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We investigate the gravitational field of a charged, non-vacuum, non-rotating, spherically symmetric body of mass M assuming a static solution to the Einstein–Maxwell field equations. We show the characteristics of perihelion precession of orbits in the case of charged naked singularity (CNS) spacetime. Here we discuss some novel features of light-like geodesics in this spacetime. We also discuss the comparative study of tidal force in the null singularity spacetime and charged naked singularity spacetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general theory of relativity predicts the relativistic effect in the orbital motions of S-stars which are orbiting around our Milky-way Galactic Center. The post-Newtonian or higher-order approximated Schwarzschild black hole models have been used by GRAVITY and UCLA Galactic Center groups to carefully investigate the S2 star's periastron precession. In this paper, we investigate the scalar field effect on the orbital dynamics of S2 star. Hence, we consider a spacetime, namely Janis-Newman-Winicour (JNW) spacetime which is seeded by a minimally coupled, mass-less scalar field. The novel feature of this spacetime is that one can retain the Schwarzschild spacetime from JNW spacetime considering zero scalar charge. We constrain the scalar charge of JNW spacetime by best fitting the astrometric data of S2 star using the Monte-Carlo–Markov-Chain (MCMC) technique assuming the charge to be positive. Our best-fitted result implies that similar to the Schwarzschild black hole spacetime, the JNW naked singularity spacetime with an appropriate scalar charge also offers a satisfactory fitting to the observed data for S2 star. Therefore, the JNW naked singularity could be a contender for explaining the nature of Sgr A* through the orbital motions of the S2 star. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to give a synopsis of the recent surgical applications of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging methods in breast and breast-related surgeries; the basics of the technology and instrumentation used. Well over 200 papers describing this technique in clinical settings were reviewed. In addition to the surgical applications, other recent medical applications of ICG in breast surgeries are briefly examined. There is currently enough evidence suggesting that reverse lymphatic mapping and SLNB using ICG lymphography provide similar results to those using technetium-99 isotope scanning (Pons et al. Plast Reconstr Surg 147(2):207e–12e, 2021). Postoperative mastectomy skin flap necrosis could be thwarted by using intraoperative ICGA to identify mastectomy skin flap areas of inadequate perfusion. It is also one of the most objective and reliable methods to directly assess tissue perfusion in free flap reconstructive surgery, and result in an improvement of (partial) flap survival. Fluorescence imaging is a minimally invasive imaging modality that is useful for the preoperative detection of lymphatic vessels by mapping linear patterns on the patient's limb and useful in both lymphaticovenular anastomosis and lymphedema screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research is to produce bio-alcohol and biodiesel from S. quadricauda and C. pyrenoidosa microalgae in a sustainable manner using phototrophic and heterotrophic pathways. Experimental and statistical approaches are used to assess the viability of the bioenergy produced as a prospective alternative to diesel fuel. On analysis, it was observed that the %age weight of the dry cell of C. pyrenoidosa cultures on scaling-up resulted lipid content of 44.1%, 46.7%, and 41%, respectively. On scaling up, the cultures' biomass concentrations reached 5.15 g L −1, 4.24 g L −1, and 4.36 g L −1. Similarly, upscaling S. quadricauda cultures resulted in yield rates of 4.2 g L −1 and 2.96 g L −1 d −1 and a lipid productivity of 2.96 g L −1 d −1, respectively. On engine testing, AA20D80 and AA30D70 blend combinations shows an improvement of 4.84% and 6.9% in BTE with a reduction of 88.6% and 72.41% in fuel consumption. Similarly, as compared to amyl alcohol blends and diesel fuel at full load, CP20D80 and CP30D70 efficiently lower HC, NOx, and smoke emissions. The statistical analysis revealed that the similarity index of the 20% and 30% proportions were ideal in achieving optimal engine output characteristics. [Display omitted] • Phototrophic and heterotrophic upscaling of third generation microalgae feedstock. • Biosynthesis of long-chain bio-alcohol and low-density biodiesel from microalgae. • Higher yield and conversion rates for heterotrophic upscaling of C. pyrenoidosa. • S. quadricauda based bio-alcohol shows superior engine output characteristics. • Statistical COA identified the optimal mixtures as CP20D80 and AA20D80. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the present study, a simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, and precise reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with diode array detection was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Metformin hydrochloride (MET) and Ranolazine (RANO) in a synthetic mixture. Material and Method: The method was developed using isocratic elution mode on a reversed-phase. Chromatographic separation was performed on ACE CN C18 (250 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 µm) column and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetonitrile:ammonium formate (45:45:10% v/v/v) with 10% formic acid to adjust the pH to 6.0, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection and quantification of all the analytes were carried out at 230 nm using a photodiode array detector. Result: The method was found to be linear in the range of 1-50 µg/ml for RANO and 2-100 µg/ml for MET. Percentage recovery was found in the range of 99.07-101.53% for RANO and 99.59-100.45% for MET. The RSD of precision and repeatability was found lower than 1% for each drug. Validation of the method was carried out as per International Council on Harmonization guideline Q2 (R1). Conclusion: The proposed RP-HPLC method can be highly suitable for the analysis of RANO and MET without interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alarming rise in greenhouse gases originating from onroad vehicles and the rapid depiction of cultivable land for fuel feedstocks has led researchers to explore alternative means of biofuel production. In this context, the current study explores the heterotrophic cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae by scaling-up using various combinations of stir-tank bioreactors for the sustainable synthesis of low-density biodiesel. Furthermore, statistical tools are employed to develop prediction models to incorporate 20% (vol/vol) of the low-density biodiesel with diesel fuel (CP20) to obtain optimal experimental outputs. From the study, it was found that the percentage dry cell weight of samples acquired from 100 L, 200 L and 300 L stir tank bioreactors achieved 44.1%, 46.7% and 41% of lipid content and biomass concentrations of 5.15 g/L, 4.24 g/L and 4.36 g/L on up-scaling. At an optimal reaction temperature and time of 37 'C and 12 h, the highest biodiesel conversion rate of 98% was achieved during enzymatic transesterification. The prediction engine models reveals that at the finest engine input parameter combinations, 0.74% improvement in brake thermal efficiency and a 50% drop in smoke emissions are achieved using the low-density CP20 blend. Also, superior combustion characteristics are delivered on operation as a trade-off for NOx emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over two decades, the Indian Menopause Society (IMS) has started and pioneered the structure and approach of menopausal health care by multiple medical specialists. It has been noticed elsewhere and in India that women with CVD are less well attended and inadequately managed despite the preponderance of CVD. Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including stroke, have been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in men and women.[[23]] Indian women as compared to Indian men had a more significant increase in ischemic heart disease between 2000 and 2017.[[24]] This CVD-related mortality is much higher than even that related to all cancer-related mortality. Implementing a women's cardiovascular health training program in a cardiovascular disease fellowship: The MUCHACHA curriculum. [Extracted from the article]

This study is aimed at synthesizing amyl alcohol from Scenedesmus quadricauda third-generation microalgae biomass which is cultivated sustainably using reactor combinations and Ehrlich biosynthetic pathway. Systematic experimentation was carried out on a compression ignition engine at maximum throttle pedal position condition to assess the potential of amyl alcohol-diesel mixture combinations and to assess its environmental impact at different loads. Optimum mixture proportion of amyl alcohol-diesel blends were identified statistically using multivariate principal component and desirability analysis based on the experimental data acquired from the engine testbed. From the study, it was inferred that a dry biomass yield rate of 4.2 g/L was achieved when the light intensity was maintained at ~51-56 μmol/m2/s in the in-situ raceway pond while cultivating Scenedesmus quadricauda. Experimentation showed that the fuel consumption reduced by 72.4% for AA20D80 at low-high load conditions. Improved combustion characteristics are achieved at higher concentrations of amyl alcohol operating at medium-high loads. The lowest smoke and NOX emission of 52.85 mg/m3 and 104 ppm was observed for AA40D60 at no-load condition. Statistical analysis revealed that the optimal amyl alcohol-diesel mixture combinations to be AA20D80 with combined desirability of 0.497. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite polyester fabrics (NCPFs) with in situ generated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were prepared using tamarind leaf extract as a reducing agent and different concentrated aq.CusO4·5H2O as source solutions. These fabrics were analyzed by SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and antibacterial tests. SEM analysis indicated the in situ generation of roughly spherical CuNPs in the size range of 58–154 nm with an average of 90 nm. X-ray analysis indicated the generation of both CuNPs and Cu2O nanoparticles in the NCPFs. The NCPFs exhibiting antibacterial activity against both the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria can be considered for medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irregular force fluctuations are seen in most nanotubulation experiments. The dynamics behind their presence has, however, been neither commented upon nor modeled. A simple estimate of the mean energy dissipated in force drops turns out to be several times the thermal energy. This coupled with the rate dependent nature of the deformation reported in several experiments point to a dynamical ori-gin of the serrations. We simplify the whole process of tether formation through a three-stage model of successive deformations of sphere to ellipsoid, neck-formation, and tubule birth and extension. Based on this, we envisage a rate-softening frictional force at the neck that must be overcome before a nanotube can be pulled out. Our minimal model includes elastic and visco-elastic deformation of the vesicle, and has built-in dependence on pull velocity, vesicle radius, and other material parame-ters, enabling us to capture various kinds of serrated force-extension curves for different parameter choices. Serrations are predicted in the nanotubulation region. Other features of force-extension plots reported in the literature such as a plateauing serrated region beyond a force drop, serrated flow re-gion with a small positive slope, an increase in the elastic threshold with pull velocity, force-extension curves for vesicles with larger radius lying lower than those for smaller radius, are all also predicted by the model. A toy model is introduced to demonstrate that the role of the friction law is limited to inducing stick-slip oscillations in the force, and all other qualitative and quantitative features emerg-ing from the model can only be attributed to other physical mechanisms included in the deformation dynamics of the vesicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental work presents the conclusions of a single cylinder diesel engine regarding performance, combustion and emission characteristics using blends of Pistacia khinjuk methyl ester. The physical and chemical properties of Pistacia khinjuk oil methyl ester (PKME) were observed based on ASTM standards. The fatty acid compositions of Pistacia khinjuk oil methyl ester were determined using GC-MS analysis. In the present work, agriculture purpose Kirloskar make Tangentially Vertical (TV1) model single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was used for experimentation. An effort has been made to utilize anti-oxidants namely Geraniol (GE) and Pyrogallol (PY) with PB20 blend to achieve enhanced fuel properties. Higher performance characteristics were observed with PB20 + PY blend than PB20 and PB20 + GE. Also, a prominent diminution in engine exhaust emissions were noticed except brake specific oxides of nitrogen emission was perceived with PB20 + PY blend. The research outcomes confirms that the PB20 + PY provided improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics than PB20 + GE which permits it to be the favourable alternative to conventional fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insect pests belonging to genus Bactrocera sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose major biotic stress on various fruits and vegetable crops around the world. Zeugodacus and Bactrocera sp. are associated with diverse bacterial communities which play an important role in the fitness of sterile insects. The wild populations of melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) and Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) were collected from pumpkin and mango fields, respectively. The laboratory populations of Z. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis were mass-reared on bottle gourd and sweet banana, respectively. Bacterial communities present in the gut of wild and mass-reared mature (~ 12 days old) and newly emerged (< 1 h after emergence) male and female adults of Z. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis were assessed. We used Illumina HiSeq next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene to profile the gut bacterial communities of wild and mass-reared mature and newly emerged Z. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis adults. Results: We found diverse bacterial composition in the gut of wild and mass-reared Z. cucurbitae (ZC) and B. dorsalis (BD) with varied relative abundance. Few taxonomic groups were common to both the species. The most dominant phyla in all samples of Z. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis adults were Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The phylum Proteobacteria occurred more in wild Z. cucurbitae (~ 87.72%) and B. dorsalis (~ 83.87%) as compared to mass-reared Z. cucurbitae (64.15%) and B. dorsalis (~ 80.96%). Higher relative abundance of Phylum Firmicutes was observed in mass-reared fruit fly than wild adults. Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast and Actinobacteria were also present with very low relative abundance in both wild as well as mass-reared melon fly and Oriental fruit fly. Enterobacteriaceae (61.21%) was dominant family in the gut of both wild and mass-reared adults. Providencia and Lactococcus were dominant genera with varied relative abundance in wild as well as in mass-reared mature and newly emerged fruit fly adults of both species. Some of the genera like Morganella and Serratia were only detected in mass-reared mature and newly emerged Z. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis adults. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) showed that fruit fly adult samples were grouped based on species and age of the adults while no grouping was observed on the basis of sex of the adult fruit fly. Conclusions: The gut bacterial communities associated with wild and mass-reared mature and newly emerged adults of Z. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis showed variation that depends on species and age of the insects. Understanding the gut microbiota of wild and mass-reared Z. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis using high throughput technology will help to illustrate microbial diversity and this information could be used to develop efficient mass-rearing protocols for successful implementation of sterile insect technique (SIT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study proposes a model-based calibration strategy for developing an optimum combustion control map in furtherance of flex-fuel operation with methanol-gasoline blends. Furthermore, a model is developed through the response surface methodology (RSM) for the engine parameters and responses based on the experimental results. In addition, a multi-objective optimization is enacted that relies on a desirability approach keeping equal attention to engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics. The established RSM model exhibits a reliable prediction ability across the operating realms of the engine. Thereby, it has been explored the tendency of parameter calibration and its effects on the engine responses for gasoline and methanol-gasoline blends are studied. From the optimally calibrated map, the test fuel of M30 shows the highest value of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 30.76 % and the lowest level of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is recorded for M0 about 147 g/kWh. Besides, the maximal value of 1.70 %vol, 13.96 %vol, 268 ppm, and 535 ppm is observed in the engine exhaust for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NO x) respectively despite of fuel used. Moreover, the validation results assure and reveal identical outcomes with predicted values within the allowable errors. • A model-based calibration adopted to improve methanol practise for flex fuel engine. • The RSM model exhibits an excellent prediction of engine performance and emission. • The trend of control parameters in the optimal map is akin to M0, M10, M20 and M30. • The highest BTE of 30.76 % and lowest BSFC of 147 g/kWh is achieved for M30 and M0. • The emission of CO and HC is minimized but the levels of CO2 and NOx is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impact of methanol usage for flex-fuel mode is inspected in the DISI engine. • Empirical and experimental methods are adopted to calibrate the optimal spark angle. • The engine-out characteristics are improved under flex-fuel operation with methanol. • The statistical significance of operating conditions is evaluated by using ANOVA. • The hybrid approach of SWARA and ARAS is used to identify the optimal conditions. A novel approach has been explored to examine the most appropriate conditions for methanol flex-fuel operation in direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine. The research findings indicate a significant amelioration in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) from 18.27% to 27.73%. Although, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) shows an increasing trend and M40 exhibits the highest value of 506 g/kWhr. Moreover, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased to 1.22 %vol and 119 ppm, respectively. Contrarily, the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and nitrogen oxides (NO x) increased for blended fuel by about 14.21 %vol and 521 ppm. The effects of operating parameters on output characteristics are investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the results demonstrate the statistical significance of all parameters. Using a multi-criteria decision-making model, these outcomes are then utilized to identify optimal operating conditions with different weighting criteria. A hybrid approach of stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) and additive ratio assessment (ARAS) is adopted for this. Based on the optimization findings, the top ten optimal engine operating conditions are ranked and summarized in this work. Among the top ten rankings, the blended fuel of methanol-gasoline gives an optimal engine response in most operating conditions under flex-fuel mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hexanol is used as additives with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel. • Hexanol concentration is varied as 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40% on volume basis. • Hexanol shows improved efficiency with less fuel consumption for higher fractions. • Addition of higher alcohol reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions. In the present work, an experiment on ternary blends made of n-hexanol, diesel and Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester was conducted to compare the emission, performance and combustion characteristics to that of pure diesel and Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester. In the present research work, all the ternary blends were prepared by keeping the diesel weight percentage as a constant at 50% by volume, the Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester and hexanol concentrations were varied by volume and the developed blends were used for the comprehensive analysis. The brake thermal efficiency was observed to be significantly higher for the hexanol blends; especially for 40% hexanol is closer to that of pure diesel at elevated brake mean effective pressures. Also, the brake specific fuel consumptions are observed to be lower than that of pure CIME. Emissions such as hydrocarbon, smoke opacity and carbon monoxide were found to be significantly lower than the diesel. However, the NOx and carbon dioxide emissions for alcohol blends remained marginally higher compared to diesel. A significant improvement in the combustion characteristics such as the in-cylinder pressures and net HRR figures were observed when compared to pure biodiesel. Therefore, from the results, it is recommended that the 30% and 40% of n-hexanol blends with further study can suitably be a potential alternative for pure diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using tamarind leaf extract as a reducing agent and various concentrated aq⋅AgNO3 solutions as source, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were in situ generated in polyester fabrics. The nanocomposite polyester fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and antibacterial tests. The size of the generated AgNPs varied between 50 and 120 nm. The X-ray analysis indicated the generation of both AgNPs and AgO nanoparticles in the nanocomposite fabrics. The nanocomposite polyester fabrics exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against both the Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and hence can be considered for making antibacterial textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work is to study the addition of n -pentanol with the Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics. Five different fuel blends are prepared by varying the n -pentanol fraction (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) on volume basis with biodiesel. The prepared samples are tested in single cylinder constant speed CI engine. The addition of n -pentanol with biodiesel improves the thermal efficiency of the fuel blend up to 30% as compared to pure biodiesel. Among all fuel samples, B90P10 blend has shown higher brake thermal efficiency as 27% which is slightly lower than BTE of diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption of biodiesel-pentanol blends are increased from 4.2% to 27.3% when compared to diesel fuel (D100). However, addition of n -pentanol more than 40% shows a negative effect in terms of performance and combustion. It is noted that biodiesel and n -pentanol blends have shown 15–43% and 33–50% reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared to diesel. Further, the oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions are found to be lesser for n -pentanol blends while comparing to the pure biodiesel. Among all blends, B90P10 is found to have better performance and emission characteristics. Highlights • n -pentanol is add with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel at fractions of 10%–50%. • Engine characteristics of higher alcohol blend with biodiesel is studied. • Performance of n -pentanol fraction for 10%, 20%, 30% is superior than pure biodiesel. • NOx emissions is reduced for the n -pentanol fractions with biodiesel. • Ignition delay is increased for the n -pentanol blends due to low cetane number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this research work, the four ternary blends were prepared with 30% and 40% by volume of higher alcohol (decanol and hexanol) with biodiesel while maintain 50% of diesel concentration. All ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel-higher alcohols were used in single cylinder engine and the results were compared with binary blend of 50%–50% biodiesel, pure diesel and biodiesel. It was revealed that thermal efficiency of ternary blends was higher than biodiesel and in some cases it is closer to pure diesel. In contrary, specific fuel consumption is found to lower with increase in alcohol fractions in ternary blends. Moreover, hydrocarbon, smoke, carbon monoxide emissions from alcohol-infused fuel blends were observed to be lower than both biodiesel and pure diesel. Significant reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions was also observed by the addition of higher alcohols to the fuel blend when compared to biodiesel fuel. It is to be noted that decanol 40% addition with diesel and biodiesel blend has shown better results in emission characteristics. Furthermore, the heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure for biodiesel were significantly lower compared to pure diesel fuels. However, addition of 40% decanol with fuel blend improved the heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure. Highlights • Hexanol and Decanol are used as additives for ternary blends preparation. • Alcohol concentration has been varied in the proportion of 30% and 40% on volume basis. • Decanol shows improved efficiency with less fuel consumption for higher fractions. • Addition of higher alcohol reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Strontium alumino borate glasses doped with Mn2+ ions (SABM) have been prepared and characterized by XRD, density, Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), FT-IR and Raman to investigate the spectral and physical properties of the present glass samples. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of BO 3 and BO 4 structural units in SABM glasses. The IR peak at ~467 and ~679 cm−1 assigned as the vibration of metal cations (Sr2+), Mn O bond vibrations and bending vibration of Al O in [AlO 4 ] units. The Raman band ~786 cm−1 establishes the presence of AlO 4 units. It has been found that an increasing the Al 2 O 3 content increases the bond length of the Al O bond in AlO 4 which leads to increase molar volume and decrease density. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies indicated that the glass transition temperature (T g) decreases with increase of Al 2 O 3. Evaluated g and A values from EPR spectra gave the conformation about the ionic bonding between the Mn2+ and its neighbouring oxygen ions. Graphical Abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Strontium alumino borate glasses doped with Mn2+ ions (SABM) were prepared. • The decrease of glass transition temperature (T g) was ascribed to the formation NBO's. • EPR measurements confirmed the ionic bonding between Mn2+ ion and its surrounding ligands. • FTIR and Raman spectra were measured to investigate BO 3 , BO 4 and AlO 4 units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Decanol is used as additive with ternary blends of biodiesel and diesel. • Decanol concentration has been varied in the proportion of 10% to 40% on volume basis. • Decanol shows improved efficiency with less fuel consumption for higher fractions. • Addition of decanol reduces the HC, CO and smoke emissions. Abstract The depletion of natural resources coupled with the alarming increase of pollution level is the driving force to use diesel in an environmentally benevolent manner. Research done till now is mainly focused upon the utilization of lower alcohols and information on higher alcohol blend is limited. The present study aims to investigate the effect of using a ternary blend of diesel, biodiesel, and decanol on a diesel engine. Tests were performed using decanol blended with biodiesel and diesel. The concentration of ternary blends were 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of decanol by volume while the diesel concentration was maintained to be 50% throughout. The study revealed that among the ternary blend, brake thermal efficiency increases with increase in the concentration of decanol. The brake specific fuel, and energy consumption decrease with an increase in alcohol content. Thus 40% decanol blend shows the least brake specific fuel consumption. NOx emission increased with the increase of alcohol concentration, whereas the emission levels of CO, HC, and smoke opacity decreased. Peak pressure is also found to be highest for 40% decanol blend and least for 10% decanol blend. With the addition of decanol content in the ternary blend, heat release rate is found to be increased whereas the cumulative heat release rate is observed to be reduced during the end phase of combustion. The study concluded that 40% blend of decanol, biodiesel and diesel can optimize engine performance and emission without performing any modifications in the CI engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Orange-peel oil is extracted from the waste peel and utilized in CRDi engine. • Engine parameters such as injection strategies and EGR was investigated. • Efficiency is increased for the OPO blend as compared to diesel. • Better combustion characteristics were obtained due to oxygen content in OPO. • Reduction in HC, CO, and smoke emissions were observed. Abstract Aiming towards discovering a solution for the imminent fossil fuel crisis, the research contributes towards the utilisation of orange peel oil as a potential alternative to mineral diesel while strictly adhering to the emission norms. The study reveals the performance, combustion and emissions characteristics obtained upon operating a 20% by volume of OPO blended with diesel, in a compression ignition engine, integrated with a common rail direct injection (CRDi) system. The fuel injection pressures were varied as 400 bar, 500 bar and 600 bar. Furthermore, two stage injection strategies were employed while varying the pilot charge quantity as 10%, 20% and 30%. Subsequently, 10% EGR was employed for the test with 30% pilot injection quantity upon realising that the respective NOx emissions were the highest for the same. All the results were compared with the test results while utilising diesel at 600 bar injection pressure. For OPO20 the brake thermal efficiency at full load was observed to be 31.37% higher and the brake specific fuel consumption 5.53% lower than that for diesel. In-cylinder pressure values recorded were almost similar to diesel corresponding to brake power. Heat release rate was significantly higher in case of orange peel oil. Additionally, it was found that smoke, unburned hydrocarbons content and carbon monoxide emission decreased by 16.30%, 27.63% and 42.28% respectively in the engine exhaust. Oxides of nitrogen were recorded to be 15.46% higher than that of diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Diethyl ether is used as additive with ternary blends of biodiesel and diesel. • Ether concentration has been varied in the proportion of 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% on volume basis. • Ether shows improved efficiency with less fuel consumption for lower fractions. • Addition of ether reduces the oxides of the nitrogen emissions. Abstract The aim of the present work deals with the investigation of compression ignition characteristics for different concentrations of diethyl ether in diesel - Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester blends. Initially, various experiments were conducted for diesel, neat biodiesel, 50% blends of diesel and biodiesel at various engine loads with constant speed conditions. All the ternary blends were prepared by adding 5%,7.5%, 10% and 12.5% of diethyl ether with diesel-biodiesel blends. The addition of diethyl ether was limited by 12.5% by volume because the engine was not running at higher engine loads. The experimental study revealed that the brake thermal efficiency was reduced by 5.3% with increase in brake specific fuel consumption for 12.5% addition of diethyl ether in the blend when compared to diesel fuel. Further, the diesel engine operation with diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether ternary blends has shown 84%, 4.6% and 57% reduction in unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions than that of diesel fuel at 100% engine load. The carbon dioxide emission formation was similar to diesel fuel at lower concentration of diethyl ether and 5.2% reduction was noted for higher fraction in the blend. Meanwhile, the smoke opacity has increased to 80.1% for 12.5% of diethyl ether addition in the blend. However, the combustion characteristics are slightly dropdown when the diesel engine was operated with all the ternary blends of diethyl ether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • 20% of Isobutanol with biodiesel improves the brake thermal efficiency by 3%. • Ternary blends reduce the carbon monoxide emission by 29–60%. • 12% reduction in NO x emission for ternary blends compared to biodiesel. • Significant reductions in smoke emission are noted for all binary and ternary blends. • All binary and ternary blends have resulted in higher heat release rate. Abstract Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel is seems to be a potential alternative fuel for diesel engine applications due to its non-edible form, easily cultivable nature and abundant availability everywhere in the world. Isobutanol is the next generation biofuel which can be used as partial substitute to petroleum diesel or biodiesel due to its better solvency character. In the present study, a comparative assessment on diesel engine characteristics is carried out using isobutanol as an additive with diesel and biodiesel in the form of binary and ternary blends. Five blends are prepared by 20% of isobutanol with diesel and biodiesel as D80IB20 and B80IB20 along with three ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel-isobutanol using 10%, 15% and 20% concentrations of isobutanol. Experimental study in a diesel engine revealed that the brake thermal efficiency is improved by 3.19% for 10% isobutanol addition in diesel-biodiesel blends with significant improvement in brake specific fuel consumption when compared to biodiesel. All binary and ternary blends of isobutanol reduce CO emission by 13–59% than that of diesel fuel with substantial penalty in HC emission. Meanwhile, when compared to biodiesel, the oxides of nitrogen emission is decreased by 8.16% for isobutanol addition with diesel and biodiesel in terms of binary and ternary blends but higher than that of conventional diesel fuel. Furthermore, momentous improvement is observed in heat release rate during isobutanol addition for B80IB20, D70B10IB20, D70B15IB15 and D70B20IB10 fuel blends when compared to pure biodiesel. Finally, it is noted that isobutanol would be a feasible additive for the partial replacement of diesel and biodiesel in the blends for diesel engine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The blending of n-octanol with CIME has improved the engine performance. • The increase of n-octanol in blends increase the ignition delay and in-cylinder pressure. • Lower fraction of n-octanol in the blend is effective in reducing the NOx emission. • Higher fraction of n-octanol in blends is beneficial in lowering CO and smoke. • HC emission increases with the increase of n-octanol fraction. Abstract Biodiesel can serve as possible alternate fuels in compression ignition engine as it leads to an effective reduction in consumption of fossil fuels. Moreover, it has been observed that biodiesel has the potential to reduce most exhaust emissions. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of n-octanol with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel on compression ignition engine characteristics. Five different fuel blends are prepared by varying the concentration of n-octanol from 10% to 50% on a volume basis. It has been observed that the addition of n-octanol with biodiesel decreases the calorific value due to its inherent oxygen content. A mixed 6 × 5 level full factorial design with 3 replications was used for conducting the experiment. The statistical test by analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that CIME blend has the greater influence, contributing 71.3% to HC emission. The engine load has greatest influence of 98.88% to BTE followed by 98.77% to NOx, 95.74% to CO and 75% to peak pressure. The experimental results showed that the increase of n-octanol fraction in blends prolonged the ignition delay generating higher peaks of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates during the premixed mode of combustion. Brake thermal efficiency has improved with the increase of n-octanol fraction up to 30% and then started decreasing with further increase of n-octanol in blends. Brake specific fuel consumption has reduced by about 20% with the increase of n-octanol fraction by 50%. Furthermore, the cooling effect produced by a lower fraction of n-octanol in the blend reduces the in-cylinder temperature resulting in lower NOx emissions. However, the poor ignition and evaporation characteristics of n-octanol has resulted in increase of CO and smoke emissions. HC emissions increase with the increase of n-octanol percentage due to the overleaning effect of the excess oxygen content in the n-octanol. The higher fractions of n-octanol is beneficial in lowering the CO and smoke emissions because of enhanced combustion due to the presence of excess oxygen. Overall, the addition of lower fraction of n-octanol with biodiesel has enhanced the performance output with the reduction of NOx emission with noteworthy penalty in CO and HC emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evoked potentiality of ethanol-powered DISI engine under flex-fuel mode is explored. A novel approach of this article is to systematically evaluate the aftereffects of diverse volumetric concentrations of ethanol and appraise the appropriate operating conditions for optimal engine responses. The findings unveil that BTE has been enhanced from 18.27% up to 27.31% with the application of ethanol. Conversely, an increasing trend of BSFC is noticed for blended fuels and the maximum value of 398 g/kWhr is recorded for 40. Further, the CO and HC are reduced by about 1.37 %vol and 123 ppm. Whereas CO 2 and NO x are raised closest to 13.82 %vol and 496 ppm. Additionally, the influence of operating variables on responses is analysed with ANOVA and results reveal that parameters are statistically significant. Further, the outcomes are used to find the suitable operating variables by Grey relational analysis-based multi-objective optimization. The optimization findings indicate that the operating parameters of test run 1 result in the highest efficiency, while test run 16 could potentially achieve the best fuel economy. Also, test runs of 23, 5, 25 and 1 can provide a plausible environment to deliver the improved emission of CO, CO 2 , HC and NO x respectively. [Display omitted] • The effect of ethanol usage for flex-fuel operation is explored in the DISI engine. • Empirical and experimental runs are used to calibrate optimal spark timing for MBT. • The performance and emission characteristics are improved under flex fuel operation. • ANOVA is performed to analyse the statistical significance of operating parameters. • Best operating conditions are determined by GRA based multi-objective optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon peel oil is one of the renewable and biodegradable biofuel for diesel engine applications due to its low viscous nature. This study aims to observe the performance and emission characteristics of a common rail direct injection diesel engine at various fuel injection strategies under different loading conditions. An open type electronic control unit is used to control the fuel injection timing, injection rate and split injection at various injection pressures. In this research work, 20% lemon peel oil-diesel blend (by volume) is injected at a pressure of 400 bar, 500 bar and 600 bar with 10% pilot injection by volume and the results are compared with diesel fuel at same injection conditions. Further, pilot injection quantity of lemon peel oil blend is varied by 20% and 30% of total volume of fuel injected at 600 bar injection pressure. Finally, the experimental work is carried out in common rail direct injection diesel engine fuelled with lemon peel oil blend under 10% cooled exhaust gas recirculation condition. The study reveals that the brake thermal efficiency is improved with increase in injection pressures and pilot injection rates. However, this trend has been changed during 10% EGR addition for lemon peel oil blend operation at 30% pilot injection rate. The combustion characteristics are improved for lemon peel oil blend for 600 bar injection pressure with 20% and 30% pilot injection rates compared to 10% pilot injection rate. The higher pilot injection rate has shown significant reductions in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke emissions. However, the emission results are reversed with 10% exhaust gas recirculation at 600 bar injection pressure of lemon peel oil blend. There is a significant reduction in NOx emission for low injection pressure of lemon peel oil blend at 10% pilot injection rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligno-cellulosic fibers have a great market and propose higher value addition and options to develop various products but they do not have inherent antimicrobial properties. In this study, a simple hydrothermal method was applied to build up antimicrobial properties to natural fibers by in situ-generating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in them. Herein, the ligno-cellulosic Thespesia lampas natural fibers were selected to develop antimicrobial activity using silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution by hydrothermal method. The modified fibers were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, and antibacterial activity tests. The modified fibers had spherical AgNPs with an average size of 95 nm. The thermal stability of the modified fibers was higher than that of the unmodified fibers. The modified fibers exhibited good antibacterial activity against both the Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. These modified fibers can be considered as fillers in polymer matrices to make antibacterial composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel can serve as potential alternate fuels in compression ignition engine as it leads to an effective reduction in consumption of fossil fuels. Moreover, it has been observed that biodiesel has the potential to reduce the exhaust emissions as well as their usage is sustainable in nature. However, the lower calorific value of biodiesel coupled with higher oxygen content leads to a poor performance and higher oxides of nitrogen emissions when compared to diesel fuel. Hence, in the current study, the effect of introducing higher alcohols as a blend with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in order to improve the performance and reduce the oxides of nitrogen emissions. Two different higher alcohols namely n-pentanol and n-octanol are blended with biodiesel in the proportion of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume in order to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The blending of higher alcohols with biodiesel reduces the auto ignition quality and density of the blends. Meanwhile, the increase in the concentration of n-pentanol with biodiesel reduces the calorific value and kinematic viscosity, whereas for n-octanol the results are reversed. The fuel samples are tested in a single cylinder, constant speed engine at different loads and the results are compared with diesel and pure biodiesel. The experimental study revealed that brake thermal efficiency is 8.9% and 3.6% is higher for B70O30 (70% of biodiesel and 30% of n-octanol) and B90P10 (90% of biodiesel and 10% of n-pentanol) compare to pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. It is observed that the blending of higher alcohols with biodiesel decreases the hydrocarbon emissions 8–22% and increase the carbon monoxide emission by 16–50%. Oxides of nitrogen emission are reduced significantly by 4.1% and 6.8% for B90P10 and B90O10 respectively at full engine load condition. On the other hand, the smoke emission increases from 21 to 35% for higher alcohols addition with biodiesel. Furthermore, the combustion characteristics better for higher alcohol blends due to their higher calorific value. In general, the blending of higher alcohol with biodiesel can overcome many shortcomings of pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel for diesel engine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of higher alcohols with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel on the diesel engine characteristics under various engine loads. Two higher alcohols have been identified for the present investigation namely 1-pentanol and 1-butanol and the six fuel samples have been prepared with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel at 40%, 50% and 60% concentrations by volume. All the experiments are carried out in a single cylinder, four stroke and constant speed diesel engine and the experimental results are compared with conventional diesel and pure biodiesel fuels. The study revealed that the diesel engine operation with higher alcohol-biodiesel blends has shown lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific fuel consumption. The reduction rate is higher with a higher concentration of alcohol in the fuel blends. On the other hand, the cooling effect of higher alcohol in the blend reduces the NOx emission due to their higher latent heat of vaporization. Moreover, the CO, HC and smoke emissions are decreased for all higher alcohol-biodiesel blends. The combustion characteristics are followed similar pattern for all tested fuels and peak pressure is comparatively lower for higher concentration of alcohol in the fuel blend. Finally, it is revealed that 1-pentanol and 1-butanol can be successfully used as partial substitute to diesel or biodiesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present experimental study, CI engine is made to run on 100% Calophyllum Inophyllum Methly Ester (CIME) biodiesel and the same dozed with fuel additives. The study mainly focuses on the influence of two types of fuel additives namely Zinc oxide (ZnO) which is a metal oxide nanoparticle and Ethanox which is an antioxidant. ZnO was added to CIME in the form of nanofluid at different constituent levels of 50 ppm and 10 ppm while Ethanox was added at concentration levels of 200 ppm and 500 ppm. Addition of 100 ppm of ZnO improves the efficiency by 4.7% and 12.6% reduction of NOx at full load. These improvements arise due to the catalytic effect of nanoparticle and micro explosion of water molecules present in the fuel. Antioxidants inhibit the formation of free radicals, Ethanox was found to be better fuel additives in terms of NOx reduction and 500 ppm of Ethanox results in maximum decrease of 17.8%. But this improvement was found to be achieved at the expense of HC and CO. A slight improvement achieved in efficiency for fuel samples containing antioxidant can be attributed to the volumetric effect which arises due to unmodified injection rate and increase in density of the fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work examines the prospect of using 100% Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester as a promising alternative fuel for future generation. In this research work, a strategy is developed to reduce NO X emissions of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel fuelled diesel engine by varying the injection timing between 21°, 23° and 25° bTDC and by admitting exhaust gas recirculation at the rate of 10%, 20% and 30%. The experiments are conducted in a four stroke diesel engine using 100% Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and the engine characteristics are compared with neat diesel engine. Certain important parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency, heat release rate, in-cylinder pressure, exhaust emissions including NO X and smoke density are evaluated for various injection timing and EGR rates. Retardation of injection timing to 21° bTDC reduces the NO X emissions very marginally with significant loss in engine performance. It is found that 10% exhaust gas recirculation rate could reduce the NO X emissions more effectively which would meet the proposed Euro V standards. Thus it is observed that exhaust gas recirculation is an effective method to control emissions of 100% Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel without much compromise in engine efficiency when compared to the influence of injection timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesels derived from the seeds of Calophyllum Inophyllum plants offer to be commercially viable alternative to conventional fossil fuel which can make compression ignition engines technologically cleaner. The fuel properties of biodiesel obtained are similar to that of diesel and are found in abundance in southern India, which makes it more commercially viable alternative to fossil fuels. Also, with the presence of additional oxygen molecules within the fuel itself, the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide emissions associated with biodiesel are lower compared to conventional fossil fuels with only exception to oxides of nitrogen emissions. In the present work, the effect of two fuel additives namely, titanium dioxide(TiO 2 ) nanoparticle and butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT) on Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel is studied by observing the performance, emission and combustion characteristics on a twin cylinder CI engine. Results obtained from the experiments show that the nanoparticles are capable of enhancing the combustion process and they also act as an oxidizing catalyst. Dispersion of 100 ppm of TiO 2 nanoparticle resulted in the improvement of brake thermal efficiency by 4% at full load condition along with comparable reduction in emission levels. The tendency of BHT to inhibit the formation of free radicals also produces marginal improvement in performance characteristics and is found to be more effective in mitigating NO x emissions, but adversely affecting HC and CO emissions. Addition of 500 ppm of BHT to biodiesel results in 11.65% reduction of NO x emissions at full load condition. Overall, the antioxidant provides better output in NO x mitigation with the slight reduction of performance as compared to the metal oxide nanoparticle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, the effect of antioxidant additives with pure Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics has been investigated. New antioxidant additive namely Ethanox was added to the Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel at concentrations of 200 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm for oxides of nitrogen reductions and the experimental results were compared to Butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant at same concentrations. An experimental study was done on a twin cylinder, four stroke diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm with two different antioxidants, Ethanox and Butylated hydroxytoluene individually mixed with pure Calophyllum inophyllum at concentrations of 200 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm by weight. The experimental results showed that the addition of antioxidants with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel produced higher brake specific fuel consumption and higher brake thermal efficiency compared to pure biodiesel. Significant reductions in oxides of nitrogen emissions were observed with Ethanox and Butylated hydroxytoluene addition with biodiesel at all concentrations compared to neat biodiesel. The reduction oxides of nitrogen emission was 12.6% for Ethanox 1000 ppm and 21% for Butylated hydroxytoluene 500 ppm compared to neat biodiesel. Comparable combustion characteristics were obtained by addition of Ethanox with biodiesel than Butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant. Moreover, the addition of Ethanox and Butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidants with neat biodiesel increase the carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and smoke emission at all concentrations than biodiesel. Ethanox addition with biodiesel has shown better results compared to Butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experimental work aims at investigating the effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition in Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in twin cylinder water cooled direct injection four stroke diesel engine. The nanofluids have been prepared from 50 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide with distilled water through ulrasonication process. Four different Calophyllum inophyllum nano emulsions have been prepared with the proportions of 93% of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel, 5% of nanofluids of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide and 2% of span 80 using mechanical stirrer. The compression ignition engine characteristics were examined with all four Calophyllum inophyllum nano emulsions and the results were compared with conventional diesel and pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel under various engine loads. The diesel engine operation with CIME nano emulsions improves brake thermal efficiency by 5–17% compared to pure CIME fuel at maximum brake power due to large surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles which exhibit rapid evaporation and better atomization. Further, the CO and HC emissions were reduced drastically for CIME nano emulsions compared to pure biodiesel and conventional diesel fuel. The NOx emission was lower than pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel for all CIME nano emulsions but slightly higher than conventional diesel fuel. The smoke emission of diesel engine was reduced drastically for all CIME nano emulsions compared to both pure biodiesel and diesel fuels at all engine loads. Combustion characteristics of in cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate were increased by the addition of nano particles with pure Calophyllum inophyllum at all engine loads. Finally, it can be observed that the doping of nano particles with biodiesel has a very good effect on performance characteristics with notable improvement in performances and minimum emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic throttle control (ETC) system has turned into an extremely prominent system with a specific end goal to vary the intake airflow rate to provide a better fuel economy, emissions, drivability and also for integration with other systems in spark ignition engines. ETC system consists of mechatronic device called as electronic throttle body (ETB) which is located in the intake manifold of an engine after the air filter and also has a separate control system in the engine management system (EMS). The throttle angle has to be precisely maintained based on the driver and other system requirements to provide an enhanced throttle response and drivability. However, existence of nonlinearities in the system, such as limp-home position, friction, airflow and aging, affects the position accuracy of the throttle valve. A control system strategy is employed in EMS to handle the other system requirements in throttle opening angle estimation and the nonlinearities in position control. This work features developments within the electronic throttle control system and reviews about the various research work carried in this area. This work will not enforce any new results rather than it will discuss the trends followed in past and also proposes some of the future perspectives in the electronic throttle control process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work has embarked on to exploit the novel renewable and biodegradable source of energy from lemon fruit rinds. A systematic approach has been made in this study to find the suitability of lemon peel oil for internal combustion engines and gensets applications. Extracted lemon peel oil is found to exhibit comparatively very low viscosity, flash point and boiling point than that of conventional diesel. Various blends of lemon peel oil have been prepared with conventional diesel with volumetric concentration of 20%, 40%, 50% and 100% and their physical and chemical properties are evaluated for its suitability in direct injection diesel engine. Lower cetane index of lemon peel oil significantly influences the ignition delay period and peak heat release rate that lead to the penalty in NOx emissions. Interestingly, the diesel engine performance characteristics have been improved to a remarkable level with higher proportions of lemon peel oil in the blends. In addition, the reduction of BSCO, BSHC and smoke emission is proportional to the lemon oil concentration in the blends. Overall diesel engine characteristics indicated that lemon peel oil can partially or completely replace the petroleum diesel usage to a great extent in developing countries like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Under visible light, 0.90Bi 2 WO 6 /0.10Bi 2 MoO 6 heterojunction exhibited more PCA than Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 MoO 6 for Rh B. • The FTIR and XPS analysis clearly revealed the formation of heterostructures. • The charge accumulation takes place through Z-scheme between Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 MoO 6. • The suitable optical band gaps and the redox potentials of Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 MoO 6 improved their heterostructure's PCA. • The ∙ O 2 - and h + radicals actively participated in dye degradation. Efficient visible light sensitive semiconductors are instrumental for the effective dye degradation for the decontamination of water. Thus, the novel visible light driven photocatalysts of (1-x)Bi 2 WO 6 -xBi 2 MoO 6 (where x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 wt%) heterostructures were synthesized using one-pot hydrothermal method. The samples were thoroughly characterized by XRD, FESEM, XPS, UV–vis DRS, FTIR and photoluminescence (PL), respectively to identify phase purity, morphology, oxidation states, optical band gap, vibrational groups and charge recombination. The photodegradation studies carried out on Rhodamine B dye by these heterostructures under visible light displayed that 0.90Bi 2 WO 6 /0.10Bi 2 MoO 6 heterostructure exhibited the optimum degradation for 4 hrs than that of Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 MoO 6. The interplay between the optical band gaps and the redox potentials of Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 MoO 6 endowed these heterostructures for the effective charge separation resulting in the active participation for the adequate photodegradation. The results of scavenger's data affirmed that ∙ O 2 - and h + radicals played superior role comparably with OH ∙ radicals for dye degradation. The charge accumulation via Z-scheme formed between Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 MoO 6 heterojunction causes these heterostructures to exhibit the improved PCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental study is conducted through static immersion of engine components to evaluate the material compatibility against the corrosive nature of methanol. The investigation is performed at room temperature along with different fractions of methanol in gasoline (M0, M20, M50, and M100) for varied durations of 60, 120, and 180 days. Further, the surface characterization of metal samples and fuel properties are examined in previous and post-immersion test duration in order to comprehend the penetration of corrosion. Also, the impact of corrosion on morphological changes, composition and engender of oxide layers on the engine components are inspected by SEM/EDX and XRD. Similarly, the changes brought by corrosion products on the physical (density and viscosity) and chemical properties (calorific value and TAN) are investigated and compared before immersion. The result of the study demonstrates that increasing the methanol percentage intensifies the corrosiveness of fuel samples when exposed to metal samples. Additionally, it has been found that the presence of oxygen in methanol significantly contributes to an increase in metal corrosion. Based on the investigational outcomes, comparatively the piston exhibits lesser resistance towards corrosion than the piston ring and valve. On the other hand, corrosion attack on the engine component surfaces disclosed to M100 is higher relative to that of M50, M20 and M0. Consequently, the characteristics of fuels are changed with respect to corrosion intensity and M100 has a higher variation among fuel samples. Therefore, the application of methanol in a lower concentration is suitable for SI engines in accordance with material compatibility since the corrosiveness of methanol is minimal on the engine components. Finally, this work reports some proposals based on the experimental outcomes to exalt the performance of engine components against the corrosive nature of methanol for flex-fuel engines (FFE). • The corrosive nature of methanol in SI engine components is explored. • Corrosion inhibition techniques towards methanol are emphasized for FFE. • Methanol is more susceptible to corrosion attack on engine components. • Corrosion damage of the piston is more than the piston ring and valve. • Corrosion products worsen the degradation of fuel quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion behaviour of ethanol, commercial gasoline and their blends on spark ignition (SI) engine components are investigated by a static immersion test. The experiments are conducted with different concentrations of ethanol in gasoline for different immersion duration at room temperature. The metal specimen and test fuel qualities are inspected to understand insights into the corrosion mechanism. In addition, the changes in surface morphology and elemental composition due to corrosion attacks on the metal specimens are investigated. Further, the nature of oxide formation on the metal surfaces is explored. Moreover, the influence of corrosion products on the physicochemical properties of test fuels is examined. The results exhibit that the percentage of ethanol increases the corrosiveness of test fuels subjected to metal specimens. Also, the existence of oxygen in ethanol plays a significant role in increasing metal corrosion attacks. However, corrosion attack on metal specimens exposed to E100 is higher and significant changes are noticed in the surface characterization at end of the immersion test. Similarly, the physicochemical properties of E100 have a higher variation among test fuels. Finally, this study exhorts some recommendations from the experimental results to mitigate the corrosion behaviour of flex-fuel engine (FFE) components. [Display omitted] • The aggressiveness of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine components is scrutinized. • Corrosion deterrent approaches against ethanol are highlighted for FFE operation. • Corrosion rate of engine components is increased with respect to ethanol concentration. • Corrosion attack is severe on the piston surface rather than piston ring and valve. • The presence of corrosion products due to corrosion attack promotes fuel deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend of using biodiesels in compression ignition engines have been the focus in recent decades due to the promising environmental factors and depletion of fossil fuel reserves. This work presents the effect of Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester on diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics at different injection pressures. Experimental investigations with varying injection pressures of 200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar have been carried out to analyse the parameters like brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, heat release rate and engine emissions of direct injection diesel engine fuelled with 100% biodiesel and compared with neat diesel. The experimental results revealed that brake specific fuel consumption of C. inophyllum methyl ester fuelled engine has been reduced to a great extent with higher injection pressure. Significant reduction in emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and smoke opacity have been observed during fuel injection of biodiesel at 220 bar compared to other fuel injection pressures. However oxides of nitrogen increased with increase in injection pressures of C. inophyllum methyl ester and are always higher than that of neat diesel. In addition the combustion characteristics of biodiesel at all injection pressures followed a similar trend to that of conventional diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engine management systems (EMS) has become an essential component of a spark ignition (SI) engine in order to achieve high performance; low fuel consumption and low exhaust emissions. An engine management system (EMS) is a mixed-signal embedded system interacting with the engine through number of sensors and actuators. In addition, it includes an engine control algorithm in the control unit. The control strategies in EMS are intended for air-to-fuel ratio control, ignition control, electronic throttle control, idle speed control, etc. Hence, the control system architecture of an EMS consists of many sub-control modules in its structural design to provide an effective output from the engine. Superior output from the engine is attained by the effective design and implementation of the control system in EMS. The design of an engine control system is a very challenging task because of the complexity of the functions involved. This paper consolidates an overview of the vital developments within the SI engine control system strategies and reviews about some of the basic control modules in the engine management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While using radial forearm free flap in palate reconstruction, the pedicle lies in the nasal floor, constantly exposed to the nasal secretions and turbulent air current. To overcome this problem, we have designed a procedure which utilises the adipofascial extension to wrap the pedicle and nasal side of the flap. Materials and Methods: The study was done during 2017 and 2018, 2 years' period. Totally 13 consecutive patients with defect in the palate status post-oncological resection and those in whom local flaps were not enough to cover the defect were included into the study. These patients were divided into two groups. First group in whom adipofascial extension was not used to cover the pedicle and second group in whom adipofascial extension was used to cover the pedicle. The incidence of nasal crusting, secondary haemorrage, blow out and flap necrosis were analysed and compared. Results: In Group 1, we had 2 among 6 (33%) patients with secondary haemorrage. One patient had partial flap loss. On exploring, we noticed thrombosis of cephalic vein. We did not had any incidence of blow out of the pedicle. In Group 2, none of the patients had any secondary haemorrage. All flaps healed well. On doing nasal endoscopy at 6 months of follow-up, all flaps showed complete mucosalisation at the nasal side. Conclusion: Use of adipofascial extension while planning a radial forearm free flap to cover the nasal side of the flap and pedicle in the nasal floor helps to reduce the nasal crusting and secondary haemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research focuses on the optimization of D+LPO (20% waste-based lemon peel oil and 80% diesel) fueled Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) engine fuel injection parameters for the optimum performance and emission characteristics. The foremost influential fuel injection parameters such as Injection Pressure (IP), Dwell Time (DT), Pilot Mass (PM) and Pilot Timing (PT) are considered to enhance the performance and decrease the emissions. Engine output responses like Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke emissions are modeled by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) disclosed that all the developed models are statistically significant with an R2 value of 0.9735 for BTE, 0.9719 for BSFC, 0.8517 for CO, 0.956 for HC, 0.9282 for NOx and 0.927 for smoke. Multi-objective optimization is performed using the desirability function approach to minimize the BSFC, HC, CO, NOx and smoke with maximum BTE. The D+LPO blend at IP 700 bar, PM 20%, PT 27°bTDC and 12° DT was predicted to be an optimum operating condition for this particular engine. Confirmatory tests were used to validate the predicted combination, and the prediction error was determined to be less than 5%. [Display omitted] • Investigated the biofuel from waste lemon peel fueled engine output responses. • The experiments are planned by using the DOE and responses are modeled by RSM. • Screening experiments are performed for scrutinizing the most influential input factors. • Interaction between IP and DT drawn 7.2% of influence on peak pressure for biofuel. • Biofuel has secured higher desirability than diesel at optimal driving condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biofuel blend along with nanoparticle is optimized and calibrated for CRDI engine operation. • Engine parameters are optimized using CCD, RSM, ANOVA and desirability test. • Lower emission levels of CO, HC and smoke are achieved using biofuel blend. • Most desirable condition obtained is 40% of EL, 500 bar of FIP, 21% of PM, 16° DT, and 28° PT bTDC. • Enhanced performance and minimized emissions are achieved by the addition of ZrO 2 nanoparticle. The ever-growing demand for fuel sources, the rising prices of gasoline and diesel, and the harmful exhaust gases in the atmosphere are a few of the many reasons why biofuels need to be utilized. The use of eucalyptus oil as biodiesel in compression ignition (CI) engines shows promising results under numerous conditions, with properties such as high volatility and low viscosity and it innately emits lesser emissions during combustion. In a fully accelerated engine setup, key factors such as the performance and emissions of the engine are optimized using statistical techniques. The research involves a structured approach to investigating the capability of a 20% volumetric blend of eucalyptus oil (Eu20) mixed in diesel and is compared with a diesel under commensurable conditions. The ordered experimentations are performed on a common rail direct injection (CRDi) engine setup using the central composite design (CCD) along with Response Surface Methodology and desirability tests for easier calibration. All the optimal engine inputs are obtained from the developed multivariate regression model. Interaction effects are employed to identify the most influential factor through monitoring the interaction of two specific input factors on a single response. From the desirability tests, predicted with the highest desirability of 0.974, the optimal responses recorded are brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 16.766%, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.516 kg/kW-hr, carbon monoxide (CO) of 0.17%, hydrocarbon (HC) of 16.22 ppm and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) of 77.565 ppm. Moreover, confirmatory tests are performed on the engine with responses having an error below 8%. From this experimentation, it has been found that the heating value of eucalyptus oil leads to lower BTE and higher fuel consumption rate even after the optimization. So that, to enhance the performance characteristics of the engine, the zirconium oxide (ZrO 2) nanoparticles are mixed with the Eu20 at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations. While testing for the optimized parametric condition, the nanoparticle mixture sample delivers enhanced thermal efficiency and reduced fuel consumption rate than the Eu20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol (PCM) is widely used as analgesic and antipyretic drug, but at high doses it leads to undesirable side effects, such as hepatotoxicity. The present study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha (an herbal formulation content of 08 drugs) against paracetamol induced toxicity. Honey used as vehicle and Silymarin as a reference standard. Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated by noting the effect of test formulation on increase in serum SGPT, SGOT, ALP activity and bilirubin level. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity was manifested by an increase lipid peroxidation, depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity in liver tissue. Biochemical parameter observations were supplemented by histopathological examinations. Co-administration of Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha (decoction) protects against the paracetamol induced alteration in lipid peroxidation, restored altered serum marker enzymes and antioxidant level towards near normal. Histopathology of liver showed that test formulation attenuated the hepatocelluar necrosis and led to reduction in inflammatory cells infiltration. The results indicate hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha (decoction) against paracetamol induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose was dissolved in pre cooled environment friendly solvent (aq.7% sodium hydroxide + 12% urea) and regenerated with 5%H 2 SO 4 as coagulation bath. Using cellulose as matrix and alkali treated short natural fibers extracted from the newly identified Thespesia lampas plant as fillers the green composite films were prepared. The films were found to be non toxic. The effect of fiber loading on the tensile properties and thermal stability was studied. The fractographs indicated better interfacial bonding between the fibers and cellulose. The crystallinity of the composite films was found to be lower than the matrix and decreased with increasing fiber content. In spite of better interfacial bonding, the tensile properties of the composites were found to be lower than those of the matrix and decreased with increasing fiber content and this behavior was attributed to the random orientation of the fibers in the composites. The thermal stability of the composite films was higher than the matrix and increased with fiber content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug - induced hepatotoxicity is potentially a serious adverse effect of the currently used antitubercular chemotherapeutic regimens containing isoniazid (INH), rifampicin and pyrazinamide. The present study revealed administration of antitubercular drug regimen leads to increase in the level of SGPT, SGOT and bilirubin indicating considerable hepato cellular injury. Further significant elevation in the level of lipid peroxidation with concomitant decline in the level of reduced glutathione, activity of Na+ K+ ATPase in liver tissue was observed. Biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examinations. Coadministration of Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha (herbal formulation content of 08 drugs in decoction form) significantly prevented these antitubercular drugs-induced alterations and maintained the rats at near normal status. Histopathology of liver showed that test formulation attenuated the hepatocelluar necrosis and led to reduction in inflammatory cells infiltration. The results of the present investigation indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of the Vasaguduchyadi kwatha (decoction) might be ascribable to its membrane-stabilizing action and antioxidant property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal complexes containing tri-dentate NSN donor ligands i.e., 5-((1(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (AMTA) ( 2 ) and 5-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (ATA) ( 4i – ii ) have been synthesized. The newly synthesized ligands and their respective complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurement and various spectral studies [infrared (IR), electronic, and NMR (for ligands only)]. Metal complexes are like [M(AMTA) 2 ], [M(ATA) 2 ] type, where M = Mn(II), Co(II) and Cu(II). The proposed geometries of the complexes are octahedral in nature. The synthesized ligands and their complexes were exhibits effective anti-inflammatory, analgesic and DNA binding activities. All the tested compounds exhibited significant analgesic activity, whereas the compound 4i , 4 ( ia ) and 4 ( iib ) is equipotent with Diclofenac sodium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear oscillations of a bubble carrying a constant charge and suspended in a fluid, undergoing periodic forcing due to incident ultrasound are studied. The system exhibits period-doubling route to chaos and the presence of charge has the effect of advancing these bifurcations. The minimum magnitude of the charge Q above which the bubble's radial oscillations can occur above a certain velocity c is found to be related by a simple power law to the driving frequency ω of the acoustic wave. We find the existence of a critical frequency ω above which uncharged bubbles necessarily have to oscillate at velocities below c. We further find that this critical frequency crucially depends upon the amplitude P of the driving acoustic pressure wave. The temperature of the gas within the bubble is calculated. A critical value P of P equal to the upper transient threshold pressure demarcates two distinct regions of ω dependence of the maximal radial bubble velocity v and maximal internal temperature T. Above this pressure, T and v decrease with increasing ω, while below P, they increase with ω. The dynamical effects of the charge, the driving pressure and frequency of ultrasound on the bubble are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one is described starting from commercially available allylamine and 4-methoxybenzylamine employing palladium-catalyzed cyclization or ring-closing metathesis as the key steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]