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Camostat mesylate, an oral serine protease inhibitor, is used to treat chronic pancreatitis and reflux esophagitis. Recently, camostat mesylate and its active metabolite 4‐(4‐guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid (GBPA) were reported to inhibit the infection of cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by inhibiting type II transmembrane serine protease. We conducted a phase I study to investigate high‐dose camostat mesylate as a treatment for coronavirus disease 2019. Camostat mesylate was orally administered to healthy adults at 600 mg 4 times daily under either of the following conditions: fasted state, after a meal, 30 min before a meal, or 1 h before a meal, and the pharmacokinetics and safety profiles were evaluated. In addition, the time of plasma GBPA concentration exceeding the effective concentration was estimated as the time above half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) by using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation. Camostat mesylate was safe and tolerated at all dosages. Compared with the fasted state, the exposure of GBPA after a meal and 30 min before a meal was significantly lower; however, no significant difference was observed at 1 h before a meal. The time above EC50 was 11.5 h when camostat mesylate 600 mg was administered 4 times daily in the fasted state or 1 h before a meal. Based on the results of this phase I study, we are currently conducting a phase III study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chemical degradation products of a Nafion membrane on the catalyst interface of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) by hydrogen and oxygen feeding into the anode were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). An acidic solution of pH5.3 was obtained after the anode reaction and 5.0×10−6 mol·l−1 of hydrogen fluoride was detected by HPLC. Degradation mechanisms of the ionomer induced by trace radical species were simulated by means of quantum chemical calculations using a model side chain terminal of trifluoromethanesulfonate (TFMS). The results indicate that H radicals and OH radicals generated by the reaction on the interface induce the production of hydrogen fluoride, carbonyl fluoride and sulfonic acids. The bond dissociation energies (BDE) of Ce:glyph name="sbnd" />F bond in TFMS are calculated to be 214.5 and 569.6kJ·mol−1, respectively. It was clarified that the degradation of TFMS is affected not only by BDE but also by the behavior of fluorine atoms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present the experimental synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) van der Waals heterostructures, a class of materials where different atomic layers are coaxially stacked. We demonstrate the growth of single-crystal layers of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) crystals on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). For the latter, larger-diameter nanotubes that overcome strain effect were more readily synthesized. We also report a 5-nanometer–diameter heterostructure consisting of an inner SWCNT, a middle three-layer BN nanotube, and an outer MoS2 nanotube. Electron diffraction verifies that all shells in the heterostructures are single crystals. This work suggests that all of the materials in the current 2D library could be rolled into their 1D counterparts and a plethora of function-designable 1D heterostructures could be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]