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This research focuses on classifying the Hulu and Kuala Banjarese dialects in the prose text “Datu Kandangan and Datu Kartamina”. These dialects represent linguistic variations resulting from geographical, social, and cultural differences among language communities, particularly in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Language analysis methods such as Python Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK), NumPy, and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Visualization (LyLDAvis) were employed to classify the dialects, involving data preprocessing steps like tokenization, punctuation removal, stop word normalization, and stemming. The research findings reveal the superiority of the "Naive Bayes" method over the "Boolean Query," achieving high accuracy in identifying positive examples and classifying texts into Upper and Lower Banjar dialects. The "Naive Bayes" method outperforms the "Boolean Query" with precision and recall values of 0.955563 and 0.956098, while the "Boolean Query" only reaches 0.021416 and 0.146341. This study makes a significant scholarly contribution to understanding language and cultural diversity in South Kalimantan, opening opportunities for further exploration in developing Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology for Indonesian regional languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local attacks in networked systems can often propagate and trigger cascading failures. Designing effective healing mechanisms to counter cascading failures is critical to enhance system resiliency. This work proposes a self-healing algorithm for networks undergoing load-based cascading failure. To advance understanding of the dynamics of networks with concurrent cascading failure and self-healing, a general discrete-time simulation framework is developed, and the resiliency is evaluated using two metrics, i.e., the system impact and the recovery time. This work further explores the effects of the multiple model parameters on the resiliency metrics. It is found that two parameters (reactivated node load parameter and node healing certainty level) span a phase plane for network dynamics where three regimes exist. To ensure full network recovery, the two parameters need to be moderate. This work lays the foundation for subsequent studies on optimization of model parameters to maximize resiliency, which will have implications to many real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lungs are the second most common site for hydatid disease after the liver. Giant hydatid cyst (GHC) of the lung is a special clinical entity in children and is related to higher lung tissue elasticity. To compare clinical and imaging features, types of surgical interventions, and postoperative complications in pulmonary GHC and non-giant pulmonary hydatid cysts (NGHC) in children. A retrospective study was undertaken. The data analyzed were taken from medical records of children with pulmonary hydatid cyst (PHC) hospitalized in a pulmonary department in Tunisia between January 2004 and February 2019. Cysts were divided according to their size into GHC (≥10 cm) and NGHC (< 10 cm). In the study period, 108 PHC were recorded in 84 children. GHC accounted for 21 (19.4%) and NGHC for 87 (80.6%). The median of age of the children was 11 years (IQR 1–9, IQR 3–14) and the mean age was 11.6 years (10.5 in GHC vs. 11.4 years in NGHC). Hemoptysis was found in 25% of the GHC group vs. 48.4% of the NGHC group (P = 0.27). Cysts were multiple in 23.8% of cases and predominated in the right in 64.3% of cases and in the inferior lobes in 71.4% of the cases. GHCs were less frequently complicated (60% vs. 78.1% in NGHC, P ≤ 0.11), although not significantly. Parenchymal resection was realized in 50% of GHC vs. 18.8% of NGHC (P = 0.006). No significant difference was found in postoperative complications between the two groups and there was no recurrence in either group. GHC is a special clinical entity in children. It requires major surgery with parenchymal resection, and therefore early diagnostic and therapeutic management is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The elderly, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are at a higher risk of hospitalisation due to acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). They also often encounter multiple co-morbidities. Objectives This study was aimed to explore the occurrence of anxiety, depression and to identify the factors associated with hospital readmission among older patients after AECOPD discharge. Methods A multicentre prospective study was conducted in Malaysia (from 1st September 2012 till 31st September 2013) among older patients (≥60 years) hospitalised for AECOPD. Anxiety and depression were assessed on discharge using previously validated questionnaires, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7 and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), respectively. Patients were followed up for a period of 3 months after discharge. Results A total of 81 patients with a median age of 72 years (IQR 66.40-78.00) were recruited. Anxiety was observed in 34.57% while 38.27% had depression. Both anxiety and depression were detected in 25.93% of the patients. A history of frequent AECOPD admissions was found to be associated with developing depressive symptoms, while anxiety scores were associated with severe dyspnoea. Severe depression was more commonly identified among patients aged 60-75 and in those with a history of tuberculosis. A high readmission rate (40.74%) during the 3-month period was noticed. History of frequent AECOPD admissions (OR = 2.87; 95% CI 1.05-7.85, P = 0.040) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) (OR = 4.04; 95% CI 1.1-14.6, P = 0.032) were identified as the factors associated with the risk of hospital readmission. Conclusions Anxiety and depression were found to be relatively common among older patients with AECOPD. IHD and history of frequent COPD hospitalisation were associated with short-term readmission among the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Existing research tackling the influence of pharmaceutical trade-name types upon physician prescription behavior is rather minimal. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate physicians' perception of pharmaceutical trade (brand) names in Jordan's private sector using two approaches-a real-world setting approach, and another simulated approach. Methods: For the real-world setting approach, 13 trade-name types were used to test physician perception versus their prescription predictors (clarified benefits, conveyed efficacy, enhanced memorability, and reduced confusion), then linked to physician perception in terms of prescription behavior, as measured by increased prescription preference for each of the trade-name types. Regarding the simulated approach, a sample of 100 pharmaceutical product trade names was utilized to demonstrate the relationship between their unit-wise sales and the type of trade name to which they belong. Results: Results for the real-world setting approach revealed that physicians had a favorable perception of names that are derived from the site of action, those that are experiential, and functional names. A neutral perception was demonstrated for name types with a hint of competitive advantage, as well as short names. An unfavorable perception was observed for evocative names, geographical location-derived names, fricative names, manufacturer-derived names, and poetic and plosive names. As for the simulated approach, unit-wise sales were highest for functional as well as evocative trade-name types. Conclusions: The pharmaceutical trade-name types that are most favorable are those that reflect the drug's site of action, experiences delivered, and function. It was recommended that pharmaceutical companies choose more appropriate trade names for their products based on physicians' preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction L’amylose thoracique est rare mais probablement sous-estimée. En effet, sa symptomatologie clinique est diverse et peu spécifique rendant son diagnostic difficile. Elle peut être isolée ou associée à d’autres localisations. Nous rapportons quatre observations à ce propos. Observation Première observation : un homme âgé de 23 ans, sans antécédents, a présenté un pneumothorax spontané récidivant ayant nécessité un talcage. L’étude anatomopathologique a permis d’objectiver des dépôts amyloïdes au niveau du tissu pleuro pulmonaire et de la muqueuse labiale. Il n’avait pas de symptomatologie extra-thoracique et les explorations complémentaires ont éliminé d’autres localisations. L’évolution a été marquée par l’absence de récidive de pneumothorax durant quatre mois de suivi. Deuxième observation : un homme âgé de 39 ans, sans antécédents, a présenté une dyspnée en rapport avec une pleurésie droite. L’échographie cardiaque a objectivé un épanchement péricardique et une hypertension artérielle pulmonaire à 70 mmHg. L’angioscanner thoraco-abdomino-pelvien a montré une ascite de moyenne abondance ainsi qu’une masse tissulaire envahissant toutes les structures médiastinales et dont l’examen histologique a conclu à une amylose AL. Il n’y avait pas de gammapathie monoclonale associée. Le reste des explorations est en cours. Troisième observation : une femme de 65 ans, sans antécédents, a présenté une toux et une dyspnée d’effort révélant une pneumopathie interstitielle non spécifique. Les aspects macroscopique et microscopique de la muqueuse bronchique étaient inflammatoires. Le lavage broncho-alvéolaire a montré une alvéolite mixte à polynucléaires neutrophiles et éosinophiles. La biopsie pulmonaire a permis d’objectiver des dépôts amyloïdes retrouvés également à la muqueuse labiale et à la graisse sous cutanée. Il y avait une hypergammaglobulinémie d’allure polyclonale à l’électrophorèse des protéines sériques et le myélogramme n’a pas montré d’infiltration plasmocytaire. La patiente est actuellement suivie en pneumologie pour une fibrose pulmonaire. Quatrième observation : un homme âgé de 41 ans, opéré il y a 30 ans pour des kystes hydatiques hépatique et pulmonaire, a présenté une hémoptysie de faible abondance. Le scanner thoracique a montré une masse calcifiée pleurale droite et une condensation parenchymateuse pseudo-tumorale bi-lobaire droit. La fibroscopie bronchique était normale. La thoracotomie a trouvé un textilome et une autre condensation parenchymateuse dont l’examen histologique a conclu à une amylose. La biopsie de la graisse sous cutanée a montré des dépôts amyloïdes. Le patient est resté asymptomatique après l’ablation du textilome avec deux ans de recul. Discussion La présentation clinique chez nos malades confirme l’hétérogénéité du spectre clinique de l’amylose thoracique. En effet, l’âge de déclaration de la maladie ainsi que son mode de révélation étaient à chaque fois différents. Une cause de l’amylose a été identifiée dans un seul cas (textilome) et l’évolution était relativement favorable. Conclusion L’amylose thoracique, bien que rare, doit être évoquée devant toute symptomatologie pleuro-pulmonaire inexpliquée. La confirmation diagnostique est relativement aisée et le pronostic dépend surtout des atteintes associées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health-care professionals across the globe are obligated to report adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The knowledge of ADRs and attitude of health-care professionals toward ADRs reporting is vital for patient safety. This study intends to investigate the knowledge of ADRs and attitude of health-care professionals toward ADRs reporting. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire was conducted over a period of 3 months (September 2016 to November 2016) at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This study included 399 questionnaires submitted by health-care professionals. Results: A total of 399 questionnaires were submitted by health-care professionals, of which only 14.8% knew the term "ADR" and 55.1% of the respondents reported ADRs during their practice. A total of 93.8% of the respondents agreed that ADR reporting should be made mandatory for health-care professionals, and 94.5% agreed that it improves the patient safety. Conclusion: The findings generally indicate that health-care professionals in a tertiary care setting have low awareness regarding the term "ADR." Lack of pharmacovigilance training, amount of workload, and legal liabilities are the main causes of underreporting. More than half of the respondents agreed that ADR reporting eventually improves patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Professional organisations exist as international or national organisations, with each country establishing at least one national professional association. There remains a knowledge gap about factors that influence professional organisational involvement of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. This study aims to explore the motivators and barriers of pharmacy professionals holding organisation membership from a global perspective. Methods: An online questionnaire was developed and disseminated between May and July 2021. The survey was open to all pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. The survey consisted of four sections; demographic information, questions about professional organisations, about the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) and its impact on the members. Data were analysed descriptively. Results: A total of 1033 complete survey responses were received and included in the analysis. Of all respondents, 761 (73.7%) respondents were current members of a professional organisation and 272 (26.3%) were not members of any professional organisation. Overall, findings demonstrated networking, education, training and professional development opportunities as the main interests and anticipated activities, while the lack of clarity or need to join organisation, time, and financial constraints as the main barriers of pharmacy professionals holding membership. The majority of FIP members are satisfied with current FIP activities, and anticipate further networking opportunities, educational resources and grants made available to members. Conclusions: Understanding the perceptions and needs, as well as factors that influence engagement of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists is the key to enhancing membership. Professional organisations are highly encouraged to strengthen and target activities according to the identified motivators and barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We previously established a congenic mouse strain with TALLYHO/Jng (TH) donor segment on chromosome 6 in a C57BL/6 (B6) background that harbors an obesity quantitative trait locus, tabw2. The B6.THtabw2 congenic mice developed increased adiposity that became exacerbated upon feeding a high fat-high sucrose (HFS) diet. To fine map the tabw2, in this study we generated and characterized subcongenic lines with smaller TH donor segments. Results: We fixed four subcongenic lines, with maximum size of donor segment retained in the lines ranging from 10.8 - 92.5 Mb. For mapping, all the subcongenic mice, along with B6.TH-tabw2 congenic and B6-homozygous control mice were fed either chow or HFS diets, and their post-mortem fat pads were weighed. Mice were also characterized for energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, locomotor activity, and food intake. As previously reported, B6.TH-tabw2 congenic mice showed a significantly larger fat mass than controls on both diets. On chow, a subcongenic line retaining the distal region of the TH donor congenic interval exhibited significantly larger fat mass than B6-homozygous controls, and comparable that to B6.TH-tabw2 congenic mice. Two nested subcongenic lines within that region suggested that the effect of tabw2 on obesity could be attributed to at least two subloci. On HFS diets, on the other hand, all the subcongenic mice had significantly larger fat mass than controls without genotype differences, but none of them had fat mass as large as the original congenic mice. This possibly implicates that further genetic complexity involves in the effect of tabw2 on diet-induced obesity. Significantly reduced locomotor activity was exhibited in B6.TH-tabw2 congenic and subcongenic mice compared to controls when animals were fed HFS diets. B6.TH-tabw2 congenic mice, but not subcongenic mice, also had significantly increased food intake on HFS diets. Conclusions: It appears that at least two subloci explaining the tabw2 effect under chow feeding map to the distal region of the congenic interval, whereas the diet-induced obesity mediated by tabw2 is attributed to more complex genetic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency and identify reasons for nonadherence to lifestyle modifications among type 2 diabetic patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities-Arabic instrument and the Arabic version of the Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test. A convenience sample was collected. The sample included 410 participants. The mean age of the participants was 61 ± 9.70 years. Of the participants, only 95 (23.2%) had a controlled blood glucose level (glycosylated hemoglobin ≤ 7%). The self-management activities from the most practiced to the least practiced (scale range 0-7) were medications (Mean: 6.28 ± 1.64), foot care activities (Mean: 5.04 ± 2.43), diet activities (Mean: 4.44 ± 2.69), exercise activities (Mean: 3.96 ± 1.97), and blood glucose monitoring (Mean: 0.58 ± 1.28). The majority of participants had acceptable knowledge (63.2%, n = 259). Obese, smokers and rural participants were less likely to adhere to the appropriate diet. P values were 0.012, 0.018, and 0.011, respectively. Regarding regular exercise, obese participants and those with uncontrolled blood glucose levels were less engaged in exercise practice (p values were 0.041 and 0.019). The study concluded that lifestyle modifications were found to be accepted in many aspects. However, there is room for improvement. Effective education and counseling strategies are recommended with a focus on the recognized factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission of M. ulcerans, the etiological agent of Buruli ulcer, from the environment to humans remains an enigma despite decades of research. Major transmission hypotheses propose 1) that M. ulcerans is acquired through an insect bite or 2) that bacteria enter an existing wound through exposure to a contaminated environment. In studies reported here, a guinea pig infection model was developed to determine whether Buruli ulcer could be produced through passive inoculation of M. ulcerans onto a superficial abrasion. The choice of an abrasion model was based on the fact that most bacterial pathogens infecting the skin are able to infect an open lesion, and that abrasions are extremely common in children. Our studies show that after a 90d infection period, an ulcer was present at intra-dermal injection sites of all seven animals infected, whereas topical application of M. ulcerans failed to establish an infection. Mycobacterium ulcerans was cultured from all injection sites whereas infected abrasion sites healed and were culture negative. A 14d experiment was conducted to determine how long organisms persisted after inoculation. Mycobacterium ulcerans was isolated from abrasions at one hour and 24 hours post infection, but cultures from later time points were negative. Abrasion sites were qPCR positive up to seven days post infection, but negative at later timepoints. In contrast, M. ulcerans DNA was detected at intra-dermal injection sites throughout the study. M. ulcerans was cultured from injection sites at each time point. These results suggest that injection of M. ulcerans into the skin greatly facilitates infection and lends support for the role of an invertebrate vector or other route of entry such as a puncture wound or deep laceration where bacteria would be contained within the lesion. Infection through passive inoculation into an existing abrasion appears a less likely route of entry. Author Summary: Buruli ulcer, a severe skin disease in West and Central Africa results in significant disability. The causative bacterium, M. ulcerans has been detected in many aquatic sources, but how bacteria enter the skin is an enigma. Two major hypotheses for infection are 1) that bacteria are injected into the skin through the bite of an aquatic insect, or 2) that bacteria enter open wounds on a person's body. In this study, we use a guinea pig infection model to evaluate whether application of M. ulcerans to an open abrasion produces Buruli ulcer. Our results show that despite topical application of very large numbers of M. ulcerans, we are unable to produce infection in open abrasions. These results are extremely surprising because most bacteria such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus can readily infect abrasions. In contrast, intra-dermal injection of M. ulcerans into the skin of guinea pigs consistently produced an ulcer. Our studies are the first to explore the route of infection of M. ulcerans in an experimental model. These results suggest that Buruli ulcer is not likely to be due to passive entry of bacteria into pre-existing abrasions and supports the role of biting invertebrates, puncture wounds, or lacerations as a requirement for infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission of M. ulcerans, the etiological agent of Buruli ulcer, from the environment to humans remains an enigma despite decades of research. Major transmission hypotheses propose 1) that M. ulcerans is acquired through an insect bite or 2) that bacteria enter an existing wound through exposure to a contaminated environment. In studies reported here, a guinea pig infection model was developed to determine whether Buruli ulcer could be produced through passive inoculation of M. ulcerans onto a superficial abrasion. The choice of an abrasion model was based on the fact that most bacterial pathogens infecting the skin are able to infect an open lesion, and that abrasions are extremely common in children. Our studies show that after a 90d infection period, an ulcer was present at intra-dermal injection sites of all seven animals infected, whereas topical application of M. ulcerans failed to establish an infection. Mycobacterium ulcerans was cultured from all injection sites whereas infected abrasion sites healed and were culture negative. A 14d experiment was conducted to determine how long organisms persisted after inoculation. Mycobacterium ulcerans was isolated from abrasions at one hour and 24 hours post infection, but cultures from later time points were negative. Abrasion sites were qPCR positive up to seven days post infection, but negative at later timepoints. In contrast, M. ulcerans DNA was detected at intra-dermal injection sites throughout the study. M. ulcerans was cultured from injection sites at each time point. These results suggest that injection of M. ulcerans into the skin greatly facilitates infection and lends support for the role of an invertebrate vector or other route of entry such as a puncture wound or deep laceration where bacteria would be contained within the lesion. Infection through passive inoculation into an existing abrasion appears a less likely route of entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]