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Background: Mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a life‐saving technique for patients with acute respiratory failure, but is also associated with a high incidence of complications in the injured lung. Currently, there is no widely used monitoring technique to guide the ventilator setting to facilitate a precision medicine approach or to provide a real‐time alert for developing adverse pulmonary conditions. Conventional ultrasound has been used as a thoracic bedside technology, but the lack of signal penetration into lung tissue results in images that often contain more information in their artifacts than in the images themselves. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to using traditional ultrasound in the ICU is the need for highly skilled technicians to perform the data collection. In contrast, low‐frequency ultrasound (50–500 kHz) has been shown to penetrate the lung, and can detect air trapping in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Purpose: Here, we present a method of collecting low‐frequency ultrasound computed tomographic (USCT) data in vivo on a mechanically ventilated porcine model and computing tomographic reconstructions of airflow during tidal breathing and induced lung injuries. We evaluate the ability of the novel low‐frequency USCT system to image regional changes in sound speed in the thorax due to changes in airflow during tidal breathing and induced lung injuries. This represents the first study of low‐frequency tomographic ultrasound imaging in vivo and the first to produce tomographic images of ventilatory changes in vivo. Methods: USCT and computed tomography (CT) scan data were collected alternately on a mechanically ventilated Landrace pig weighing approximately 75 kg during tidal breathing, induced pneumothorax, atelectasis, and pleural effusion. The pneumothorax was induced by injecting air through a 5 mm thick intrathoracic tube inserted in the 8th posterior intercostal space. After removing the air, atelectasis was induced by ventilating the animal with a high concentration of oxygen and low tidal volumes. The pleural effusion was induced by injecting a saline solution through the tube. The USCT data were collected at 125 kHz using the USCT low‐frequency ultrasound tomography (LUFT) system on a transducer belt placed around the animal's thorax. Tomographic reconstructions were computed from the USCT data using a regularized refraction‐corrected Gauss‐Newton‐based time‐of‐flight reconstruction algorithm. Results: Cyclic changes in computed lung area during tidal breathing were demonstrated to agree with the respiratory rate on the mechanical ventilator. Reconstructed images computed at time steps during the procedure demonstrate regional changes consistent with what would be expected during the induced lung injury. No ground truth was available for images during the procedures since CT scans could only be taken before and after each established lung injury. Conclusions: In this work, we have demonstrated in the first in vivo study using a mechanically ventilated porcine animal model that low‐frequency ultrasound tomography has the ability to image regional changes in sound speed in the thorax corresponding to changes in airflow during tidal breathing and induced lung injury. The results show promise for using low‐frequency USCT as a bedside imaging technique in the future for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses in the description, radiocarbon dating and isotopic analyses (δ 13C, δ 18O) of new fossils of Panthera onca from the late Pleistocene of the Brazilian Intertropical Region. This paper focuses on the paleoecology of this large cat and is of major importance to understand ecological niches in evolutionary time. Radiocarbon datings and stable isotope compositions (carbon and oxygen) were determined from the structural carbonate of enamel for two fossils of Panthera onca found in two caves in Bahia, Brazil. Isotopic data available of large faunivores and other extinct and extant herbivorous taxa from the late Pleistocene of the Brazilian Intertropical Region were used for paleoecological interpretations. Carbon and oxygen isotopic values from P. onca allow us to suggest that these individuals lived in arboreal savanna habitat between 26 and 33 kyr BP, could reach 209 kg and feed mainly on Nothrotherium maquinense , Tapirus terrestris and Alouatta sp., being a specialist. The isotopic niche overlap with Smilodon populator and Arctotherium wingei was high, while with Protocyon troglodytes was low. In the late Pleistocene P. onca probably suffer high ecological pressure by S. populator , while with A. wingei this could not occur, as this species could be mainly herbivorous. • Two new records of Panthera onca fossils in caves of Bahia, Brazil. • Both remains are from the late Pleistocene (29 ka and 36 ka). • Body mass estimation varied between 89 kg and 209 kg. • The isotopic diet of P. onca was based mainly in ground sloths, tapirs and monkeys. • onca probably suffer high ecological pressure by S. populator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring patients receiving mechanical ventilation is a leading application of electrical impedance tomography. Electrical impedance tomography has been shown to be a viable imaging modality for bedside lung monitoring, which can provide visual information about regional ventilation and pulmonary perfusion. However, a significant challenge in its use for patients receiving mechanical ventilation is efficient and safe electrode placement. The purpose of this paper is to present results from a case study in which a novel electrode solution is being used in a larger study to image patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data was collected during a spontaneous breathing trial using the General Electric simultaneous multiple current source prototype electrical impedance tomography system, and 3-D conductivity difference images were computed using a linearization-based reconstruction algorithm. Regional lung volume estimates were computed from the images. The images show good agreement with the chest x-ray that showed suspected pleural fluid accumulation and atelectesis, and the dynamic global lung volume estimate was in good agreement with the volume range provided by the ventilator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]