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Detection of somatic mutation in whole-exome sequencing data can help elucidate the mechanism of tumor progression. Most computational approaches require exome sequencing for both tumor and normal samples. However, it is more common to sequence exomes for tumor samples only without the paired normal samples. To include these types of data for extensive studies on the process of tumorigenesis, it is necessary to develop an approach for identifying somatic mutations using tumor exome sequencing data only. In this study, we designed a machine learning approach using Deep Neural Network (DNN) and XGBoost to identify somatic mutations in tumor-only exome sequencing data and we integrated this into a pipeline called DNN-Boost. The XGBoost algorithm is used to extract the features from the results of variant callers and these features are then fed into the DNN model as input. The XGBoost algorithm resolves issues of missing values and overfitting. We evaluated our proposed model and compared its performance with other existing benchmark methods. We noted that the DNN-Boost classification model outperformed the benchmark method in classifying somatic mutations from paired tumor-normal exome data and tumor-only exome data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine and visualize lecturers' writings submitted to the Mataram State Islamic University's institutional repository during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used bibliometric analysis with the total number of publications was 166 documents in various types. The results indicated that journal articles accounted for 42.16 percent (n=70) of all publications and more than half (65.66%) of total publications were authored in Indonesian language. Additionally, it was discovered that the terms pendidikan (education) and pembelajaran (learning) were the two most frequent terms in all type of publications, appearing 10,714 and 9,834 times respectively. Furthermore, this study discovered that Abdul Wahid was the most prolific author, while Abdul Quddus was the most collaborative one. This research also found that the terms covid-19 and pendidikan (education) were the most frequently occurring words combined in a single document with at least three cooccurrences. This study was expected to encourage lecturers to have publications and deposited into the institutional repository. It will benefit both lecturers and university in national and international scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors previously proposed and experimentally investigated a new standalone desalination system that is composed of a parabolic trough collector put under conventional solar still. In this study, an unsteady theoretical model is developed using the energy balance equations for the main components of the system to investigate the effect of different parameters on the performance of the new solar still. The model is used for calculation of productivity, and the absorber, saline water, and the glass cover temperatures. Results obtained using the present model are compared with the experimental results and a good agreement is observed between them. Moreover, as the experimental study was limited to the winter period, to thoroughly understand the new system performance at different climates conditions, its performance in four seasons is considered. Results show that in Kerman weather conditions, on average the present solar still system produces 0.961 L of freshwater per day in summer which is 55% more than the yield in winter for the Fixed parabolic trough collector. For the parabolic trough collector with tracking systems, the system would produce 1.266 L per day in summer. • A thermal model is developed for a new standalone desalination system. • The new system is composed of a parabolic trough collector put under a solar still. • There is a very good agreement between the thermal model and experimental results. • Seasonal analysis of the new desalination system is presented. • The present solar still system produces 55% more freshwater in summer than in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ASEAN, despite its significant achievements and status as the most important international organization in the Southeast Asian region has constantly been met with criticisms, particularly in the role it played towards maintaining security in the region. This article seeks to examine the relationship between ASEAN (as an international organization) and member states; in terms of how they utilize the organization for collective security. It looks first at the evolving concept of security followed by an examination of the theoretical security framework in the context of "states" versus "institution". The article then looks at the ASEAN Way as a method utilized by its member states in managing their affairs as well as the relationship between ASEAN as an organization and its individual member states in the context of security community building. The article finds that despite its limitation as a regional organization, ASEAN and its member states exists under the condition of mutual interdependence when it comes to forging regional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solutions of unbundled and unbroken single-walled carbon nanotubes have been prepared using a reductive dissolution process. Transparent conductive films spray-coated from these solutions show a nearly twofold improvement in the ratio of electrical conductivity to optical absorptivity versus those deposited from conventional aqueous dispersions, due to substantial de-aggregation and sizable nanotube lengths. These transparent electrodes have been utilized to fabricate P3HT-PCBM organic solar cells achieving power conversion efficiencies up to 2.3%, comparable to those of solar cells using indium tin oxide transparent electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining has always played a significant role in the urbanisation of Zimbabwe. That Zimbabwe's most urbanised province has the highest concentration of mining settlements is no accident. Whereas mining initially gave impetus to urbanisation, economic growth and prosperity, its decline precipitated urban shrinkage and poverty. In the wake of the post-2000 crises, shrinking mining towns have become havens. This discussion unravels the nexus of mining, urbanisation, governance and poverty. Using the case of chromite and copper mining, the article examines how mining, initially a driver of urbanisation and prosperity, later became the catalyst for decline and impoverishment. It argues that the fate of mining towns cannot be explained without reference to the intersection of national governance, local conditions and globalisation. The article makes two central observations: mining settlements are an integral part of the urban hierarchy; and the resurgence of mining towns is more of a mutation than a revival. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Measurement of instantaneous air flow velocity with high frequency can be carried out by using a hot wire anemometer (HWA). HWA works on the basis of heat transfer rate from hot wire to the fluid flow, therefore directional identification of the air flow using hot wire anemometer is a difficult task. By using two parallel cylindrical hot film sensors a probe was built. By considering the wake and heat effect of the upstream sensor on the downstream sensor, direction of the air flow can be identified. In this work, the wake and heat effect resulting from the upstream sensor to the velocity measurement, by the downstream sensor was studied. This measured velocity is dependent of the following factors namely; air velocity, upstream sensor overheat ratio, distance between the two sensors and turbulence intensity of the flow. As a result it was found that the manufactured probe with sensor distance of 1mm apart is capable of measuring reverse flow measurements of up to 20m/s for a moderate turbulent flow. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the social sciences, not many theses have been as contentious as the underclass thesis. Nevertheless, whether as a heuristic device to study society or as a target of ideological or academic attack, the underclass thesis has been used a focus of attention by a wide spectrum of researchers, politicians and journalists. In post-industrial societies the debate on the existence, nature and causes of the underclass has been raging on for decades. There is a plethora of ideological, policy, ontological and methodological disputes around it. This discussion takes the underclass thesis to the streets of Harare in Zimbabwe. It explores the possibilities of the formation of an underclass among the inner-city youth of Harare. Using indicators developed by Roberts and other scholars, the paper suggests something different is happening among the inner-city youth. While not proclaiming the existence of an underclass, the paper traces the emergence of a distinct inner-city social group to both structural and cultural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duck eggshell contains very high calcium, making it a raw material for hydroxyapatite (HA) biomedical applications. The aim of this study was to synthesize natural HA from duck eggshell waste using cleaning, drying, smoothing with a smoothness level of passing is 200 meshes and heat treatment with temperature variations of 850 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C for one hour. The resulting HA material was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of the physical characteristics of raw duck eggshells without heat treatment are white, slightly bluish in color, the smell and level of smoothness is smooth. However, heated powdered duck eggshells which are heated 950 °C are whiter than the samples which are heated at 850 °C and 900 °C, they have no odor and their smoothness is the smoothest. The small peaks of HA from the non-heat duck eggshell powder were 64.89 % with a CaCO3 of 23.50 %, then the peak of CaO increased along with the increasing of heat treatment temperature of 900 °C that result HA in 69.31 % and reduce CaCO3 in 19.44 %. Duck egg shell powder achieved the highest diffraction with the increasing formation of HA at a heat 950 °C by 91.87 % with a very significant decrease of CaCO3 in 2.25 %. The XRF test results of duck eggshell powder showed that the chemical composition of CaO was 99.50 %, with elemental calcium (Ca) of 99.71 %. The FTIR test results on mesh 200 observed a reduction in the intensity of CaCO3 absorption, while the intensity of CaO at 364.55 cm-1 was getting stronger, which indicated the formation of CaO at 950 °C. This showed that the CaO formation at a temperature of 950 °C was much more than the formation at a lower temperature. The deformation from the CaO to HA phase was close to perfect with 91.87 % hydroxylapatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a novel cooling system of the inlet air for industrial applications in the hot climates using organic phase change material. This cooling system consists of an inductive fan, an underground heat exchanger including double pipe phase change material. A three-dimensional transient simulation was developed to predict cooling capacity (temperature drop) using the analytical solution method within the MATLAB open-source code software. A prototype of the system was designed, built and tested in laboratory conditions to validate the modeling results. The experimental setup shows an average temperature reduction of 6°C in the air-cooling system in nine working hours, which matches with the simulation results with a variance of less than 2%. Further simulations demonstrated that an industrial scale could reduce the average temperature of intake air to 10°C in 7 hours working. The offline analysis proved a significant energy conservation opportunity in power plants. This study showed that energy performance and power generation of an industrial-scale gas turbine can be improved by 1% and 1.2 MW, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the inlet air temperature causes a reduction in the air mass flow rate, and the efficiency and output power of a gas power plant will reduced. To compensate this power and efficiency decrease, different cooling systems can be applied to the inlet air flow. This paper introduces and analyzes different gas turbine cooling systems and studies their effect on the efficiency of Zanbagh power plant's G11 gas unit by extracting the governing equations regarding the characteristic curve and coding in the MATLAB software. In average, the simulation results show that reduction of 1 °C of inlet air temperature between 14 °C and 50 °C causes an efficiency and power output increase by 0.085% and 0.16 MW, respectively. The maximum cycle efficiency increase applied to cool the inlet air is around 2.7%, which can be achieved using the wet compression method. In addition, this method can reduce fuel consumption by 5% in comparison to a normal cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient air temperature increase, in a gas power plant, causes the intake air mass flow rate to be decreased and can have a significant reducing effect on output power and efficiency. To compensate for this reduction, at different climate conditions, various systems can be used to cool the inlet air. To predict the performance of a gas turbine at off-design conditions (by changing surrounding conditions and/or the air cooling method), modeling of the unit performance is required. Due to the high consumption of water and electricity in the conventional cooling systems, in this paper, in addition to introducing an off-design algorithm, governing equations of each cycle elements were inferenced by their characteristic curve. By developing code in MATLAB software, the effect of applying a novel convergent–divergent system on GE-F5 gas units in Yazd Zanbagh power plants was studied. The results show that in a temperature range between 14 and 50 °C, for each degree decrease in ambient air temperature, an approximately 8.99 kW increase in output power can be obtained. The main advantage of this system is the capability of its application in both dry and humid regions. In addition, the refrigerant medium is not required, which makes this system desirable to use in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive and low-temperature printing processes enable the integration of diverse electronic devices, both power-supplying and power-consuming, on flexible substrates at low cost. Production of a complete electronic system from these devices, however, often requires power electronics to convert between the various operating voltages of the devices. Passive components-inductors, capacitors, and resistors-perform functions such as filtering, short-term energy storage, and voltage measurement, which are vital in power electronics and many other applications. In this paper, we present screen-printed inductors, capacitors, resistors and an RLC circuit on flexible plastic substrates, and report on the design process for minimization of inductor series resistance that enables their use in power electronics. Printed inductors and resistors are then incorporated into a step-up voltage regulator circuit. Organic light-emitting diodes and a flexible lithium ion battery are fabricated and the voltage regulator is used to power the diodes from the battery, demonstrating the potential of printed passive components to replace conventional surface-mount components in a DC-DC converter application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work the efficiency of a solar parabolic trough has been investigated experimentally. An absorber filled with metal foam is used in order to improve the heat transfer and increase the efficiency of PTC (parabolic trough collector). The porosity of copper foam is 0.9 and the pore density is 30 PPI (pores per inch). The experiments were performed in different volume flow rates from 0.5 to 1.5 Lit/min and the standard of ASHRAE 93 was used to test the solar collector’s performance. Friction factor and Nu number have been investigated for both cases. It was found that by increasing the mass flow rate, the efficiency of the collector was enhanced and the same pattern can be seen when absorber filled with copper foam. When absorber filled with metal foam the overall loss coefficient U L decreases by 45% and it causes to increase efficiency because less energy is lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In a solar thermal LiBr absorption chiller, changing the absorber solution concentration from 55 % to 60%, the COP will decrease to 0.67. • The COP is affected by increasing the temperature, pressure and concentration. • At the point, that the fuel cost is lower than 0.07 $ m−3, the project implementation is cost-effective. • The implementation is highly-intensive to fuel price. Considering the subsidized and FOB price of gas equal to 0.04 $ m−3 and 0.16 $ m−3, the simple payback period would be 9 and 2 years, respectively. This research includes a thermodynamic analysis of a solar absorption chiller due to design temperatures and pressures. Integration of solar energy and absorption chiller in low capacities is done by: static relations (including point-to-point system behavior variations) ruling absorption chillers, calculating the amount of required heat for the generator of the chiller and how it is supplied with, coding and determining optimal chiller coefficient of performance (COP) in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, evaluating the affecting factors on the COP by system analysis method. According to the system analysis of a combined solar-chiller system, the best COP is determined to be 0.77; which is a technically acceptable amount in small-size chillers. Also, the computational model for the economic evaluation of energy and energy-saving from receiving solar heat by using a suitable collector shows a 9-year payback period (considering the subsidized price: 0.01$ (2,500 Rails) per cubic meter of natural gas) and a 2-year payback period (considering FOB price equals 0.16$ per cubic meter natural gas). Therefore, it is proven that the economic feasibility of integrating absorption chillers and solar energy is affected by the price of energy carriers in real or subsidiary form and the bank interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, convection-radiation heat transfer in solar air-heater filled with a porous medium is investigated. The effects of porous media shape parameter (s), Forchheimer number ( F ) and radiation parameter ( ζ ) on the collector efficiency are discussed. Approximate analytical solutions for the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and Nusselt number are obtained using perturbation method. The radiation heat transfer has been modeled using the Rosseland approximation method. A discussion on the accuracy and limiting cases of the solution is represented and a good agreement has been found between the analytical solutions and previous works. The results showed that by increasing the radiation parameter, the efficiency of the collector was improved. Also, the collector heat removal factor enhances when the porous media shape parameter increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of solvents for dissolving polymer dielectrics and organic semiconductors is necessary for the fabrication of solution-processed organic field effect transistors (OFETs). In addition to solubility and printability of a solvent, orthogonality is particularly important when forming multilayer structure from solutions. Currently, the process of finding orthogonal solvents is empirical, and based on trial-and-error experimental methods. In this paper, we present a methodology for identifying orthogonal solvents for solution-processed organic devices. We study the accuracy of Hildebrand and Hansen solubility theories for building solubility boundaries for organic semiconductor (Poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (PBTTT) and polymer dielectrics (Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Polystyrene (PS)). The Hansen solubility sphere for the organic semiconductor and polymer gate dielectrics are analyzed to identify solvents that dissolve PMMA and PS, but are orthogonal to PBTTT. Top gate/bottom contact PBTTT based OFETs are fabricated with PMMA gate dielectric processed with solvents that are orthogonal and non-orthogonal to PBTTT. The non-orthogonal solvents swell the semiconductor layer and increase their surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas pressure drops in city gate stations, in the natural gas distribution network, and bypassing through throttle valves. On the other hand, sudden gas pressure drop causes extreme temperature drop. To prevent natural gas from being hydrated in city gate stations, a water bath heater is used, leading to heating natural gas before the pressure reduction stage. The main consequence of this research is the consideration of the challenge of low thermal efficiency in water bath heaters and the high potential of flue gases, which leads to the preheating of the gas by heat loss recovery and consequently improving the energy performance of the whole system. In this study, a heat pipe heat exchanger was laboratory designed and constructed by using the ε-NTU method. The heat exchanger performs to recover partly the waste energy of flue gas emitted to the environment through heat pipes. This has been investigated in several experiments, based on conducted studies, measured data from a city gate station during a year, and also corresponding the experimental results with real conditions. In addition, to determine energy saving in fuel consumption, the city gate stations process was simulated in HYSYS software and evaluated according to gas temperature in new conditions. As major findings applying heat pipes reduces natural gas consumption by 510,132 SCM a year; it also annually prevents 756 tons of CO 2 from being emitted off a city gate station. • The challenge of low thermal efficiency in water bath heaters is considered. • A heat pipe heat exchanger was laboratory designed and constructed by using the ε-NTU method. • The heat exchanger performs to recover partly the waste energy of flue gas through heat pipes. • The results show that applying heat pipes reduces natural gas consumption by 510,132 SCM a year. • It also annually prevents 756 tons of CO 2 from being emitted off a city gate station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research study includes thermal energy performance analysis of a flat plate solar collector, in order to cover a sensitivity analysis about effective variables contributed to performance increasing approach. To obtain that, energy and momentum governing equations on a flat plate thermal collector were developed to achieve air output temperature and velocity profiles both in model and experiment. The model theory is validated withexperiments by a set of flat plate thermal collectors, those located in (35°44,35" N, 50°57,25,/ E) coordinates and then were applied to carry out experimental activities. Quantitative results depicted that the mean difference between predicted and measured output air temperature in natural and forced convection scenarii is 1.47 °C (3.5%) and 0.9 °C (1.5%), respectively; however earlier research works and studies mentioned in literature, include error percentages in the range of 4-10%. Another quantification about, the average error percentages of estimated amounts of output air velocity profile values in natural and forced convection scenarii is 9% and 4%, respectively. This issue realizes the developed model in forced convection scenario more accurate than natural convection scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a model-free scheme that is capable of identifying topology changes in distribution networks using data from distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMUs). To do so, we use algebraic tools of behavioral system theory to develop easy-to-implement algorithms. The intrinsic difficulties associated with D-PMU measurements and their proposed solution are discussed as an additional challenge for the implementation of the proposed algorithms. Experimental results using real D-PMUs and laboratory real-time hardware are provided as a proof of concept using a standard IEEE-test node feeder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct radiative heating using an infrared (IR) source is experimentally investigated in the production of biodiesel from waste edible oil using CaO and self-synthetized CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 as heterogeneous solid catalysts. The nano-sized CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 particles show 30 % lower specific energy (i.e. the required energy to produce 1-L biodiesel) than that of CaO for the case of radiative (IR) heating. Meanwhile, comparing the radiative and conventional heating methods shows that the specific energy and the reaction time are reduced by 75 % and up to 50 %. However, the specific cost (i.e. the cost required to produce 1-L biodiesel) corresponding to CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 is higher than that of CaO by 36–56 %. The strong magnetic characteristic of CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 makes the separation process easy and has a good potential for recycling purposes. Overall, CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 under radiative heating showed the advantages of having a high yield efficiency, shorter reaction time, low specific energy, and ease of separation which make it a good candidate for large-scale productions, while the specific cost and cyclic performance are the present challenges and still require further studies. • CaO and self-synthetized nano CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 are used as heterogeneous catalysts. • Black-colored nano CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 shows a ∼30 % lower specific energy compared to CaO. • Radiative heating requires a 70 % lower specific reaction energy. • The specific cost corresponding to CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 is higher than that of CaO by ∼40 %. • Because of the magnetic effect, the nano CaO/CoFe 2 O 4 can easily be recycled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a model-free scheme that is capable of identifying topology changes in distribution networks using data from distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMUs). To do so, we use algebraic tools of behavioral system theory to develop easy-to-implement algorithms. The intrinsic difficulties associated with D-PMU measurements and their proposed solution are discussed as an additional challenge for the implementation of the proposed algorithms. Experimental results using real D-PMUs and laboratory real-time hardware are provided as a proof of concept using a standard IEEE-test node feeder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fuel utilization (U F ) of a PEMFC have been investigated within transfer phenomenon approach. Description of the U F and fuel consumption measurement is the main factor to obtain the U F . The differences between the experimental study and theoretical calculations results in the previous research articles reveal the available theoretical equations should be studied more based on the fundamental affairs of the U F . Hence, there is a substantial issue that the U F description satisfies the principles, and then it can be validated by the experimental results. The results of this study indicate that the U F and power grew by 1.1% and 1%, respectively, based on one degree increased temperature. In addition, for every 1 kPa pressure increment, U F improved considerably by 0.25% and 0.173% in the 40 °C and 80 °C, respectively. Furthermore, in the constant temperature, the power improved by 22% based on one atmospheric growth of the pressure. Results of this research show that the U F has a differential nature, therefore differential equations will be employed to do an accurate theoretical calculation. Accordingly, it seems that the main defect of the theoretical calculation depends on Nernst equation that can be modified by a differential nature coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study of the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in COVID-19 patients in 2020. Topics discussed include the CPAP treatment received by majority of patients to avoid intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), in-hospital mortality rate in the trial to avoid IMV group and in the ceiling of treatment group, and development of pneumothorax in one patient due to CPAP.

Thermal conductivity of α-AlO was measured using hot wire method. α-AlO (20 nm in size) was synthesized by microwave method for which, the results were compared with commercially available γ-AlO. Thermal conductivity of nanofluids was investigated considering, it is dependency on AlO phase. It was observed that by adding 3 wt% of nano γ-AlO and α-AlO to the engine oil, thermal conductivity increases by 37 and 31%, respectively. The corresponding viscosity increase for the same amount of nano γ-AlO and α-AlO were 36 and 38%, respectively. It was concluded that the differences in thermal conductivity originate from higher specific surface area of γ-AlO compared to the α-AlO which is the result of porosity difference, obtained during the synthesis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the this study were to assess the influence of CYP3A5 genotype and sex on the variability in total CYP3A activity and to compare 4β-hydroxycholesterol and omeprazole sulfoxidation as phenotypic markers for CYP3A activity in Ethiopians. Healthy subjects (n=150) were genotyped for CYP3A5*3, *6 and *7 using allele-specific PCR and Taqman genotyping assays. Plasma levels of 4β-hydroxycholesterol, 3 h post-dose omeprazole and omeprazole sulfone, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The frequency of CYP3A5*1, *3, *6 and *7 was 20.5, 67.3, 12.2 and 0%, respectively. The mean plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol level was 35.4 ng ml−1. The mean 4β-hydroxycholesterol level (P=0.0001) and the 4β-hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol ratio (P=0.004) were higher in women than in men. CYP3A5 genotype significantly correlated with the plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol concentration (P=0.003) and 4β-hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol ratio (P=0.0002). The omeprazole/omeprazole sulfone ratio was significantly correlated with 4β-hydroxycholesterol and 4β-hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol ratio in CYP3A5*0/*0 genotypes but not in individuals carrying the CYP3A5*1 allele. No correlation of omeprazole/omeprazole sulfone ratio with sex or CYP3A5 genotype was observed. A clear gene-dose effect implies plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol level as a useful endogenous biomarker for total CYP3A activity (CYP3A5 plus CYP3A4) whereas the omeprazole/omeprazole sulfone ratio reflects mainly CYP3A4 activity. Sex and CYP3A5 genotype influence total CYP3A activity. Ethiopians display high total CYP3A activity and a unique distribution of CYP3A5 variant alleles not described hitherto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]