road friction coefficient. It was confirmed that the friction coefficients of multiple friction surfaces, even under triaxial direction loads, could be accurately measured using the proposed method. In conclusion, the proposed method was confirmed to be able to measure the load acting on a tire and friction coefficient of the tire grounding surface at low speeds and under full-slip conditions. • We proposed a measurement method for road friction coefficient by using strains on a tire sidewall. • The strain on the sidewall is confirmed to vary almost linearly concerning three-axis loads acting on a tire. • Three-axis loads and road friction coefficient can be obtained from sidewall-strain at three different tire rotation angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Performance of an AAC system was investigated for different types of compressors and refrigerants. • The COP of the R1234yf system with VCC and FCC is about 13.6% and 20.1% lower than the R134a one, respectively. • The exergy destroyed in the system with VCC is 1.7%... 52.7% lower than that with FCC. • The exergy destroyed in the evaporator and condenser for R1234yf is less than that for R134a. In this study, the performance of R1234yf as an alternative to R134a has been experimentally investigated in an experimental automobile air conditioning (AAC) system with variable (VCC) and fixed (FCC) capacity compressors. The AAC system was equipped with original components and instruments for mechanical measurements. The experiments were conducted for both types of compressors and refrigerants at various compressor speeds, air temperatures entering the evaporator and condenser and air speeds passing over them. The performance parameters of the AAC system have been evaluated by performing energy and exergy analysis based on the experimental data, and the results were presented in the form of comparative graphics. The experimental results show that the VCC compressor limits the refrigerant flow rate when the capacity control system is activated due to the decrease in the evaporator and condenser air inlet temperatures and the increase in the compressor speed. It was found that the coefficients of performance (COPs) of the R1234yf AAC system with VCC and FCC were approximately 13.6% and 20.1% lower than those of the R134a system with VCC and FCC, respectively. For both refrigerants, in the AAC system with VCC, the total exergy destruction rate per unit cooling capacity was 18.2% − 47.5% lower compared to the system with FCC. The R1234yf AAC system experiences lower exergy destruction in the evaporator and condenser compared to the R134a system, while it practices higher exergy destruction in the compressor and expansion device in comparison to the R134a system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image defect detection of casting parts is a key part of the production process in the machinery manufacturing industry. The traditional methods are ineffective because traditional computer image processing methods require a large number of manual features to be set artificially, and the detection time is too long. In order to save human resources and improve the efficiency of image defect detection, this paper proposes a deep learning-based defect detection method for automobile parts. This paper selects EfficientNetB0 as the backbone framework of the target detection network, which significantly reduces the memory usage of the model and shortens the model inference time, while improving the model detection accuracy. Facing the problem of small samples of defect image dataset, we analyze the image characteristics of the dataset and introduce shape transformation and scale scaling as the basic online data enhancement method according to the industrial field image projection law. Then, it is expected to combine the traditional image processing algorithms according to the characteristics of casting parts with different depth distribution and multiple morphological changes, and develop a special image defect data enhancement method. This further improves the performance of the model and increases the detection accuracy of the algorithm by 22.3% without increasing the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With technological advancement, the automobile industry is undergoing a design evolution. There has been an increase in the use of electrically actuated systems; electronics-based control systems, along with an increase in average power consumption. But such increased incorporation has been one of the main causes of roadside breakdowns. However, through the help of modelling and simulation manufacturers can evaluate vehicle operation; reduce their cost while achieving a competitive advantage in the automotive market. Here an automotive electrical system has been discussed. Its architecture consists of a battery, alternator, starter solenoid, and starter motor. Detailed modelling and simulation based on Simulink have been developed. Here charge level of automobile battery and its effect on the operational characteristics of an automobile has been considered and simulated in a MATLAB Simulink environment. First, a time-domain analysis has been made of the current response recorded from its maximum, minimum value, and slope characteristics. The response characteristics hence obtained are also analysed in the frequency domain through FFT analysis to obtain data characteristics in the frequency domain. A detailed analysis has been done at different levels of battery charge degradation to obtain a continuous data set for different states. The result shows significant changes both in time and frequency domain displaying discrimination in terms of DC and frequency components along with relative harmonics distortions enabling battery charge monitoring from starting transients. This method of response characteristics analysis helps in easier computation and in designing a system that can help with vehicle diagnosis and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the arrival of the motorcar in Britain as it polarised photographers' opinions like no other means of transport before. The article asks, more specifically, why those photographers who came from the experience of cycling believed that the new transport technology hindered the practices of observation that they treasured and, relatedly, how the use that the motorists made of the camera ushered in a new way of being modern. It does so by reconstructing the impact that the new material and social experiences triggered by motoring, together with the visual culture that accompanied its popularisation, had in shaping the automobile's relationship with photography. The article argues that photographers' conflicted attitudes towards the role that the motorcar played in their leisure lives is reflected in a tension between established and emerging machine-driven visual epistemologies at the beginning of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the experiences with the automobile in the city of Curitiba between 1903 and 1914. The time frame refers, firstly, to the moment in which we locate the arrival of the first automobile in the capital of Paraná, and to the course in which the automobile dynamics became better organized. We were interested in understanding how these activities were organized, their buying and selling strategies, people responsible, places and what meanings were conveyed around them. To reach the objective, the newspapers of the period in question were used as sources. In the end, we could see that the artifact itself, and the ways of experiencing this machinery - especially through tours, adventures and competitions - represented a range of meanings that went in the direction of what was thought of in the collective at the time as beneficial for the material and cultural transformation of Brazilian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoliberal policies have impacted transportation and mobility. This paper analyzes the trends and structures resulting from the mobility of the Renca commune, a pericentric territory of Greater Santiago in the period between 2001 and 2021, through the analysis of the Origin Destination Surveys and an Origin Destination Survey of own interception applied during the covid-19 pandemic. The aforementioned was developed to obtain the mobility tendencies that these individuals present with the other communes of Greater Santiago. The results express a motorization below the levels of other communes of Greater Santiago; the existence of a 'dependency' of some routes of the public transport system that use the urban highway network. Mobilities are mainly developed due to access to services and education, where these dynamics and destination spaces have not changed substantially despite the covid-19 context in which the interception survey was applied. There is a contrast between the available concession infrastructure, the low access to automobiles, the spatial friction of the infrastructure, and the persistence of mobility patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vehicle particle model was built to compare and analyze the effectiveness of three different collision avoidance methods. The results show that during vehicle high-speed emergency collision avoidance, lane change collision avoidance requires a smaller longitudinal distance than braking collision avoidance and is closer to that with a combination of lane change and braking collision avoidance. Based on the above, a double-layer control strategy is proposed to avoid collision when vehicles change lanes at high speed. The quintic polynomial is chosen as the reference path after comparing and analyzing three polynomial reference trajectories. The multiobjective optimized model predictive control is used to track the lateral displacement, and the optimization objective is to minimize the lateral position deviation, yaw rate tracking deviation, and control increment. The lower longitudinal speed tracking control strategy is to control the vehicle drive system and brake system to track the expected speed. Finally, the lane changing conditions and other speed conditions of the vehicle at 120 km/h are verified. The results show that the control strategy can track the longitudinal and lateral trajectories well and achieve effective lane change and collision avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic transmission system is the core part of vehicle transmission processing, which can improve driving safety. In order to improve the shift effect of automotive automatic mechanical transmission and narrow the gap between the vehicle speed and the expected speed, an automotive automatic mechanical transmission system based on torsional damping was designed in the experiment. On the basis of hardware composed of different modules and fuzzy control algorithm, the system realizes the software design of vehicle automatic mechanical transmission system. The experimental results show that when the system is applied in practice, the gear selection time of the vehicle is between 0.2 s-0.3 s, and the gear shift time is between 0.3 s-0.4 s. The gap between the vehicle speed and the expected speed, and between the vehicle speed and the expected speed is small. The practical application effect is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the identification effect of vehicle key performance parameters, this paper applies the PSO algorithm to the identification of vehicle key performance parameters and focuses on analyzing the parameters of the vehicle key performance parameter monitoring equipment and the propagation environment. The improvement of sensitivity of the monitoring receiver can effectively extend the coverage distance. NLOS is a ubiquitous transmission environment and changing NLOS to LOS propagation further extends the coverage distance. In order to ensure the communication quality of radio communication users, ensure that the service area covered by radio waves and the reliability of radio wave propagation, this paper calculates the propagation loss from the receiving antenna to the transmitting antenna in detail. The experimental results show that the identification method of vehicle key performance parameters based on PSO algorithm proposed in this paper can play an important role in the identification of vehicle key performance parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's automotive industry has been dedicated to a series of carbon-reduction efforts and has strived for comprehensive green and low-carbon transformation in order to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. On the basis of automobiles' whole life-cycle (WLC) carbon emission accounting, this paper calculates life-cycle carbon emissions per vehicle, proposes green and low-carbon development path for China's automotive industry, quantifies and analyzes implicated carbon-reduction potential, and puts forth suggestions for high-quality green and low-carbon development of China's automotive industry. The first is to establish a sound standard and data management system; the second is to promote research, development and application of low-carbon materials and low-carbon technologies; the third is to accelerate the pace of fostering a new consumption model in the automotive industry. The research results can further support national policy-making regarding carbon emissions, promote corporations' research, development and application of low-carbon technologies, encourage green and low-carbon consumption, and lead the automotive industry to achieve WLC neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various petroleum-based polymers are being widely used in the automobile and aviation industries. However, the scarcity of petroleum-based polymers, their lack of biodegradability, and stringent environmental regulations lead researchers to look for green biopolymers/biocomposites as an alternative to petroleum-based polymers. Biopolymers have potential applications in various exterior and interior parts of an automobile, including steering, doors, wheels, electrical components, engine parts, exhaust systems, and so on. Almost all automakers are currently focusing on developing novel biopolymers, and they have successfully used bio-based materials in their newer version of automobiles, eventually replacing petroleum-based polymers. However, biopolymer uses in the aviation industry are not yet widespread because of stricter property requirements. Some advanced biopolymers are applied in interior aircraft panels, waste and drainage systems, engine components, cockpits, portholes, windshields, aircraft tires and inner tubes, exterior lighting, and helicopter windscreens. These materials are expected to substitute traditional plastics with the help of modifying agents, cutting-edge manufacturing technology, and a reliable supply chain of biopolymers. This review discusses the current practices, recent advances, and prospects of biopolymers in automotive and aviation engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the influence of friction and other factors during automobile steering, the detection error of automobile steering pressure is too high. In order to realize accurate heavy steering fault detection, a new intelligent diagnosis method for heavy steering fault of automobile mechanical steering system is proposed. On the basis of clarifying the characteristics of heavy steering fault of automobile mechanical steering system, an intelligent diagnosis decision tree algorithm for heavy steering fault of automobile is designed, and an intelligent diagnosis platform for heavy steering fault of automobile is constructed. The experimental results show that the difference between the steering pressure diagnosed by this method and the actual steering pressure is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age of technology has introduced integrated wearables into the area of driving to prevent accidents. A smart device is fitted easily into any moving vehicle, which renders a convenient option regarding the activities of the drivers such as abnormality, health condition, and sleep information. This research study discusses two types of outcomes that are enabled according to the situations of the input provided to the BPNN (Back Propagation Neural Network). At first, when an anomaly is predicted within the vehicle, such as the unusual behaviour of the driver, then it is reported through the help of IoT sensors installed inside the vehicle. The BPNN communicates the relevant signal to the driver assistance system to gain control over the vehicle and safely stop it at an appropriate place on the road. The second type of outcome discussed is when an anomaly is explored on the road when a vehicle moves in a heedless way. In such cases, the nearby vehicles are alerted and in the case of an accident are reported, the signals are sent to the local police officials. These suggested instructions perhaps minimize the damage and decrease the rate of mortality every year because of road accidents. Appropriate actions are taken by the model in averting the occurrence of accidents using cloud AI. The performance of the proposed system is assessed based on its accuracy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study is concerned with evaluating the Federal Reserve forecasts of light motor vehicle sales. The goal is to assess accuracy gains from using consumer vehicle-buying attitudes and expectations about future business conditions derived from the long-running Michigan Surveys of Consumers. Design/methodology/approach: Simplicity is a core principle in forecasting, and the literature provides plentiful evidence that combining forecasts from different methods and models reduces out-of-sample forecast errors if the methods and models are valid. As such, the authors construct a simple vector autoregressive (VAR) model that incorporates consumer vehicle-buying attitudes and expectations about future business conditions. Comparable forecasts of vehicle sales from this model are then combined with the Federal Reserve forecasts to assess accuracy gains. Findings: The findings for 1994–2016 indicate that the Federal Reserve and VAR forecasts contain distinct and useful predictive information, and the combination of the two forecasts shows reductions in forecast errors that are more significant at longer horizons. The authors thus conclude that there are accuracy gains from using consumer survey responses. Originality/value: This is the first study that is concerned with evaluating the Federal Reserve forecasts of vehicle sales and examines whether there are accuracy gains from using consumer vehicle-buying attitudes and expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, global automotive industries are going through a significant revolution from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs) for CO2 emission reduction. Very similarly, the aviation industry is developing towards more electric aircraft (MEA) in response to the reduction in global CO2 emission. To promote this technology revolution and performance advancement, plenty of electronic devices with high heat flux are implemented on board automobiles and aircraft. To cope with the thermal challenges of electronics, in addition to developing wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors with satisfactory electric and thermal performance, providing proper thermal management solutions may be a much more cost-effective way at present. This paper provides an overview of the thermal management technologies for electronics used in automobiles and aircraft. Meanwhile, the active methods include forced air cooling, indirect contact cold plate cooling, direct contact baseplate cooling, jet impingement, spray cooling, and so on. The passive methods include the use of various heat pipes and PCMs. The features, thermal performance, and development tendency of these active and passive thermal management technologies are reviewed in detail. Moreover, the environmental influences introduced by vibrations, shock, acceleration, and so on, on the thermal performance and reliability of the TMS are specially emphasized and discussed in detail, which are usually neglected in normal operating conditions. Eventually, the possible future directions are discussed, aiming to serve as a reference guide for engineers and promote the advancement of the next-generation electronics TMS in automobile and aircraft applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of various weld geometries on the fatigue performance of T-fillet joint aluminum arc welding were investigated by conducting gas metal arc weld (GMAW) experiments using 6061-T6 material for various weld geometries. The results of the fatigue tests conducted using a 5-ton grade tester demonstrated that the fatigue performance of T-fillet joint aluminum arc welding is primarily affected by the area of the welded part and weld reinforcement. A large welded area can be obtained by full penetration, and a large weld reinforcement can be obtained by a large throat size and a small toe angle. Contrary to expectations, it was observed that optimal size and higher quantity of porosities can increase fatigue performance. This can be attributed to porosities behaving similarly to crack stop holes, which can prevent stress focusing. The deviation in fatigue performance in the case of minute penetration depth and minute throat size is not remarkable. Therefore, deeper penetration and larger weld reinforcement are crucial factors in obtaining higher fatigue performance in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of aluminum in automobile bodies has increased in recent years due to its various advantages. However, the research conducted on the fatigue performance of aluminum arc welding is limited. This study conducts 6061-T6 aluminum GMAW experiments for the various weld geometries to determine their effect on the fatigue performance. These weld geometries, which include full penetration, partial penetration, welding with misalignment, different toe angles, and double butt joints, are obtained by controlling the welding conditions. Full penetration presents the best fatigue performance, and the toe angle exhibits a relatively minimal effect on fatigue performance. Misalignment causes a large reduction in the fatigue performance. In the partial penetration and double butt joint case, the non-welded part, where the stress is concentrated, is located at the bottom. Therefore, these two cases present a relatively lower fatigue performance. In the automobile production process, the use of a backing plate is limited; therefore, controlling the penetration depth significantly improves the fatigue performance, despite the difficulty in obtaining the desired penetration depth. Double butt joints present the advantage of penetration depth control; therefore, a double butt joint can be considered as an appropriate alternative solution for full penetration despite the additional cost involved in the double butt joint preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of weld geometry on the fatigue performance of aluminum lap joint arc welding, GMAW experiments and fatigue tests were conducted. The results show that the combination of a smaller toe angle and full penetration with a proper gap size results in the best fatigue performance. A proper gap size can disperse the stress concentration, and the dispersion increases fatigue performance. Because of the reduction in the welded area, partial penetration has a lower fatigue performance than the full-penetration case. In the lap joint, a large toe angle causes a smaller weld reinforcement owing to geometric reasons, and therefore exhibits a lower fatigue performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology advancement has contributed not only to the reduction of road related accidents but to the improvement of road safety, increasing pedestrian safety significantly. Pedestrian lower injury risk is mainly achieved through the effect of the vehicle's front-end profile, the use of specific shock absorbing materials and so on. The presented model in such a way could predict with sufficient accuracy the complex pedestrian's behaviour and movement according to the vehicle's frontend profile so as to improve safety measures. The complexity of the study is related to the fact that the two objects, the automobile and the pedestrian, are completely different and do not have the same characteristic features, e.g. there is significant difference in their masses, which is in the range of more than 10 times, especially in an auto-pedestrian accident. This paper presents a methodology for identifying a front-impact car accident and car-pedestrian lateral impact, modelling the relative motion of the victim's body with respect to the automobile, taking into account the possible alternation of the different phases of motion. The whole complex mechanism of motion is divided into separate phases and at the beginning of each one a task is solved when the pedestrian gets hit by a specific part of the car's body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to population growth and urbanization, there has been an increase in the number of auto mechanic workshops, vulcanizer's shops and engine oil retail shops along the roads within Nsukka with a direct increase in heavy metal concentration in dust. Emissions from these activities pose serious environmental concern along the major roads. This study is centered on the assessment of heavy metal pollution in dust and top soil along major roads within Nsukka metropolis. Soil and dust samples were collected along major roads at maximum distance of five meters from the roads edge, with control samples collected 400 m away from the nearest road. Heavy metals (Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Chromium, Arsenic, Copper, Nickel, and Manganese) concentrations in the dust and soil were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. The result of the analyzed heavy metal concentration showed no significant variation from the background concentration. The concentrations of Pb and Cr showed little variation, whereas As showed the greatest variation from the background value. The results of heavy metals contamination factor in soil and dust ranged from low contamination to very high contamination (CF < 1; to CF ≥ 6). High and very high contamination values were obtained for As, Cr, and Mn in both dust and soil samples. The enrichment factor of heavy metals ranged from EF ≤ 1 (background rank) to EF> 40 (extremely high enrichment). Among the analyzed heavy metals, Zn, Pb, As, and Cr showed the highest enrichments in both soil and dust samples respectively. The result of Igeo ranged from Igeo ≤ 0 (uncontaminated) to 2 < Igeo < 3 (moderately to heavily contaminated). In the dust and soil samples, Igeo for Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cu show no contamination; Igeo for As and Cr showed moderate contaminations in some locations whereas that of Mn showed moderate to heavy contamination. Results of PLI ranged from PLI < 1 (no pollution) to 3

Since last three decades a significant number of automobiles service stations have been increased creating waste water contamination problem in the mega City Karachi. It was estimated that approximately 255 liters of water was consumed while washing one vehicle (car). An average of 20-25 vehicles was washed on a station every day consuming 5610 liter of water per day at one station. Waste water effluent samples were collected from ten different stations of each district (South, East, Central, North, Malir and Korangi; total sixty samples from six districts) of Karachi city, to calculate the average fresh water consumption and the concentration of different hazardous pollutants in their wastewater and compare these results with Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEQS) limits for BOD 80, COD 150 Oil and grease 10 and TSS 200. The obtained results revealed that the concentration of BOD, COD, Oil and Grease, and TSS was 86.2, 90.9, 91.1 and 77.21% in the central area of Karachi city. These higher values may cause serious environmental pollution like stultification in photosynthesis, depletion of dissolved oxygen, disturbance of aquatic life, damaging of sewer system, toxic effects on human and water resources. District central values were highest as compared to other districts due to high population and vehicles. Overall, this study highlights the vehicle service stations of Karachi, about their water consumption, treatment practices and negative impacts on environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research outlines a digital imaging method under development to systemize a rapid in-field corrosion evaluation measure, to evaluate and monitor the degree of corrosion on target corrosion-prone parts on light-duty vehicles. This procedure uses digital imaging to study and compare corrosion levels of 228 vehicles that were treated with aftermarket applications of corrosion prevention products versus 141 vehicles that were untreated. It introduces a Corrosion Index (CI) as a common measure. Single-factor and two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the digitally-based corrosion measurements show statistically significant correlations between CI and treatment (treated versus untreated), as well as CI, vehicle age, and treatment. The ANOVA results show that the aftermarket-treated vehicles have statistically significantly less corrosion than the untreated vehicles, demonstrating that digital image analysis is a viable method of measuring corrosion on corrosion-prone vehicle parts, offering the potential to monitor and track the performance/efficacy of aftermarket corrosion treatment in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), is a synthetic polymer and the most abundantly used in the tire industry, which have good collaborative properties with additives and fillers. In present work, we aim to synthesize SBR composite having the properties of graphene oxide filler and made it to be biodegradable. In composite preparation, we fabricated styrene-butadiene rubber/graphene oxide/lignin composites by adding biodegradable biomolecule of lignin fillers at varying 1–3 wt% quantities amount. Those prepared SBR composites were characterized using advanced analysis techniques, and also their biodegradability was. From microscopy examination results, the morphology of pure SBR composite had been improved after the addition of graphene oxide, while the 1 wt% lignin filled SBR sample revealed well-integrated morphology with crest-and-trough-like feature, showcasing the lignin fibrils could strengthen the molecular interaction between graphene oxide nano sheet and SBR rubber. For 2 wt% lignin filled SBR sample, it exhibited large protuberants due to the aggregation effect of lignin fibrils. However, bulky and bundle structure of protuberant was more significantly formed in 3 wt% lignin filled SBR, as a result of poor interface between lignin and SBR rubber. The porosity had also been improved for 1 wt% lignin filled SBR sample, imparting it with great surface area to act as tire in automobile application. The physico-chemical analysis also detected the trace of graphene oxide and lignin functional groups in the SBR composite. In addition, the thermal analysis revealed those lignin-filled composites had stable heat tolerance behavior, which suitably used in extreme weather condition. Moreover, the 1 wt% lignin filled SBR sample exhibited good characteristics in both mechanical and biodegradable properties. Thus, the composite of 1 wt% lignin filled SBR could be regarded as a promising candidate for green tire application in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ride-hailing has redefined vehicle access and has the potential to reduce travel difficulties for transit-poor areas and people with poor access to private and public transportation resources. Due to the lack of data, current studies lack a holistic understanding of how transportation resources serve different social groups and places in the ride-hailing era in low-density areas. This study uses multiple sources of data in Austin, Texas to understand: (1) how ride-hailing usage, transit supply, and vehicle ownership distribute across neighborhoods with different densities, income, and racial and ethnic compositions; (2) who are ride-hailing users among those with and without private vehicles, and how their ride-hailing usage and attitudes towards ride-hailing versus transit differ. Our study has shown that the ride-hailing services have provided residents living in low-income, low-density neighborhoods, and neighborhoods with a majority of Hispanics with an alternative transportation mode. However, residents living in low-density and low-income neighborhoods still use ride-hailing services less frequently than those living in high-density and high-income neighborhoods. The user survey further shows that ride-hailing users without private vehicles tend to be racial and minorities or younger people with higher education attainments. Ride-hailing services provide people with a convenient and safe transportation mode, regardless of their vehicle ownership. Our study shows the importance of ride-hailing in mitigating the social and spatial disparity and the opportunity of integrating ride-hailing and transit in transportation planning in low-density areas. • This study uses multiple data sources to study neighborhood and individual-level transportatation dirstributions. • Frequent ride-hailing usage, dense transit supply, and high share of zero-vehicle owners concentrate in downtown Austin. • Ride-hailing services support daily transportation for transport disadvantaged areas and people in Austin. • Ride-hailing services have the potential to integrate with public transit systems in low-density areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile architecture is a crucial phase in the process of design. The model assessment process in the hybrid vehicle modeling assessment becomes more in-depth, and designers exchange ideas. The critical aspect of automotive modeling is that various models have varying views on vehicle styling. The evaluation process is long, complicated, and efficient in automotive simulation. The evaluation process takes time. Therefore, in the paper, an Automobile Modelling Optimization Design Based on Virtual Reality Technology (AMOD-VRT) is proposed to improve automobile modeling and design research to be more interactive. Computational Design Method is used to create and design the entire vehicle as well as its surrounding environment. An Integrated Virtual Analysis can enclose the models mentioned above and create a virtual environment in which the user can interact to design a model virtually by themselves. The paper provides complete virtual design modeling of an automobile, allowing the user to work more efficiently based on the results. By applying virtual reality technology in the automobile design phase, interactive and network-based remote research on automobile modeling can make the automobile design progression more appropriate, easier to communicate with designers and decrease automobile design's development cost and cycle. The simulation analysis is performed based on safety, performance, and efficiency, proving the reliability of the proposed framework. Various parameters obtain the simulation results on automobile design as the automobile vehicle design performance ratio is 87.16%, increasing the visual effects in AMOD ratio is 88.77%, improving visual effects with optimized design ratio is 84.5%, interaction and collaboration of automobile modeling ratio are 82.26% and reduce vehicles accident using virtual reality ratio is 93.80%. The computer-based virtual reality technology in the automotive industry can effectively accelerate new product development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent outbreak of a novel coronavirus, named COVID‐19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) has pushed the global economy and humanity into a disaster. In their attempt to control this pandemic, the governments of all the countries have imposed a nationwide lockdown. Although the lockdown may have assisted in limiting the spread of the disease, it has brutally affected the country, unsettling complete value‐chains of most important industries. The impact of the COVID‐19 is devastating on the economy. Therefore, this study has reported about the impact of COVID‐19 epidemic on various industrial sectors. In this regard, the authors have chosen six different industrial sectors such as automobile, energy and power, agriculture, education, travel and tourism and consumer electronics, and so on. This study will be helpful for the policymakers and government authorities to take necessary measures, strategies and economic policies to overcome the challenges encountered in different sectors due to the present pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the vibroacoustics of complex systems over a broad-frequency band of analysis. The considered system is composed of a complex structure coupled with an internal acoustic cavity. On one hand, the global displacements are associated with the main stiff part and on the other hand, the local displacements are associated with the preponderant vibrations of the flexible subparts. Such complex structures induce interweaving of these two types of displacements, which introduce an overlap of the usual three frequency bands (low-, medium- and high-frequency bands (LF, MF, and HF). A reduced-order computational vibroacoustic model is constructed by using a classical modal analysis with the elastic and acoustic modes. Nevertheless, the dimension of such reduced-order model (ROM) is still important when there is an overlap for each one of the three frequency bands. A multi-frequency reduced-order model is then constructed for the structure over the LF, MF, and HF bands. The strategy is based on a multilevel projection consisting in introducing three reduced-order bases that are obtained by using a spatial filtering methodology. To filter out the local displacements in the structure, a set of global shape functions is introduced. In addition, a classical ROM using acoustic modes is carried out for the acoustic cavity. Then, the coupling between the multilevel ROM and the acoustic ROM is presented. A nonparametric probabilistic modeling is then proposed to take into account the model uncertainties induced by modeling errors that increase with the frequency. The proposed approach is applied to a large-scale computational vibroacoustic model of a car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The source of heat in a vehicular adsorption cooling system could affect the working pairs used and the cycle chosen. • It is very important to consider the availability and cost of working pairs, giving preference to more common adsorbents. • It is important to estimate the dimensions available and the adsorber needed, so to not occupy a lot of space in the vehicle. • The adsorber design can influence directly in the system's performance and efficiency. • The performance parameters need to provide a comfortable environment while being competitive in the market. This work aimed to establish the main factors that affect an adsorptive air conditioning system applied to a vehicle. They were determined by how they influence the system's performance and continuity, being divided in five groups (input parameters, work pairs, cycle types, reactor's design and output parameters). Analyzing such factors, it is possible to predict how the system will behave and the results it will provide. Some main characteristics of each factor were highlighted, and an attempt was made to determine those that would best fit the system in question. It was noted that the best heat source would be the spark combustion engine exhaust gas, as it has higher temperatures and pressures. The ideal working pairs are silica gel / water, activated carbon / water, activated carbon / R32 and zeolite / water, providing faster cycles and greater adsorption capacity. The best cycle is the Multi-Bed Cycle paired with Recovery Cycle s , allowing for greater system continuity without making the cycle extremely complex. The best design s would be the finned tube or plate, as they achieve the best efficiency values, without compromising the reactor size. Finally, the systems needed to present high efficiency parameters, with the least amount of "dead mass". Going through each factor in this particular order helped to choose the ideal options, while avoiding too problematic crossed influences. Thus, by finally combining the factors, it is possible to develop different conceptions, which may lead to different results, expanding this research and studies for new adsorption refrigeration systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Hamilton, Ontario as a case study, this study explores the difference between young (18–34 years) and older (65 + years) adults' automobility behaviour (whether their most common mode of transportation was auto or not), by comparing their attitudes and preferences towards different travel modes. The study also investigates the differences in these two cohorts' attitudes and preferences towards residential characteristics since they can potentially impact travel behaviour. Exploratory analysis suggests that the difference between these two groups is marginal in terms of their attitudes towards driving. In general, young and older auto users both show similar attitudes towards different transportation modes. A similar trend has been seen for non‐auto users of young and older adults. The findings indicate young adults' intention to shift towards an auto‐oriented culture, especially when they have a job. They also showed a preference for suburban living in the future. Older adults are mainly auto‐oriented; a small portion also seems pro‐transit. Transportation policies should consider these changing dynamics of travel behaviour among different generations. As attitudes and preferences influence travel behaviour to a greater extent, future studies should explore how attitudes and preferences can be modified to promote sustainable travel options. Key Messages: Young and older auto users show similar attitudes towards different transportation modes.Older adults are mainly auto‐oriented.Regardless of their automobile use, young adults are likely to shift towards an auto‐oriented culture and suburban living, especially when they have a job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are studied for their unique properties of being easily processes and recycled. This paper focuses on the wide scope of thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers (TPO/TPE-O) which is one of the major classes of TPE. The performance of TPO is the cumulative effect of polyolefins and rubbers with the ease of processing due to the presence of thermoplastics. The study focuses on the classification of TPO, their routes of synthesis, composites, applications, and its impact on environment. The mechanical blending of polyolefins and conventional rubber was carried out to manufacture TPO. In further developments, the polyolefin elastomers (POE) were synthesized by copolymerization techniques to overcome the drawback of mechanical blending techniques. Environment-friendly blends of TPO are synthesized using industrial and municipal waste which includes scrap rubber tires, marble waste-filled polypropylene, computer body waste, etc. This technology will help in reducing the issue of landfills. The composites of TPO have been studied using different types of fillers which may be synthetic or bio-based. These include talc, carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNT), Kenaf fiber, pineapple leaf fiber, etc. TPO have found their use in encapsulation, in electrical insulation, roofing, medical devices, and the automobile industry. Also, impact of using TPOs on environment is discussed here qualitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicles parked under blazing sun increases the cabin temperature to a broiling point as greenhouse effect comes into play. Similar is found in winter season when vehicle is parked in open, cabin temperature falls drastically. This extreme rise and fall in the vehicle cabin temperature, results in more fossil fuel consumption to power air-conditioner for high loads, which eventually leads to increase in generation of harmful gases. Additionally, the drastic condition inside vehicle cabin makes it profusely miserable for human comfort. Thus, relevant renewable energy powered cooling/heating system is required for the vehicle cabin when parked in open areas. Therefore, in this study initially, a 3D heat and mass transfer model is developed for evaluating temperature variations in vehicle cabin for summer and winter seasons. Then, a solar powered thermoelectric cooling-heating system is proposed to resolve the extreme rise and fall of vehicle cabin temperature without running the engine or using any power from the primary source. And, the thermal performance of the proposed system is evaluated and assessed in the numerical study. The proposed system was able to reduce the average temperature of the cabin space by 17 °C in summer season and the average temperature rise of the cabin space is found by 15 °C in winter season. The solar simulator for the vehicle rooftop solar panel investigated annual averages of normalized energy per day and loss in solar energy collection due to variation in tilt angle, which was around 20%. Thus, the present study demonstrates the feasibility of proposed novel solar assisted thermoelectric cooling/heating system in both summer and winter seasons. Hence, study demonstrates that the thermoelectric technology with solar assistance is effective and viable for cooling and heating of vehicle cabin during parking. [Display omitted] • A solar assisted thermoelectric cooling/heating system for vehicle cabin is proposed. •3D model is developed for evaluating temperature variations in vehicle cabin during parking. •The cooling/heating system performance was evaluated for both summer and winter seasons. •The solar simulator investigated the performance parameters for the vehicle rooftop solar panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the development of technology, it has accelerated developments in materials science, which is the main input of industry, and diversified the types of advanced technological materials and their production methods. Especially in the aerospace and automotive sectors, advanced technological materials with light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance are important and the use of composite materials as structural materials is increasing. In this study Sakarya University of Applied Sciences SUBU produced by the team Elektromobil TETRA two-seater electric car chassis manufactured by vacuum infusion carbon fiber and vinyl ester epoxy resin prepared by using different parameters to the method in the sample were examined and the mechanical properties of 1070 N/mm2 to manufacture the chassis by using the parameters of the sample with compressive strength have been made. Polyurethane 70 density foam was used as filling. During production, the viscosity of the resin was kept in the range of 200-300 cps. The vacuum environment is provided under negative 760 mm hg pressure with a single-stage oil vacuum machine. The manufactured chassis weighs a total of 9.5 kg. A total weight of 140 kg (excluding the driver), the vehicle traveled 300 km and traveled at speeds of 60- 90 km per hour. During non-destructive inspections of the chassis after the races, no deformation of the chassis was detected, except for the change in shape observed in the area under repeated load due to the fact that the battery connection was not made properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the following text is to analyze the changes in television advertising in the banking and automobile sectors, according to the social context. The hypothesis is that communication is significantly influenced by the situational context, causing differences between the advertising of the two sectors. A multimodal discourse analysis is used, comparing twenty commercials from the banking and automobile sectors in 2019 and 2020, the period during which the lockdown due to COVID-19 took place. Based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis tables were developed with which to analyze general data such as the value proposition or target audience of the advert, or other special data like the text (verb tenses, rhetorical figures...), the image and the sound used. The fact that context is decisive in communication is made evident, and since this is different in every sector, the communication strategy is clearly different as well. However, the points that the two sectors have in common are remarkable: these range from talking about brands and products, to speaking for and about people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of sealing plays an important role in the sustainability of vehicle NVH. Sealing at inner corner is more prone to failure compared to the straight lines and outer corners. In order to improve the sealing quality at the inner comer, the additional pressure on the bonding substrate generated by compressive sealing strips was studied, and a model for calculating the pressure on the inner corner of the bonding substrate provided by compressive sealing strips was proposed and the finite element simulation of the process was carried out. The results showed that compressive sealing can provide additional pressure on the bonding substrate steadily and evenly. The pressure exerted on the bonding substrate by the sealing strip is proportional to the compression ratio. The distribution of pressure is related to the section shape along the width and it is not immutable. The pressure is distributed uniformly along the circumference, and the difference is less than 8% . It is proved that compressive sealing can obviously improve the sealing quality at the inner corner, and it has good process stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is developing in all areas of the planet. This process has an impact on the mobility of people in the city and the means to move both in metropolitan areas and in medium-sized cities. This article analyzes the evolution, between 2001 and 2019, of the motorized vehicle fleet in the communes of Chile in intermediate cities. Through the compilation and systematization of databases provided by official agencies and the use of statistical analysis, the explosive but heterogeneous increase of the vehicle fleet in the communes of such cities is made visible. This differentiated increase does not follow patterns related to urban hierarchy, poverty, income, or even those communes with a successful development model sustained by raw material exports. Based on the above, it is concluded that there are other multi-causal elements in the evolution of such vehicle fleet, such as inter-urban flows between communes, the morphology of the city or climatic conditions. These results invite us to reflect on the type of city that is being built and the problems in the sustainability of such growth for urban areas in the near future, due to the absence or weakness of pertinent territorial policies that favor other means of mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]