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AbstractPurposeMethodResultsConclusionTo study the adaptation of bacteria to the natural γ-background of mountains and anthropogenic emissions from nuclear power plants; to establish the main factors of variability and speciation of bacteria.Analysis of materials on the radiation background and its impact on living organisms in the landscape of Armenia, calculation of the absorbed dose by microbes due to rock radiation.The review shows the death, reproduction, radioresistance and speciation of bacteria in changing conditions of low variable natural and anthropogenic γ-background.We assume that γ-rays from rocks activate cellular epigenetic mechanisms that regulate genome expression, signaling and, ultimately, variability of bacteria. Some of them have already been studied, others require research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with medical complexity (CMC) may be at a high risk of neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions given disease comorbidities and lived experiences. Little is known about the prevalence of these conditions at a population level. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of neurodevelopmental and mental health diagnoses in CMC relative to children without medical complexity and measured associations between these diagnoses in CMC and subsequent health care utilization and in-hospital mortality. METHODS: We applied the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders Classification System to identify neurodevelopmental and mental health diagnoses using all-payer claims data from three states (2012-2017). Poisson regression was used to compare outcomes in CMC with neurodevelopmental and mental health diagnoses to CMC without these diagnoses, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Among 85 581 CMC, 39 065 (45.6%) had ≥1 neurodevelopmental diagnoses, and 31703 (37.0%) had ≥1 mental health diagnoses, reflecting adjusted relative risks of 3.46 (3.42-3.50) for neurodevelopmental diagnoses and 2.22 (2.19-2.24) for mental health diagnoses compared with children without medical complexity. CMC with both neurodevelopmental and mental health diagnoses had 3.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.98-3.01) times the number of ambulatory visits, 69% more emergency department visits (rate ratio = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.66-1.72), 58% greater risk of hospitalization (rate ratio = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.50-1.67), and 2.32 times (95% CI: 2.28-2.36) the number of hospital days than CMC without these diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Neurodevelopmental and mental health diagnoses are prevalent among CMC and associated with increased health care utilization across the continuum of care. These findings illustrate the importance of recognizing and treating neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of several studies of the new Bentorb sorbent, which is produced from wine-making waste - adhesive deposits of yellow blood salt. It was found that oxygen, carbon, silicon, aluminum, iron, nitrogen, and magnesium occupy the largest percentage in the sorbent sample. Studies of the toxicological properties of Bentorb sorbent were carried out on laboratory animals. Studies of the acute toxicity of the Bentorb sorbent were conducted on 60 white mongrel rats weighing 237 ± 7 g. Experiments found that the general clinical condition of rats from all experimental and control groups did not change significantly, all animals remained alive. Studies of the chronic toxicity of Bentorb sorbent were conducted on 60 white mice and 40 Wistar rats weighing 185±12 g. During the study period, no significant differences in the general condition and survival of control and experimental animals were observed. The study of the effect of Bentorb sorbent on the function of the digestive tract was carried out on piglets 40-80 days old. The study of the effect of Bentorb sorbent on the function of the digestive tract was carried out on piglets 40-80 days old. The embryotoxic effect of Bentorb sorbent was studied on pregnant Wistar rats with an average body weight of 200-240 g. In addition, a study of body weights and some internal organs of laboratory animals, a control group, and an experimental one taking Bentorb sorbent was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate sources, accumulation, and vertical migration of radionuclides in Armenia, and their impact on biota. This review describes the radiation status in the landscape of Armenia and features of the impact of natural and human-generated radiation on human and non-human biotas, according to studies of Armenian scientists carried out since the middle of the last century. The mountain landscape demonstrates the diversity, speciation, and radioresistance of the biota, which arise under radiation exposure in a variable environment. Although the effects of radiation have been described for a long time, some of them require further study. It is important to present the data collected in order to produce a base line for future studies of radiation effects and interactions with other stressors caused by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous works devoted to hybrid origin of parthenogenesis in reptiles, the causes of hybridization between different species, resulting in the origin of parthenogenetic forms, remain uncertain. Recent studies demonstrate that sexual species considered parental to parthenogenetic rock lizards (Darevskia spp.) avoid interspecific mating in the secondary overlap areas. A specific combination of environmental factors during last glaciation period was critical for ectotherms, which led to a change in their distribution and sex ratio. Biased population structure (e.g., male bias) and limited available distributional range favored the deviation of reproductive behavior when species switched to interspecific mates. To date, at least 7 diploid parthenogenetic species of rock lizards (Darevskia, Lacertidae) originated through interspecific hybridization in the past. The cytogenetic specifics of meiosis, in particular the weak checkpoints of prophase I, may have allowed the formation of hybrid karyotypes in rock lizards. Hybridization and polyploidization are 2 important evolutionary forces in the genus Darevskia. At present, throughout backcrossing between parthenogenetic and parental species, the triploid and tetraploid hybrid individuals appear annually, but no triploid species found among Darevskia spp. on current stage of evolution. The speciation by hybridization with the long-term stage of diploid parthenogenetic species, non-distorted meiosis, together with the high ecological plasticity of Caucasian rock lizards provide us with a new model for considering the pathways and persistence of the evolution of parthenogenesis in vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Points: Question: How have hospitalizations for pediatric mental health conditions at acute care hospitals changed from 2009 to 2019? Findings: In this retrospective analysis of a national data set representing an estimated 4 767 840 pediatric hospitalizations, annual hospitalizations for mental health diagnoses increased from 160 499 in 2009 to 201 932 in 2019. Hospitalizations with a diagnosis of attempted suicide or self-injury increased from 49 285 in 2009 to 129 699 in 2019 and comprised 64% of mental health hospitalizations in 2019. Mental health hospitalizations accounted for more than one-quarter of all hospital days and half of all interfacility transfers in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years in 2019. Meaning: Mental health diagnoses, including attempted suicide and self-injury, accounted for an increasing number and proportion of pediatric acute care hospitalizations between 2009 and 2019. Importance: Approximately 1 in 6 youth in the US have a mental health condition, and suicide is a leading cause of death among this population. Recent national statistics describing acute care hospitalizations for mental health conditions are lacking. Objectives: To describe national trends in pediatric mental health hospitalizations between 2009 and 2019, to compare utilization among mental health and non–mental health hospitalizations, and to characterize variation in utilization across hospitals. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective analysis of the 2009, 2012, 2016, and 2019 Kids' Inpatient Database, a nationally representative database of US acute care hospital discharges. Analysis included 4 767 840 weighted hospitalizations among children 3 to 17 years of age. Exposures: Hospitalizations with primary mental health diagnoses were identified using the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders Classification System, which classified mental health diagnoses into 30 mutually exclusive disorder types. Main Outcomes and Measures: Measures included number and proportion of hospitalizations with a primary mental health diagnosis and with attempted suicide, suicidal ideation, or self-injury; number and proportion of hospital days and interfacility transfers attributable to mental health hospitalizations; mean lengths of stay (days) and transfer rates among mental health and non–mental health hospitalizations; and variation in these measures across hospitals. Results: Of 201 932 pediatric mental health hospitalizations in 2019, 123 342 (61.1% [95% CI, 60.3%-61.9%]) were in females, 100 038 (49.5% [95% CI, 48.3%-50.7%]) were in adolescents aged 15 to 17 years, and 103 456 (51.3% [95% CI, 48.6%-53.9%]) were covered by Medicaid. Between 2009 and 2019, the number of pediatric mental health hospitalizations increased by 25.8%, and these hospitalizations accounted for a significantly higher proportion of pediatric hospitalizations (11.5% [95% CI, 10.2%-12.8%] vs 19.8% [95% CI, 17.7%-21.9%]), hospital days (22.2% [95% CI, 19.1%-25.3%] vs 28.7% [95% CI, 24.4%-33.0%]), and interfacility transfers (36.9% [95% CI, 33.2%-40.5%] vs 49.3% [95% CI, 45.9%-52.7%]). The percentage of mental health hospitalizations with attempted suicide, suicidal ideation, or self-injury diagnoses increased significantly from 30.7% (95% CI, 28.6%-32.8%) in 2009 to 64.2% (95% CI, 62.3%-66.2%) in 2019. Length of stay and interfacility transfer rates varied significantly across hospitals. Across all years, mental health hospitalizations had significantly longer mean lengths of stay and higher transfer rates compared with non–mental health hospitalizations. Conclusions and Relevance: Between 2009 and 2019, the number and proportion of pediatric acute care hospitalizations due to mental health diagnoses increased significantly. The majority of mental health hospitalizations in 2019 included a diagnosis of attempted suicide, suicidal ideation, or self-injury, underscoring the increasing importance of this concern. This retrospective analysis of a nationally representative database of US acute care hospital discharges assesses increased mental health diagnoses and hospitalizations among pediatric patients between 2009 and 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary healthcare (PHC) providers are widely acknowledged for putting the most efficient and long-lasting efforts for addressing community health issues and promoting health equity. This study aimed to explore PHC providers' experiences with coronavirus pandemic preparedness and response in Armenia. Methods: We applied a qualitative study design using semi-structured in-depth interviews and structured observation checklists. Study participants were recruited using theoretical and convenience sampling techniques throughout Armenia. Inductive conventional content analysis was utilized to analyze the in-depth interviews. Nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 participants. Observations took place in 35 PHC facilities. The data collected during the observations was analyzed using the "SPSS22.0.0.0" software. Results: Five main themes of primary healthcare providers' experiences were drawn out based on the study findings: 1) the gap in providers' risk communication skills; 2) uneven supply distributions; 3) difficulties in specimen collection and testing processes; 4) providers challenged by home visits; 5) poor patient-provider relationships. The results revealed that primary care providers were affected by uneven supply distribution throughout the country. The lack of proper laboratory settings and issues with specimen collection were challenges shaping the providers' experiences during the pandemic. The study highlighted the health systems' unpreparedness to engage providers in home visits for COVID-19 patients. The findings suggested that it was more challenging for healthcare providers to gain the trust of their patients during the pandemic. The study results also underlined the need for trainings to help primary care providers enhance their risk communication expertise or assign other responsible bodies to carry out risk communication on PHC providers' behalf. Conclusion: The study discovered that PHC providers have a very important role in healthcare system's preparedness and response to handle public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the findings the study team recommends prioritizing rural PHC development, ensuring appropriate supply distributions, developing comprehensive protocols on safe home visits and specimen collection and testing processes, and trainings PHC providers on risk communication, patient-centeredness, as well as proper use of personal protective equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal alloys are one of the most popular materials used in current dental practice. In the oral cavity, metal structures are exposed to various mechanical and chemical factors. Consequently, metal ions are released into the oral fluid, which may negatively affect the surrounding tissues and even internal organs. Adverse effects associated with metallic oral appliances may have various local and systemic manifestations, such as mouth burning, potentially malignant oral lesions, and local or systemic hypersensitivity. However, clear diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines for adverse effects associated with dental alloys have not been developed yet. The present comprehensive literature review aims (1) to summarize the current information related to possible side effects of metallic oral appliances; (2) to analyze the risk factors aggravating the negative effects of dental alloys; and (3) to develop recommendations for diagnosis, management, and prevention of pathological conditions associated with metallic oral appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot study suggests relatively short (median 12 days long) low-Earth orbit (LEO) spaceflight induces changes in circulating plasma small extracellular vesicle (sEV) microRNA expression. Batch effect assessment of variability of raw miRNA counts showed strong batch effects associated with inter-astronaut variability of miRNA expression (Figure S1B-D). Of note, sRNAseq was performed using RNA isolated from sEVs of 14 astronauts, while qPCR analysis could only be performed on seven astronauts due to the exceptionally rare sample availability. Space flight associated changes in astronauts' plasma-derived small extracellular vesicle microRNA: Biomarker identification. [Extracted from the article]

An analysis of the currently used methodology for selecting the composition of the included generating equipment is carried out in relation to a CHPP with a complex composition of equipment based on traditional heating units and combined-cycle plants (CCGT). It is revealed that the specified problem is solved on the basis of an economic criterion without taking into account the reliability factor. The features of CCGT operating modes and the problems of taking them into account when choosing options for the composition of CHPP equipment are given by the example of CCGT-450. A technique for taking into account the reliability factor when choosing and reducing the number of acceptable options according to the criterion of minimal generalized risk is proposed. It is shown that its application makes it possible to determine the priority procedure for considering acceptable options in order to select the optimal one, which will ensure reliable operation in the electricity market and maximize profits. With regard to CHPPs with PT-80 and CCGT-450 heating units, an algorithm for selecting possible CCGT operating modes during the passage of a load dip in the winter period of the plant operation is considered. The general approaches to solving the problem taking into account the proposed approach to allowing for the reliability factor are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the formulation of the problem of choosing the optimal operating modes for the equipment of cogeneration and condensing power plants with a complex composition of equipment on the basis of multicriteria optimization taking into account the factors of efficiency, reliability, and environmental friendliness. The general statement of the problem, the analysis of mathematical methods and methodological approaches to its solution, the choice of criteria for the indicated factors, and the design expressions for their determination are given. Taking into account the peculiarities of cogeneration condensing power plants, the statement of the problem is specified and an algorithm for its solution is proposed on the basis of an improved sequential step method. An assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed algorithm is given, and the ways of its improvement are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical approach has been developed here to describe the slow diffusion of small charged molecules of sodium dithionite (S2O42−) in polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) composed of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), which is demonstrated here to be a case of subdifussion. Diffusion is measured experimentally by recording the quenching of the fluorescence of (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4yl) amino (NBD) labelled PAH layers assembled on silica particles by flow cytometry. NBD is reduced when it encounters dithionite leading to the disappearance of the fluorescence. The fluorescence decay curves show a slow diffusion of dithionite, that does not follow classical Fickean law. Dithionite diffusion in the PEMs is shown to be a non-Markovian process and the slow diffusion can be described via diffusion equations with fractional time derivatives. Results are explained assuming subdifussion of dithionite in the PEMs, as a result of the trapping of the negatively charged dithionite in the positively charged layers of PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social mobilisation is potentially a key tool in the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in fragile settings. This formative study addressed existing and potential social mobilisation mechanisms seeking behaviour to tackle NCDs in El Salvador, with an emphasis on the implications in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We conducted 19 semi-structured interviews with health workers, government officials, NGO leaders, and community members. Interviews addressed mechanisms for social mobilisation which existed prior to COVID-19, the ways in which these mechanisms tackled NCDs, the impact of COVID-19 on social mobilisation activities and new, emerging mechanisms for social mobilisation in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Findings indicate a growing awareness of NCDs within communities, with social mobilisation activities seen as valuable in tackling NCDs. However, major barriers to NCD prevention and treatment provision remain, with COVID-19 constraining many possible social mobilisation activities, leaving NCD patients with less support. Factors linked with effective social mobilisation of communities for NCD prevention included strong engagement of community health teams within community structures and the delivery of NCD prevention and management messages through community meetings with trusted health professionals or community members. There are gender differences in the experience of NCDs and women were generally more engaged with social mobilisation activities than men. In the context of COVID-19, traditional forms of social mobilisation were challenged, and new, virtual forms emerged. However, these new forms of engagement did not benefit all, especially those in hard-to-reach rural areas. In these contexts, specific traditional forms of mobilisation such as through radio (where possible) and trusted community leaders - became increasingly important. Conclusions: New mechanisms of fostering social mobilisation include virtual connectors such as mobile phones, which enable mobilisation through platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter. However, traditional forms of social mobilisation hold value for those without access to such technology. Therefore, a combination of new and traditional mechanisms for social mobilisation hold potential for the future development of social mobilisation strategies in El Salvador and, as appropriate, in other fragile health contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for roughly 10% of all lymphomas and 0.6% of all malignant tumours analysed worldwide yearly. Data regarding HL in developing world are exceptionally constrained. The main objective of this research is to investigate the incidence patterns of HL within the Republic of Armenia and to portray disease distribution according to age and sex. There is a very strict evidence on the frequency of HL in Armenia. The results of our research find out that the frequency of HL in Armenia has not changed altogether over the past 15 years and is comparable to that detailed from the USA and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although tuberculosis (TB) incidence has significantly declined in high-income, low-incidence (HILI) countries, challenges remain in managing TB in vulnerable populations who may struggle to stay on anti-TB treatment (ATT). Factors associated with non-adherence to ATT are well documented; however, adherence is often narrowly conceived as a fixed binary variable that places emphasis on individual agency and the act of taking medicines, rather than on the demands of being on treatment more broadly. Further, the mechanisms through which documented factors act upon the experience of being on treatment are poorly understood. Adopting a relational approach that emphasizes the embeddedness of individuals within dynamic social, structural, and health systems contexts, this scoping review aims to synthesize qualitative evidence on experiences of being on ATT and mechanisms through which socio-ecological factors influence adherence in HILI countries. Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published in English between January 1990 and May 2020. Additional studies were obtained by searching references of included studies. Narrative synthesis was used to analyze qualitative data extracted from included studies. Of 28 included studies, the majority (86%) reported on health systems factors, followed by personal characteristics (82%), structural influences (61%), social factors (57%), and treatment-related factors (50%). Included studies highlighted three points that underpin a relational approach to ATT behavior: 1) individual motivation and capacity to take ATT is dynamic and intertwined with, rather than separate from, social, health systems, and structural factors; 2) individuals' pre-existing experiences of health-seeking influence their views on treatment and their ability to commit to long-term regular medicine-taking; and 3) social, cultural, and political contexts play an important role in mediating how specific factors work to support or hinder ATT adherence behavior in different settings. Based on our analysis, we suggest that person-centered clinical management of tuberculosis should 1) acknowledge the ways in which ATT both disrupts and is managed within the everyday lives of individuals with TB; 2) appreciate that individuals' circumstances and the support and resources they can access may change over the course of treatment; and 3) display sensitivity towards context-specific social and cultural norms affecting individual and collective experiences of being on ATT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is increasing global evidence that mental health is strongly determined by social, economic and environmental factors, and that strategic action in these areas has considerable potential for improving mental health and preventing and alleviating mental disorders. Prevention and promotion activities in mental health must address the needs prioritised by local actors. The aim of this study was to identify stressors with the potential to influence emotional wellbeing and distress within the general population of Sierra Leone, in order to contribute to an inter-sectoral public mental health approach to improving mental health within the country. Methodology: Respondents were a convenience sample of 153 respondents (60 women, 93 men) from five districts of Sierra Leone. Using freelisting methodology, respondents were asked to respond to the open question 'What kind of problems do women/men have in your community?'. Data analysis involved consolidation of elicited problems into a single list. These were then organised thematically using an adaptation of the socio-ecological model, facilitating exploration of the interactions between problems at individual, family, community and societal levels Results: Overall, respondents located problems predominantly at community and societal levels. Although few respondents identified individual-level issues, they frequently described how problems at other levels contributed to physical health difficulties and emotional distress. Women identified significantly more problems at the family level than men, particularly related to relationships with an intimate partner. Men identified significantly more problems at the societal level than women, primarily related to lack of infrastructure. Men and women were equally focused on problems related to poverty and lack of income generating opportunities. Conclusion: Poverty and inability to earn an income underpinned many of the problems described at individual, family and community level. Actions to address livelihoods, together with improving infrastructure and addressing gender norms which are harmful to both men and women, are likely key to improving the wellbeing of the Sierra Leone population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper revisits the themes of an influential 1993 review regarding the factors shaping the mental health and psychosocial well‐being of refugees to take stock of developments in the evidence base and conceptualisation of issues for refugee children over the last 25 years. Methods: The study deployed a systematic search strategy. This initially identified 784 papers, which was reduced to 65 studies following application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used a later iteration of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development – the PPCT model – to consolidate evidence. Results: We identify a range of risk and protective factors operating at individual, familial, community and institutional and policy levels that influence outcomes for refugee children. The dynamics shaping the interaction of these influences are linked to the life course principles of socio‐historical time and developmental age, proximal processes and child agency. Conclusions: Actions at individual, familial, community, school, institutional and policy levels all have potential traction on mental health and psychosocial well‐being of refugee children. However, evidence suggests that greatest impact will be secured by multilevel interventions addressing synergies between ecological systems, approaches engaging proximal processes (including parenting programmes) and interventions facilitating the agency of the developing refugee child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the emergence of distributed energy resources, with their associated communication and control complexities, there is a need for an efficient platform that can digest all the incoming data and ensure the reliable operation of the power system, which can be achieved by using digital twins. The paper discusses the advantages of using digital twins in the development of control systems and operation of distributed heat and electric power generation facilities. The possibilities of using the digital doubles for increasing the efficiency of the considered objects is presented as the example of optimizing the configuration of a control system of solar collectors in the presence of heat losses in pipelines of the external circuit. Further, the total balance consumed and generated electric and heat energy are presented. Examples of algorithms for protecting equipment to improve security are given, and the possibilities of improving the reliability of distributed power systems are considered. The system use of the digital twins provides the possibility of developing and debugging control algorithms, which increase the efficiency, reliability and safety of control objects, including distributed thermal and electrical power generation complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room-temperature absorption and luminescence spectra of the R1 and R2 bands in a single crystal of Ruby Al2O3:Cr3+ (0.05%) are analyzed. The luminescence in these bands was induced both by crystal excitation by radiation of a halogen lamp and by selective excitation of two upper levels of the 2T1 state by radiation of a tunable laser diode (656–662 nm). Four different shifts of the R1 and R2 bands and four different distances between these bands the change in which is a multiple of ~0.52 cm–1 are discovered in spectra of se-lectively excited luminescence bands. Detailed comparative analysis of the obtained spectral bands of luminescence and corresponding absorption spectra allowed determining combined structure of each of the R1 and R2 bands formed by satellite doublets of these bands associated with all four stable isotopes 50Cr3+, 52Cr3+, 53Cr3+, and 54Cr3– of chromium ions. Splitting of these doublets varies from 7.04 to 9.14 сm–1 depending on the isotope mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual selection often leads to evolution of conspicuous signals, raising the chances of attracting not only potential mates, but also predators. In lacertid lizards, ultraviolet (UV)–blue spots on flanks and shoulders represent such a trait. Some level of correlation between male and female ornamentation is also known to exist. Therefore, the phenotype of females may change in the absence of sexual selection. We tested this hypothesis on a complex of parthenogenetic and bisexual lizards of the genus Darevskia. We evaluated area, counts, and chromatic properties (UV opponency, saturation) of UV–blue spots and compared the values between the clones and their bisexual progenitor species. We found a fair heterogeneity between the parthenogenetic species, but no general tendency toward higher crypsis or conspicuousness. Values of the parthenogens were not significantly different from the values of sexual females. A possible explanation is that the changes in selective forces associated with parthenogenetic reproduction are too small to affect the resulting pattern of selective pressures on the studied traits, or that the phenotypes of the parthenogens result from the unique combination of parental genomes and are conserved by clonal reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we prove uniqueness result for an implicit discrete system defined on connected graphs. Our discrete system is motivated from a certain class of spatial segregation of reaction–diffusion equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Substituted 4-(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)pyrimidines were synthesized. • A new copper(II) complex of the pyrimidines with a linear structure was obtained. • Only nitrogen atom of the pyrimidine ring is involved in the complex formation. • The H/D exchange in pyrazolpyrimidines in CD 3 ONa/CD 3 OD solution was studied. • The introduction of an allyl group into pyrimidine affects the H/D exchange. By reacting 2-benzyl-4-hydrazinopyrimidines with ethoxymethylidene derivatives of β-dicarbonyl compounds, the corresponding substituted 4-(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)pyrimidines were synthesized. In a number of examples, intermediates - products of condensation of the reagents in ethanol, were isolated, indicating that the initial attack on the nitrogen atom of the hydrazine fragment involves the ethoxymethylidene group. It was noted that subsequent cyclization of the intermediates in acetic acid leads to 4-(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)pyrimidines. Alkylation of the synthesized non-fused bicyclic systems was carried out and it was proved that the nitrogen atom N-1 of the pyrimidine ring undergoes alkylation. A complex of 2-benzyl-4-(5′-methyl-4′-ethoxycarbonylpyrazol-1′-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine with copper (II) chloride was synthesized. X-ray diffraction analysis proved that, in contrast to the metal complexes of similar pyrazolylpyrimidines, in this case, a single-dentate complex with a linear structure of the composition ligand:metal, 2/1, is formed, and the nitrogen atom N-1 of the pyrimidine ring participates in the formation of a bond with the metal atom, as well as during alkylation. It was found that H/D exchange occurs in pyrazolylpyrimidine molecules in a solution of CD 3 ONa in CD 3 OD. Using the methods of 1H NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, it was proved that the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl groups of the studied systems undergo isotope exchange. The kinetics of H/D exchange was studied using some examples. It has been shown that the presence of an allyl group in the pyrimidine ring significantly affects the direction and rate of the H/D exchange. The structure of all synthesized substances was confirmed by NMR methods (1H, 13C, NOESY), high-resolution mass spectrometry and in some examples X-ray diffraction analysis was also performed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) are the second most common epithelial tumors of the pancreas. Despite improvements in prognostic grading and staging systems, it remains a challenge to predict the clinical behavior of panNENs and the response to specific therapies given the high degree of heterogeneity of these tumors. Most panNENs are nonfunctional and present as advanced disease. However, systemic therapies provide modest benefits. Therefore, there is a need for predictive biomarkers to develop personalized treatment and to advance new drug development. The somatostatin receptors remain the only clinically established prognostic and predictive biomarkers in panNENs. Oncogenic drivers are at a very low frequency. Commonly mutated genes in panNENs include MEN1, chromatin remodeling genes (DAXX and ATRX), and mammalian target of rapamycin pathway genes. In contrast, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (panNECs), which carry a very poor prognosis, have distinctive mutations in certain genes (eg, RB1 and p53). Ongoing research to integrate epigenomics will provide tremendous opportunities to improve current understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and provide invaluable insight into the biology of these tumors, new drug development, and establishing personalized therapies. A wider application of new technologies that will go beyond simple genetic markers and would include epigenetic data will ensure that pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms will be managed best by molecularly tailored therapies that are currently not a standard of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric Mental Health Hospitalizations at US Acute Care Hospitals - Reply A national survey of recent pediatrics residency graduates found that less than 60% had an on-site mental or behavioral mental health care professional in their primary care continuity clinic[3]; mental health care professionals are likely even less accessible outside of academic training environments. Comment & Response B In Reply b Inspired by our team's experiences working with children and adolescents in inpatient settings, we used the Kids' Inpatient Database to chronicle how hospitalizations for mental health diagnoses changed from 2009 to 2019 among youths aged 3 to 17 years.[1] While the objective of our work was to highlight trends in hospitalizations at the national level, our findings also raised the following questions: why have the numbers of hospitalizations for mental health diagnoses increased and what needs to be done?. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract—In this work a search was carried out for globular clusters belonging to the Sagittarius (Sgr) tidal stream using the analysis of spatial positions, radial velocities relative to the Galactic Standard of Rest (VGSR), proper motions and ratio of "age–metallicity" ([Fe/H]) for globular clusters and for stars in the tidal stream. As a result, three categories of globular clusters were obtained: A—most certainly in the stream: Terzan 8, Whiting 1, Arp 2, NGC 6715, Terzan 7, Pal 12; B—kinematic outliers: Pal 5, NGC 5904, NGC 5024, NGC 5053, NGC 5272, NGC 288; C—lowest rank candidates: NGC 6864, NGC 5466, NGC 5897, NGC 7492, NGC 4147. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiplicity distribution of the gluons produced at the high energy is evaluated in BFKL approach. The distribution has Poisson form that can explain experimentally observed KNO scaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darevskia rock lizards is a unique complex taxa, including more than thirty species, seven of which are parthenogenetic. In mixed populations of Darevskia lizards, tri- and tetraploid forms can be found. The most important issues in the theory of reticulate evolution of Darevskia lizards are the origin of parthenogenetic species and their taxonomic position. However, there is little data on how meiosis proceeds in these species. The present work reports the complex results of cytogenetics in a diploid parthenogenetic species – D. unisexualis. Here we detail the meiotic prophase I progression and the specific features оf mitotic chromosomes organization. The stages of meiosis prophase I were investigated by immunocytochemical analysis of preparations obtained from isolated primary oocytes of D. unisexualis in comparison with maternal species D. raddei nairensis. It has been shown that in D. unisexualis at the leptotene-zygotene stages the axial elements and the synaptonemal complex (SC) form typical "bouquets". At the pachytene-diplotene stage, 18 autosomal SC-bivalents and thickened asynapted sex Z and w univalents were observed. The presence of SYCP1 protein between the lateral elements of autosomal chromosomes proved the formation of assembled SCs. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on the mitotic metaphase chromosomes of D. unisexualis was carried out using the genomic DNA isolated from the parental species D. raddei nairensis and D. valentini. In the pericentromeric regions of half of the mitotic chromosomes of D. unisexualis, specific regions inherited from maternal species have been found. Following our results, we suggest a model for diploid germ cells formation from diploid oocytes without premeiotic duplication of chromosomes in the oogenesis of diploid parthenogenetic lizards D. unisexualis. Taken as a whole, our findings confirm the hybrid nature of D. unisexualis and shed light on heterozygosity and automixis in diploid parthenogenetic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe and compare the socio-demographic characteristics and community-based participation of children with and without disabilities.Method: This cross-sectional study reports data on 1073 children with disabilities (663 males, 410 females) and 11 122 children without disabilities (5617 males, 5505 females) aged 10 to 12 years from the fifth sweep of the Millennium Cohort Study. χ2 was used to explore differences between the two groups. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between childhood disability (dependent variable) and socio-demographic characteristics. Logistic regression models were also used to examine the associations between childhood disability (dependent variable) and participation in community-based activities.Results: Children with disabilities were more likely to be male, have psychosocial and behavioural problems, live in single-parent households, and have a parent with a longstanding illness. Patterns of community-based participation were similar between children with and without disabilities. However, the extent to which the two groups participated differed. Children with disabilities participated with lower frequency in unstructured physical activities (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.95-2.99), organized physical activities (adjusted OR 2.29; 95% CI: 1.83-2.86), religious gatherings (adjusted OR 2.08; 95% CI: 1.35-3.20), and getting together with friends (adjusted OR 3.31; 95% CI: 2.61-4.20).Interpretation: Socio-demographic characteristics differed between children with and without disabilities. Children with disabilities had greater restriction in participation compared to peers without disabilities. Participation promoting interventions are required to support the participation of children with disabilities in social and physical activities.What This Paper Adds: Patterns of community-based participation were similar between children with and without disabilities. Children with disabilities had lower frequency of participation in physical activities, religious gatherings, and getting together with friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infected T cells and macrophages are the main producers of HIV-1 in infected individuals. Upon release from infected cells, HIV-1 incorporates various cellular membrane proteins, some of which are specific for these cells. However, the functions of cell-encoded proteins in virions remain largely unknown. We performed flow virometry to identify, in plasma of HIV-infected individuals, macrophage- and T-cell-derived HIV-1 virions, using cell-specific markers CD36 and CD27, respectively. Using four different methods, we demonstrated that CD36 on virions binds the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) through a ligand, thrombospondin one (TSP-1). Flow virometry of individual virions showed that TGF-β was present on CD36+ virions (average, 28.2% ± 6.6% (n = 3)) but not on CD27+ virions (average, 1% ± 0.1% (n = 3)). TGF-β molecules present on captured CD36+ virions were biologically active, as evaluated with a reporter cell line. Delivery of TGF-β on HIV virions to HIV target cells may affect them, playing a significant role in viral pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spawning features of Kura chub Alburnoides eichwaldii (De Filippi, 1863) distributed in the basin of Debed and Agstev Rivers have been studied. It has been revealed that the Kura chub in the basin of Debed and Agstev Rivers becomes mature at the beginning of the second year when it has no less than 60 mm body length. The spawning period starts from April and lasts until the end of July. During this period, the females spawn three times, laying from 1362 to 8245 eggs. Males are supposed to become mature earlier than female, and at first elder individuals with larger body length spawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telomeres, protective caps at chromosome ends, maintain genomic stability and control cell lifespan. Dysregulated telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) are cancer hallmarks, enabling unchecked cell proliferation. We conducted a pan-cancer evaluation of TMM using RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas for 33 different cancer types and analyzed the activities of telomerase-dependent (TEL) and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) TMM pathways in detail. To further characterize the TMM profiles, we categorized the tumors based on their ALT and TEL TMM pathway activities into five major phenotypes: ALT high TEL low, ALT low TEL low, ALT middle TEL middle, ALT high TEL high, and ALT low TEL high. These phenotypes refer to variations in telomere maintenance strategies, shedding light on the heterogeneous nature of telomere regulation in cancer. Moreover, we investigated the clinical implications of TMM phenotypes by examining their associations with clinical characteristics and patient outcomes. Specific TMM profiles were linked to specific survival patterns, emphasizing the potential of TMM profiling as a prognostic indicator and aiding in personalized cancer treatment strategies. Gene ontology analysis of the TMM phenotypes unveiled enriched biological processes associated with cell cycle regulation (both TEL and ALT), DNA replication (TEL), and chromosome dynamics (ALT) showing that telomere maintenance is tightly intertwined with cellular processes governing proliferation and genomic stability. Overall, our study provides an overview of the complexity of transcriptional regulation of telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach to approximate the second eigenfunction and the second eigenvalue of the p -Laplace operator is suggested for some symmetric domains. In the case of the Dirichlet boundary condition, the algorithm has the restriction that the positive and the negative part of the second eigenfunction have equal L p -norm, however, in the case of the Neumann boundary condition, the algorithm does not have such restriction so we implement it to perform bi-clustering. Some interesting estimates for the iterative method are obtained. At the end of the paper, we present various examples and computational tests, which support that the suggested iterative algorithm is well-defined and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this review was to synthesize empirical evidence of family factors associated with participation of children with disabilities aged 5 to 12 years to inform the development of family-centred participation-fostering interventions.Method: A systematic search was performed for articles published in English between 2001 and 2017 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and ASSIA following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Quality of evidence was appraised using the Research Triangle Institute Item Bank. Family factors associated with participation were identified and assessed using a multistage 'semi-quantitative' approach.Results: Thirty studies were included in the review. Four non-modifiable 'status' factors consistently associated with participation were parental ethnicity, parental education, family type, and family socio-economic status. Six modifiable 'process' factors with consistent associations with participation were parental mental and physical health functioning, parental self-efficacy beliefs, parental support, parental time, family preferences, and activity orientation.Interpretation: Rehabilitation professionals should direct their focus towards modifiable family factors as primary targets for family-centred interventions. Strategies that can improve families' access to information, counselling, and community support services are likely to support children's participation by empowering families and optimizing their health and well-being.What This Paper Adds: Non-modifiable 'status' and modifiable 'process' factors are important in participation of children with disabilities. Disadvantaged family circumstances shaped by status factors are associated with reduced participation. Key process factors for intervention are parental mental and physical health and parental self-efficacy beliefs. Other important process factors for intervention are parental support and time, family preferences, and activity orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boundary approximate null-controllability of an Euler–Bernoulli sandwich beam subjected to a dynamically active distributed load is considered. The exact area and location of the distributed load are uncertain. The problem consists in controlling the vertical displacement at the beam end with the aim to damp its vibrations in a given a time. Using the recently developed Green's function approach, the set of resolving controls is partially constructed. The results obtained are verified by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral nucleon–nucleus collisions occur at high energies mainly through the interaction with one constituent quark from the incident nucleon. The central collisions should involve all three constituent quarks and each of them can interact several times. We calculate the average number of quark–nucleus interactions for both the cases in good agreement with the experimental data on ϕ -meson, K ∗ 0 and all charged secondaries productions in p + P b collisions at LHC energy s = 5  TeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we continue to study a non-local free boundary problem arising in financial bubbles. We focus on the parabolic counterpart of the bubble problem and suggest an iterative algorithm which consists of a sequence of parabolic obstacle problems at each step to be solved, that in turn gives the next obstacle function in the iteration. The convergence of the proposed algorithm is proved. Moreover, we consider the finite difference scheme for this algorithm and obtain its convergence. At the end of the paper, we present and discuss computational results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of studying the effect of mechanical vibrations with the acoustic frequency on ordinary water. A strong dependence of the occurrence of ionizing radiation on the shape of the signal fed to the piezoceramics for sound generation is shown, which is not related to the process of cavitation in water under the action of ultrasound. An example of the dependence of the effect on the concentration of hydrogen ions in water is given. A hypothesis is made about a possible mechanism for the generation of ionizing radiation under the influence of sound on ordinary water. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of sonoluminescence under the influence of ultrasound radiation on a liquid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Populations of large ungulates are dwindling worldwide. This is especially so for wild sheep, which compete with livestock for forage, are disturbed by shepherds and their dogs, and are exposed to disease transmissions from livestock. Our aim was to assess spatial patterns in realized niche overlap between wild and domestic sheep to better understand where potential competition might arise, and thus to identify priority areas for wild sheep recovery. Location: Southern Caucasus (220,000 km2). Methods: We studied Gmelin's mouflon (Ovis orientalis gmelinii), an ancestor of domestic sheep, to investigate seasonal habitat use and niche overlap with domestic sheep. To map habitat, we analysed mouflon occurrences collected during 2006–2016, and domestic sheep occurrences from shepherd camp locations digitized on high‐resolution satellite imagery. We mapped areas of potential competition between mouflon and domestic sheep and assessed potential habitat displacement. Results: Mouflon and domestic sheep niches overlapped substantially (overlap index I = 0.89, where 1 means perfect overlap) but were not identical. Mouflon habitat was less widespread than domestic sheep habitat (14,000 vs. 40,270 km2) and tended to be located in more rugged areas with less vegetation cover. We identified 51 priority patches as reintroduction candidates if grazing pressure and poaching were reduced. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that competition with domestic sheep might have pushed mouflon into marginal habitat. Thus, conservation efforts focusing on current mouflon habitat might miss suitable reintroduction sites. We demonstrate that a combined habitat model for wild and domestic sheep can identify general sheep habitat, which might be more useful for conservation planning than understanding current mouflon habitat selection. Our results highlight that considering competition with livestock is important for large ungulate conservation, both in terms of reactive (e.g., lessening livestock pressure in prime habitat) and proactive strategies (e.g., reintroduction in areas with low contemporary overlap). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We expose the current experimental and theoretical situation of the interesting case of the production of ϕ mesons in up to very high energy collisions of hadrons on both nucleon and nuclear targets, and we present a quantitatively good theoretical description of the corresponding experimental data, based on the formalism of the well established Quark–Gluon String Model, that has proved to be valid for a wide energy range. All the available experimental data for ϕ -meson production in hadron–nucleon collisions on the spectra of secondary ϕ , and on the ratios of ϕ / π − and ϕ / K − production cross-sections, as well the corresponding ones for ϕ -meson production on nuclear targets, are considered. In particular, it is seen that the production of ϕ -mesons on nuclear targets presents unusually small shadow corrections for the inclusive density in the central rapidity region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Milky Way's satellite galaxies and globular clusters (GCs) are known to exhibit an anisotropic spatial distribution. We examine in detail this anisotropy by the means of the inertia tensor. We estimate the statistical significance of the results by repeating this analysis for random catalogues that use the radial distribution of the real sample. Our method reproduces the well-known planar structure in the distribution of the satellite galaxies. We show that for GCs several anisotropic structures are observed. The GCs at small distances, 2 < R < 10 kpc, show a structure coplanar with the Galactic plane. At smaller and larger distances, the whole sample of GCs shows quite weak anisotropy. Nevertheless, at largest distances the orientation of the structure is close to that of the satellite galaxies, i.e. perpendicular to the Galactic plane. We estimate the probability of random realization for this structure of 1.7 per cent. The bulge–disc GCs show a clear disc-like structure lying within the Galactic disc. The old halo GCs show two structures: a well-pronounced polar elongated structure at R < 3 kpc that is perpendicular to the Galactic plane, and a less pronounced disc-like structure coplanar with the Galactic disc at 6 < R < 20 kpc. The young halo GCs do not show significant anisotropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by virus-infected cells typically incorporate host and viral components inside the vesicles (cargo molecules). Here, we investigated if human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins are incorporated in EV outer membrane released by HCMV-infected cells. We separated EVs from HCMV using an iodixanol step-gradient and found that the separated vesicles carried EV markers such as the tetraspanin CD63 and Rab27A. Flow analysis of individual EVs demonstrated that on average, 15 ± 3.7% of EVs were positive for gB, 5.3 ± 2.3% were positive for gH and 3.74 ± 1.5% were positive for both gB and gH. In light of previous findings demonstrating HIV envelope proteins in EV membranes, the presence of viral protein at the surface of EVs released by HCMV-infected cells indicated that viral membrane proteins incorporated in EVs released by virus-infected cells may be a general phenomenon. Highlights • Cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) release both virions and extracellular vesicles (EVs). • EVs were separated by centrifugation on a iodixanol step-gradient and analyzed with flow cytometry. • These EVs carried typical EV markers along with HCMV envelope proteins, such as gB and gH. • Production by infected cells of EVs carrying various viral proteins is a general phenomenon for various viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Caucasian rock lizards of the Darevskia raddei complex represented by several subspecies is of great interest and scientific significance in connection with their participation in interspecific hybridizations with the formation of five of the seven known unisexual (parthenogenetic) species of the Darevskia genus. Here, we present genetic parameters for populations (subspecies) of D. r. raddei and D. r. nairensis based on the analysis of the variability of ten microsatellite loci of 230 individuals from 17 populations of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. According to these parameters, D. r. raddei are characterized by greater diversity in the number of alleles and genotypes compared to D. r. nairensis. Genetic differentiation analysis showed that D. r. raddei populations are divided into two groups, one of which is genetically closer to D. r. nairensis than to D. r. raddei. Analysis of the association index showed the absence of free recombination of alleles between subspecies, which indicates their isolation and the absence of crossing between individuals. Thus, on the basis of the expanded population sample and the developed panel of microsatellite markers, new data on the population structure of D. raddei species and on the genetic diversity and differentiation of D. r. raddei and D. r. nairensis were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integral representation and embedding theorems for functions in multianisotropic Sobolev spaces are proved. Unlike in previous works, the general case where the characteristic Newton polyhedron in ℝn has an arbitrary number of vertices is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Memory metamaterials allowing persistent tuning of their unusual electromagnetic responses are an emerging group of artificial electromagnetic materials. Here, the memory metamaterial operating at microwave frequency based on the hybrid resonance of the metamaterial‐ferromagnetic system is reported. It is demonstrated that the hybrid resonance can be tuned reversibly as a function of frequency and amplitude of the input microwave signal. The principle underlying the persistent hybrid resonance tuning is the adaptive structural modification of the magnetic domain structure for the input microwave signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we prove convergence of the finite difference scheme for equations of stationary states of a general class of the spatial segregation of reaction–diffusion systems with m ≥ 2 components. More precisely, we show that the numerical solution u h l , given by the difference scheme, converges to the l t h component u l , when the mesh size h tends to zero, provided u l ∈ C 2 ( Ω ) , for every l = 1 , 2 , … , m . In particular, our proof provides convergence of a difference scheme for the multi-phase obstacle problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visualization of carbon fibers polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composite material heating for a grounded coplanar waveguide and a stepped impedance low-pass filter by the thermal camera is performed. The purpose of such visualization is to characterize electromagnetic field influence on the diagonally anisotropic composite material and find out its application opportunity. COMSOL Multiphysics simulation has been done in order to understand heating principles and origin. Experimental results were in a good agreement with simulations and they showed that the characteristics of the microstrip structures can be modulated/tuned by simple rotation of the composite material. Finally, a tunable application by the carbon/PEEK composite material for the microstrip low-pass filter was developed due to the microwave absorption selectivity dependence on the composite material orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]