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Abstract: In contrast to other vertebrates, in which the adult brain shows limited adult neurogenesis, teleost fishes exhibit an unparalleled capacity to generate new neurons as adults, suggesting that their brains present a highly permissive environment for the maintenance and proliferation of adult progenitors. Here, we examine the hypothesis that one of the factors permitting establishment of this favourable environment is estradiol. Indeed, recent data showed that radial glial cells strongly expressed one of two aromatase duplicated genes. Aromatase is the estrogen-synthesizing enzyme and this observation is of great interest, given that radial glial cells are progenitor cells capable of generating new neurons. Given the well-documented roles of estrogens on cell fate, and notably on cell proliferation, these data suggest that estradiol could be involved in maintaining and/or activating these progenitors. Examination of recent data in birds and mammals suggests that the situation in fish could well be an exaggeration of a more general mechanism implicating estrogens in neurogenesis. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence that estrogens are involved in embryonic, adult or reparative neurogenesis in other vertebrates, notably in mammals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]