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Escalations in economic development and the concomitant upsurge in social globalization (SG) in the largest economies have enhanced the utilization of fossil fuels, which in turn has stimulated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Given that reducing global warming is one of the essential means to disrupt climate change and attain sustainable development, this study examines the interlinkages between SG, energy transition (ENTR), international tourism (ITU), and CO2 emissions. As environmental issues are widespread in the largest economies, this investigation analyzed the data from the 10 largest economies using the Method of Moments Quantiles Regression (MM‐QR) from 1995 to 2020. The study found that ENTR plays a significant role in decreasing emissions and promoting environmental sustainability. Alongside this, increasing social globalization also curbs CO2 emissions and facilitates environmental sustainability. Apart from this, the findings demonstrate a progressively increasing contribution of ITU and economic growth to enhancing environmental degradation. Furthermore, results indicated that carbon emissions are not influenced by reductions in political risks in the member nations. Finally, policies to support environmental sustainability are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of natural resources (NRR) is often regarded as a double‐edged sword, with the potential to promote or hinder sustainable development. Nevertheless, it is imperative to effectively manage the resources to ensure their sustainability and minimize their detrimental economic and environmental effects. Environmental regulations of nations and a structural shift towards more advanced and knowledge‐intensive modes of production can substantially contribute to this objective. Using a holistic index of sustainable development, this study aims to explore the interplay between NRR, economic complexity (ECI), environmental regulations, economic globalization, and sustainable development in 25 European Union (EU) countries from 1995 to 2019. The empirical results from the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM‐QR) reveal a negative relationship between NRR and sustainable development, supporting the hypothesis of the resource curse. Conversely, the study demonstrates that ECI and environmental regulations drive sustainable development. Furthermore, economic globalization is found to have a detrimental effect on sustainable development. Finally, panel causality results revealed causal links from NRR, ECI, and environmental regulations to sustainable development. Meanwhile, ECI and environmental regulations have a causal impact on NRR. Our key findings lead towards the manifestation and emphasis of the importance of appropriate policies for the sustainable utilization of NRR and, concurrently, underscore the significance of environmental regulations and ECI in the pursuit of sustainable development in EU countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research employs new boosting-based ensemble machine learning models i.e., gradient boosting (GB) and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of geopolymer stabilized clayey soil. The GB and AdaBoost models were developed and validated using 270 clayey soil samples stabilized with geopolymer, with ground-granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash as source materials and sodium hydroxide solution as alkali activator. The database was randomly divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) sets for model development and validation. Several performance metrics, including coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean squared error (MSE), were utilized to assess the accuracy and reliability of the developed models. The statistical results of this research showed that the GB and AdaBoost are reliable models based on the obtained values of R2 (= 0.980, 0.975), MAE (= 0.585, 0.655), RMSE (= 0.969, 1.088), and MSE (= 0.940, 1.185) for the testing dataset, respectively compared to the widely used artificial neural network, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, multivariable regression, and multi-gen genetic programming based models. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis result shows that ground-granulated blast-furnace slag content was the key parameter affecting the UCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The California bearing ratio (CBR) is one of the basic subgrade strength characterization properties in road pavement design for evaluating the bearing capacity of pavement subgrade materials. In this research, a new model based on the Gaussian process regression (GPR) computing technique was trained and developed to predict CBR value of hydrated lime-activated rice husk ash (HARHA) treated soil. An experimental database containing 121 data points have been used. The dataset contains input parameters namely HARHA—a hybrid geometrical binder, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, optimum moisture content, activity and maximum dry density while the output parameter for the model is CBR. The performance of the GPR model is assessed using statistical parameters, including the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE), and performance indicator (ρ). The obtained results through GPR model yield higher accuracy as compare to recently establish artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) models in the literature. The analysis of the R2 together with MAE, RMSE, RRMSE, and ρ values for the CBR demonstrates that the GPR achieved a better prediction performance in training phase with (R2 = 0.9999, MAE = 0.0920, RMSE = 0.13907, RRMSE = 0.0078 and ρ = 0.00391) succeeded by the ANN model with (R2 = 0.9998, MAE = 0.0962, RMSE = 4.98, RRMSE = 0.20, and ρ = 0.100) and GEP model with (R2 = 0.9972, MAE = 0.5, RMSE = 4.94, RRMSE = 0.202, and ρ = 0.101). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis result shows that HARHA was the key parameter affecting the CBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The California bearing ratio (CBR) is one of the basic subgrade strength characterization properties in road pavement design for evaluating the bearing capacity of pavement subgrade materials. In this research, a new model based on the Gaussian process regression (GPR) computing technique was trained and developed to predict CBR value of hydrated lime-activated rice husk ash (HARHA) treated soil. An experimental database containing 121 data points have been used. The dataset contains input parameters namely HARHA—a hybrid geometrical binder, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, optimum moisture content, activity and maximum dry density while the output parameter for the model is CBR. The performance of the GPR model is assessed using statistical parameters, including the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE), and performance indicator (ρ). The obtained results through GPR model yield higher accuracy as compare to recently establish artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) models in the literature. The analysis of the R2 together with MAE, RMSE, RRMSE, and ρ values for the CBR demonstrates that the GPR achieved a better prediction performance in training phase with (R2 = 0.9999, MAE = 0.0920, RMSE = 0.13907, RRMSE = 0.0078 and ρ = 0.00391) succeeded by the ANN model with (R2 = 0.9998, MAE = 0.0962, RMSE = 4.98, RRMSE = 0.20, and ρ = 0.100) and GEP model with (R2 = 0.9972, MAE = 0.5, RMSE = 4.94, RRMSE = 0.202, and ρ = 0.101). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis result shows that HARHA was the key parameter affecting the CBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the current research work was to fabricate polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels for the controlled delivery of Ketorolac. Polyethylene glycol was chemically cross-linked with acrylic acid using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as a cross-linker with ammonium persulfate and sodium metabisulphite as initiators. To determine the efficiency of the synthesized system, it was subjected to various structural characterization, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, Thermogravimetric analysis, and Scanning electron microscopy. All the results obtained from structural characterizations confirmed a well-cross-linked, thermally stable, and a porous system. Swelling and in-vitro release studies performed in pH 1.2 and 7.4 showed pH responsiveness as more swelling and drug release were observed in pH 7.4 as compared to pH 1.2. The drug release was considered as non-Fickian transport from kinetic modeling and partially controlled by the viscoelastic relaxation of hydrogel. Sol-gel fraction depicted that gel content was increased as the concentrations of the polymer, monomer, and cross linker were increased. Similarly, the results obtained from stability studies confirmed a stable synthesized system. Moreover, statistical analysis was also employed for a better comparison of the swelling and in-vitro results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human well-being is the top priority of all nations in the twenty-first century. However, depletion of natural resources and financial risk can negatively impact human well-being, which in turn can make it difficult to realize human well-being. Also, green innovation and economic globalization may play a significant role in human well-being. In this context, this study assesses the impacts of natural resources, financial risk, green innovation, and economic globalization on human well-being in emerging countries from 1990 to 2018. The empirical results from the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimator unveiled that natural resources and financial risk negatively affect the human well-being of emerging nations. Furthermore, the results show that green innovation and economic globalization positively contribute to human well-being. These findings are also verified using alternative methods. In addition, natural resources, financial risk, and economic globalization Granger cause human well-being but not the other way round. Furthermore, bidirectional causality exists between green innovation and human well-being. Considering these novel findings, sustainable utilization of natural resources and controlling financial risk are necessary strategies for realizing human well-being. More resources should be allocated for green innovation, and government should encourage economic globalization to attain sustainable development in emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present study aims to examine the information needs and information-seeking behavior of Dengue-affected and non-affected people by exploring their information needs, resources used, and obstacles encountered. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 100 Dengue patients and 200 non-patients. The collected data were analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that a majority of the respondents had information needs regarding nutritional options, best approaches to treatment, and expected benefits of treatment. They mostly sought information to keep themselves up-to-date and to prevent the disease. Television, Internet search engines, and social media outlets were frequently used information sources along with information-seeking from family and friends. Respondents with higher academic qualifications reported comparatively higher Dengue-related information needs. Moreover, age was a positive predictor of both their information needs and frequency of using health information sources. The findings will be helpful for healthcare providers to tailor Dengue awareness campaigns and prevention strategies according to the public needs and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Understanding mechanical characteristics of pH-responsive PEG 4000-based polymeric network for colorectal carcinoma: its acute oral toxicity study" has been retracted by the Editors-in-Chief of Polymer Bulletin. Concerns were raised about similarities between certain images in the article and images from a different source. As a result, the Editors-in-Chief no longer have confidence in the data presented. One of the authors, Kashif Barkat, disagrees with the retraction, while the other authors have not responded to correspondence regarding the retraction. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral in this matter. [Extracted from the article]

Total hip and knee arthroplasties are two of the most quality of life enhancing orthopedic procedures performed. Enhanced recovery (ER) programs have been implemented in orthopedic surgery and have helped optimize preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative factors to reduce the physiological and psychological stress of surgery. The American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] classification system is now the most widely collected system for measuring physical health status by hip and knee arthroplasty registries worldwide. The aim of the study is to determine whether the ASA score is a predictive of length of hospital stay in patients undergoing hip and knee surgeries in elective setting. Retrospective data is collected from a consecutive series of 441 charts and Irish National Orthopedics Register (INOR) for patients who underwent elective primary hip & knee replacements from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 in Our Lady's Hospital, Navan. All these patients were assigned either ASA Class 2 or 3 in preoperative assessment. Total 441 patients were included. Patients with ASA 2 (319 patients of the total patient for the same period), average length of hospital stay was 4.8 ± 1.2 days, whereas for patients with ASA 3 (122 patients of the total), length of hospital stay was 6.5 ± 2.3 with mean difference between two groups was 1.7 days (95% confidence interval of this difference). Patients with ASA 2 stayed shorter in the hospital compared to patients with ASA 3. Therefore, we recommend that pre-operative patients' optimization to downgrade a patient from an ASA 3 to ASA 2, but prospective analysis would be beneficial to examine the resource implications of such an initiative as well as patient outcomes with longer term follow up. • Enhanced recovery programs have been implemented in orthopedic surgery. • The ASA is used for measuring health status by arthroplasty registries worldwide. • Patients with ASA 2 have shorter hospital stay compared to ASA 3. • Preoperative Optimization is recommended in arthroplasty patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability is a basic requirement of household and industrial products. The engineers have to make sure that a particular product will perform effectively within the specific lifetime. In a way, the constituent components should be reliable so that the product as a whole perform effectively. Statistical tools to be used in order to model the life-length of the product as a whole based on the information of the performance of components for a particular product. These components may be assembled in series, parallel and series-parallel system. In this article, we develop distribution for each system using Pareto-Rayleigh distribution (PRD): distribution for series system, distribution for parallel system and distribution for series-parallel system from PRD. Various reliability measures as reliability function, hazard function, reversed hazard rata function, cumulative hazard rate function and mean residual functions have been derived for series system, parallel system and series-parallel system from PRD. The moments, mode, median, skewness, kurtosis, quantiles function, Shannon entropy and Renyi entropy have been developed for each system distribution from PRD. The graphical shapes have been shown for each system distribution from PRD and can be seen that distributions for each system are positively skewed which is applicable to measure lifetime of components. For specific values of parameter and life-length, the hazard rates have been discussed. Simulation study have carried out to check the performance of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance value (R-value) is one of the basic subgrade stiffness characterizations that express a material's resistance to deformation. In this paper, artificial intelligence (AI)-based models—especially M5P, support vector machine (SVM), and Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithms—are built for R-value evaluation that meets the high precision and rapidity requirements in highway engineering. The dataset of this study comprises seven parameters: hydrated lime-activated rice husk ash, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density. The available data are divided into three parts: training set (70%), test set (15%), and validation set (15%). The output (i.e., R-value) of the developed models is evaluated using the performance measures coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), relative squared error (RSE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), performance indicator (ρ), and visual framework (Taylor diagram). GPR is concluded to be the best performing model (R2, MAE, RSE, RMSE, RRMSE, and ρ equal to 0.9996, 0.0258, 0.0032, 0.0012, 0.0012, and 0.0006, respectively, in the validation phase), very closely followed by SVM, and M5P. The application used for the aforementioned approaches for predicting the R-value is also compared with the recently developed artificial neural network model in the literature. The analysis of performance measures for the R-value dataset demonstrates that all the AI-based models achieved comparatively better and reliable results and thus should be encouraged in further research. Sensitivity analysis suggests that all the input parameters have a significant influence on the output, with maximum dry density being the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

pH-responsive hydrogels gained remarkable attention for an effective controlled delivery of therapeutic agent for biomedical applications. The purpose of present study was to develop novel pluronic-co-poly (MAA) hydrogels for pH-sensitive controlled release of Tolterodine tartrate. Free radical polymerization of pluronic F127 and methacrylic acid was accomplished in the presence of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and benzoyl peroxide for controlled release of Tolterodine tartrate by formulating and evaluating chemically cross-linked pluronic-co-poly (MAA) hydrogels. Different proportions of pluronic F127, methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were blended to fabricate pH-responsive hydrogels. Effects of pH and concentration of polymer, monomer and crosslinker were evaluated on degree of grafting. Fabricated hydrogels were characterized for compatibility of drug and excipients by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis, thermal analysis by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric analysis, surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and sol-gel fraction analysis. Acute toxicity studies on animal model were carried out. Present study concludes that Pluronic-co-poly (MAA) hydrogels are definitely an effective and promising approach for controlled drug delivery of Tolterodine tartrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report nanogels comprising diverse feed ratio of polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), monomer acrylic acid (AA), and cross-linker methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) fabricated for transdermal delivery of finasteride (FIN). Free radical solution polymerization method with subsequent condensation was employed for the synthesis using ammonium per sulfate (APS) and sodium hydrogen sulfite (SHS) as initiators. Carbopol-940 gel (CG) was formulated as assisting platform to deliver FIN nanogels transdermally. Developed formulations were evaluated by several in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo parameters such as particle size and charge distribution analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractogram (XRD), rheological testing, in vitro swelling and drug release, and ex vivo skin permeation, irritation, and toxicity assessment. The results endorsed the nanogel formation (117.3 ± 29.113 nm), and the impact of synthesizing method was signified by high yield of nanogels (≈91%). Efficient response for in vitro swelling and FIN release was revealed at pH 5.5 and 7.4. Skin irritation and toxicity assessment ensured the biocompatibility of prepared nanocomposites. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the developed nanogels were stable with excellent drug permeation profile across skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By preserving and narrating hadīth, a chain of narrators was started to maintain its authenticity. When the experts of hadīth realized that some unreliable transmitters might try to fabricate Hadīth, this work started more systematically. Even the chain gradually attained such importance that every Muhaddīth was concerned much about it. In the second century of Hijra, when the teaching and learning of hadīth became the standard of rnonoh and great respect, some people devoted their lives to this work. They travelled to many countries of ertworld and obtained knowledge of Hadīth from prominent scholars of their time. Experts of Asmā-ul-Rijāl awarded them the certificate of holding the highest position of trust and credibility. The chains having such trustworthy transmitters are considered to be of higher rank than others. Among such traditions, there is also one "Mālik-an-Nāfi'-an-Ibn-e-Umar". Due to the reliability of its narrators, Imām Bukhāri and many other Muhaddithīn considered it a "golden chain". When some of the Orientalists started raising objections to the Prophetic Hadīth, they criticized the narrators of the Hadīth as well. Especially on the narrators who were declared trustworthy and reliable by Muslim scholars. For this, they especially criticized Abū Huraira from among the companions and Imām Zuhri among the Successors. The chain of hadīth, (Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn e Umar) “golden chain” was also seriously criticized by Joseph Schacht and Juynboll etc. In this article, a comparative study of the viewpoints of the Muhaddithīn and the Orientalists regarding the chain “Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn raah” is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the current research work was to synthesize gelatin based hydrogels for the controlled release of salbutamol sulphate. Free radical polymerization technique was used for the synthesis of hydrogels. Gelatin was cross-linked chemically with monomer methacrylic acid using methylene bisacrylamide as cross-linker while ammonium persulphate and sodium metabisulphite were used as initiators. All the formulations were evaluated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermo gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Swelling properties of formulated hydrogels were also evaluated in both pH 7.4 and 1.2. For drug release study, USP peddle method was used and release study was carried out in both pH 7.4 and 1.2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that drug salbutamol sulphate is compatible with the formulated system. Moreover, thermal stability was also confirmed by TG/DSC studies providing the fact that thermal stability of the formulated hydrogels is high as compared to individual content. Sol–gel fraction confirmed that gel content increased as the concentrations of the polymer, monomer and cross-inker were increased. All formulations showed profound gel fraction. Similarly, pH dependent swelling was observed, experiencing higher swelling at higher pH as compared to lower pH. Toxicity study was also conducted which endorsed the safety of the hydrogels as no toxic effect was observed on vital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to develop and validate a new, rapid, sensitive, simple, accurate and reproducible HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate. Simultaneous HPLC method was developed using RP-C18 stainless steel analytical column 4.6×150 mm C18.Acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH 4 (30 : 70) were used as mobile phase and wavelength was adjusted to 276 nm for detection of drugs. Developed method was validated for its specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity and robustness. Method was also applied to quantify drugs in commercial tablets. Chromatogram obtained by newly developed method for simultaneous determination of two anti-asthmatic drugs, having well distinguished peaks for both drugs. Retention time of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate were 2.69 minutes and 9.47 minutes respectively. Total run time for both anti-asthmatic drugs was 12 minutes. Limit of quantification for ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate was 1 ng/ml and 1.50 ng/ml respectively. Limit of detection of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate was 3.03 and 4.54 respectively. A simple, easy, precise and new method was developed for simultaneous quantification of frequently used anti-asthmatic drugs. Developed method may prove effective and beneficial in determination of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate in bulk and other pharmaceutical dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an intensive performance assessment of 36 sewage treatment plants (STPs) is carried out. The STPs were based on the process technologies: moving-bed bioreactor (MBBR), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), waste stabilization pond (WSP), and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) with posttreatment technologies of extended aeration (EA), surface aeration, and polishing ponds, with treatment capacities of 3 to 40 million L per day. The pollutant removal performance of the STPs was ranked using the gray relational analysis method, which revealed that the SBR systems ranked higher, followed by UASB with EA, whereas MBBRs, UASB with other posttreatment options, and WSP performed satisfactorily to poor. Further, the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process followed by preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation method evaluated the major wastewater treatment technologies using three sustainability criteria: environmental, economic, and technical aspects. The MCDM method evaluation revealed that the UASB + EA method, with its lower greenhouse gas emissions, energy requirement, sludge generation, and energy and resource recovery characteristics, outranked other treatment technologies, followed by SBR. The MCDM results were later confirmed using geometrical analysis for the interactive aid method. Hence, this study summarizes that the anaerobic process followed by microaerobic technologies still possesses the capability to achieve stringent disposal standards almost equivalent to intensive aerobic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prepare glutaraldehyde-based cross-linked medium molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), to overcome dosing frequency as well as reducing acute oral toxicity and poor bioavailability of the drug. Medium molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles (MMWCHNPs) were prepared by reverse micelles method based on glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking and optimized by the process as well as formulation variables like a various drug to polymer ratio, cross-linker volumes, varying stirring speeds (rpm), different time of rotation/stirring, respectively and their effects on the mean particles size distribution and entrapment efficiency %EE and %LC of NPs. Characterization of formulations was done by FTIR studies, TEM, PXRD, TGA, Stability, and dissolution drug release studies were performed by dialysis bag technique at both pH (1.2 & 7.4) and acute oral toxicity studies in albino rabbits. The formulated nanoparticles showed a smooth morphology with smaller particle size distribution (230-550 nm), zeta potential (-15 to -18 mV) required to achieve enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR), entrapment efficiency (%EE 12-59%). These NPs exhibited a controlled drug release profile with 84.36% of the drug over a period of 24 h. Drug release data were fitted to different kinetic models which predominantly followed Fickian diffusion mechanism (R² = 0.972-0.976, N=0.326-0.256). The optimized formulation (5-FU6) was observed under DSC/TGA, TEM. PXRD curves, FTIR, which confirmed thermal stability, structural integrity, amorphous state, compatibility between drug and polymer of optimized (5-FU6) as well as reduced acute oral toxicity in albino rabbits. Cross-linked medium molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles are nontoxic, well-tolerated therefore could be the future candidate for therapeutic effects as novel drug delivery carrier for anticancer drug(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, series of pH-responsive hydrogels (FMA1-FMA9) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential carrier for oral delivery of an antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV). Different proportions of b-cyclodextrin (b-CD), chitosan (CS), methacrylic acid (MAA) and N0 N0-methylenebis-acrylamide (MBA) were used to fabricate hydrogels via free radical polymerization technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed fabrication of new polymeric network, with successful incorporation of ACV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated presence of slightly porous structure. Thermal analysis indicated enhanced thermal stability of polymeric network. Swelling studies were carried out at 37 °C in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The drug release data was found best fit to zeroorder kinetics. The preliminary investigation of developed hydrogels showed a pH-dependent swelling behavior and drug release pattern. Acute oral toxicity study indicated no significant changes in behavioral, clinical, or histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetic study indicated that developed hydrogels caused a significant increase in oral bioavailability of ACV in rabbit plasma as compared to oral suspension when both were administered at a single oral dose of 20mg kg-1 bodyweight. Hence, developed hydrogel formulation could be used as potential candidate for controlled drug delivery of an antiviral drug acyclovir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly permeable asphalt mixtures are prone to moisture damage leading to reduction in pavement service life. This study correlates dense-graded asphalt mixture's air voids with its permeability. As permeability initiates due to significant interconnectivity of air voids, the relation between total air voids (TAVs) and connected air voids (CAVs) requires a critical review. Permeability of laboratory-compacted asphalt specimens was measured in the laboratory using four different permeameters. Conventional and Baily methods were utilized to develop aggregate gradations for asphalt mixtures. Different testing techniques were also used to ascertain the amount of CAVs, as aggregate gradation affects the airvoids significantly. An equation, based upon Darcy's law, while assuming equilibrium of inflow/outflow of water to and from asphalt sample was proposed to determine the CAVs in the asphalt mix. The digital images of asphalt specimens were captured, and digital computed tomography (CT) technique was employed using ImageJ software for validation of the CAVs estimated from the relationship. It was observed that air voids, especially CAVs, and type of aggregate gradation have significant effects on permeability of asphalt mixture. The Baily modified mixes exhibited lower permeability. The permeability also increased with an increase in nominal maximum aggregate size. The interconnected pores, determined with the help of digital CT technique, validate the values of air voids estimated from the proposed relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study aimed to develop and evaluate interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) nanogels for transdermal delivery of ondansetron (OND) using combination of natural and synthetic polymers. Owing to their small size and biocompatible profile, nanogels have great potential as carriers for transdermal delivery that aids in penetration of drugs through layers of skin into blood stream. IPN nanogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization technique. Effective response for swelling and drug release were quantified at pH 5.5 and 7.4 simulating skin and blood. Overall results were satisfactory concluding that prepared IPN-nanogels were stable with excellent drug permeation profile across skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objective of this study is to fabricate a very promising system by loading anticancer agent in it which could be given to the cancer patients by oral administration and additionally that will liberate drugs in large intestine (affected/cancerous area). Minimum or no exposure of chemotherapeutic agents to gastric/small intestine will significantly eliminate the problem of adverse drug reactions. Cancer patients are facing severe problem of side/adverse effects due to intravenous colorectal carcinoma chemotherapy. So, an oral drug delivery system is designed to substitute the intravenous drug therapy. This study reports the synthesis of hybrid polymeric polyethylene glycol hydrogels (PEGA 4000) based on acrylic acid (AA), ammonium peroxodisulfate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) by solution polymerization method. PEGA 4000 hydrogels were used for colon targeting of hydrophilic anti-carcinoma drug (oxaliplatin). Development of new structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface morphology of developed hydrogel slabs was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal gravimetric analysis of hydrogels revealed that there was an increase in thermal stability of PEGA 4000 hydrogels. Swelling study was performed in acidic and basic pH medium provided important information on drug release characteristics of hydrogels. The release of oxaliplatin (OXP) was significantly retarded at pH 1.2, while rapid release was observed at pH 7.4. The release rate of OXP increased with increasing concentration of PEG 4000 and AA. However, extent of drug release was significantly reduced on increasing concentration of EGDMA. Mechanism of release has been evaluated by applying various mathematical kinetic models. The tensile mechanical strength and elongation at break were also observed on different formulations based on various ratios of reaction contents. The consequents of our study suggest that fabricated PEGA 4000 hydrogels could serve as suitable target release delivery system and toxicity study endorsed biocompatibility of hydrogels to biological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the predictors associated with mortality within 8 weeks in patients undergoing endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate treatment. Study Design: Prospective comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore Pakistan, from Mar 2018 to Mar 2019. Methodology: A total of 106 patients of gastric variceal bleed were enrolled in the study. Tissue glue was injected into the varix endoscopically and mortality within 8 weeks after endoscopic intervention was noted. Results: Among the enrolled patients, 65 (61.3%) were male and 41(38.7%) were female. Mortality was noted in 19 (17.9%) patients within 8 weeks after endoscopic therapy. Chi-square analysis showed creatinine >1.5, Child Pugh score >9, MELD score >18, re-bleeding within 7 days, low blood pressure <90/60 at presentation and hepatic encephalopathy as significant predictors of mortality (p<0.005). Conclusion: Cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopic injection of gastric varix with N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate after gastric variceal bleed have high risk of death within 8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aḥadīth of the Prophet are second only to the Qur‟ān in the source of Islam. The Qur‟ān and Sunnah are considered by most scholars the two most basic sources of Islamic jurisprudence. When the Orientalists started their research on Islamic sciences, they also paid special attention to these two main branches. Since the Qur‟ān is the word of Allah Almighty, he has taken direct responsibility for its protection. In contrast to this whole miracle book, the Arabs who were so proud to have their language that they called themselves Arabs and those who spoke all other languages Ajam, ie dumb, could not stand it. When Western scholars started re- examining Islamic Sciences, they also raised objections to the Qur‟ān from different angles. But they could not achieve their goal because of its miraculous structure. So, a group chose the field of Aḥadīth of the Prophet. Most Western scholars seem to agree on the principles by which Muslim scholars working on the science of Ḥadīth have judged the authenticity and weakness of Aḥadīth that these principles are not logical and scientific. Therefore, traditions based on them cannot be checked. Then they began to examine these traditions based on some self-made principles. The different positions they took in researching Ḥadīth are discussed in this research article on their gradual evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to formulate 5-fluorouracil loaded cross linked chitosan nanoparticles based on chemical cross-linking of low molecular weight chitosan with glutaraldehyde by reverse micelles technique as 5-FU is less hydrophobic, relatively potent, has a shorter half-life, is rapidly metabolized, less tolerated, and has low oral bioavailability; therefore, we aimed to formulate potential nanocarriers of 5-FU for efficient drug delivery to specific targeted areas of action, reduce oral toxicity, improve tolerability and therapeutic outcomes of 5-FU, in a restricted fashion to enhance the bioavailability of 5-FU. Nanoparticles were formulated by the reverse micelle method based on the chemical cross-linking of glutaraldehyde (25% aqueous solution) into a w/o emulsion in different ratios. LMWCH-NPs were characterized for post-formulation parameters by mean particle size, zeta potential, %age yield, loading/entrapment efficiency, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), DSC/TGA, TEM, PXRD, drug release at pH 1.2, and pH 7.4. 5-FU loaded NPs showed a size range (198 nm-200 nm) and zeta potential (–39mV to –41mV), which ensured mechanical stability and increased retention time in blood vessels by the sustained release properties of biodegradable nanocarrier drug delivery systems. % age yield showed the range 92% to 96% while % LC ranged 2.0% to 3.4% and %EE ranged 40% to 43%. The TEM images showed spherical nanoparticles. FTIR revealed the compatibility between the drug and the cross-linked polymer. DSC/TGA ensured the thermal stability of the drug, while the solid-state stability of the drug-loaded cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Drug release studies were performed using the dialysis bag technique at both pH (1.2 and 7.4) to mimic the gastrointestinal tract. Highly stable NPs displayed targeted release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37°C. Fickian diffusion was the predominant release with an R2 value of 0.9975-0.9973—and an N value 0.45-0.53. Prepared nanoparticles are inert, biodegradable, and biocompatible drug delivery systems for sustained release of 5-FU with maximum therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of chondroitin sulfate, acrylic acid and ammonium peroxodisulfate in formulation of a novel biodegradable and pH-sensitive hydrogel for targeted delivery of an anticancer drug oxaliplatin. The synthesized hydrogel was characterized by FTIR, thermal analysis and SEM. FTIR indicated efficient grafting. Thermogravimetric analysis depicted thermodynamically stable behavior. SEM of developed hydrogels revealed rough surface. pH-sensitivity was confirmed through swelling dynamics and drug release behavior at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4. Acute oral toxicity study indicated no mortality or any signs of acute toxicity during the whole observation period. Hence, the designed polymeric network could be considered safe and is potential candidate for colon targeting of oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-crystallization is one of the methods to enhance the solubility of hydrophobic drugs that belong to BCS class II. Preparation and characterization of atorvastatin calcium co-crystals by liquid-assisted grinding method using citric acid and nicotinamide as co-formers for solubility enhancement were the objective of the current research. All the prepared formulations were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta size analysis, dissolution and solubility studies. Solubility studies were performed in distilled water, pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. PXRD revealed the structural nature of the co-crystals formulations. FTIR, TGA and DSC confirmed the complex formation and have better thermal stability than individual components. SEM images exhibited the prism-like crystals with irregular and rough surfaces. Zeta size analysis showed the small particle size having large surface area that facilitates to improve the solubility. Dissolution and solubility studies of the formulations confirmed that solubility enhanced several folds in all media as compared to the solubility of available market drug. From all these studies, it can be concluded that co-crystallization technique enhanced the solubility of atorvastatin calcium by using liquid-assisted grinding method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastric varices are frequently seen in patients with portal hypertension. The mainstay of treatment is variceal injection with a mixture of N-butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate and lipiodol. The use of N-butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate without lipiodol is not extensively studied and it can be a cost-effective approach. The objective of our study was to evaluate whether the use of N-butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate without lipiodol is a safe and effective endoscopic treatment for gastric varices. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted between June 2016 and May 2017 at the Department of Gastroenterology, Gujranwala Medical College/DHQ Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala. A total of 100 patients with gastric varices diagnosed on upper GI endoscopy were enrolled in the study. N-butyl-2- Cyanoacrylate without lipiodol was injected into the gastric varices of all the patients. All procedures were performed by experienced gastroenterologists. The patients underwent monthly follow-up endoscopies to determine the outcome and adverse events. Results: Out of 100 patients, 40 patients (40%) were men and 60 (60%) were women. The mean age was 53 years. The mean volume of N-butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate used per session was 1.5ml ± 0.5 ml (range 1-2ml). Obliteration of Gastric varices was achieved in 92 patients (92%) while in 04 patients (4%) varices did not obliterate over a mean follow-up of 12 months. No treatment-related immediate or late complications were observed in all patients. Four patients (4%) died of delayed rebleeding (after two weeks of intervention). Conclusion: Injection therapy of gastric varices with N-butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate alone without lipiodol is a safe and cost-effective method for gastric varices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: to evaluate the sustained virology response rate of Daclatasvir (DCV) + Sofos (SOF) with and without Ribavirin (RBV) for 12 and 24 weeks in patients presented with advance liver disease. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Department of gastroenterology, Services hospital, Lahore. Period: January 2018 to January 2019. Material & Methods: Patients advance hepatitis genotype 3 infection was enrolled through non probability consecutive sampling technique. Main outcome variable is sustained virology response rate. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Mean and standard deviation and frequency percentages were calculated for numerical and qualitative data respectively. P value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: One way ANOVA was used to check the differences between four groups, while chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Overall SVR12 rates and causes of treatment failure for the primary (actual duration) for patients who received DCV+SOF for 24 weeks, overall SVR12 (mITT) was 64.4% with RBV and 11.9% without RBV and treatment failure was found 31.3% without RBV and 28.1% with RBV. Sensitivity analyses (duration initially considered), SVR12 in terms of mITT for 24 weeks treatment is 58.4% and without RBV and 15.6% with RBV. Treatment failure is 47.1% without and 23.5% with RBV. Conclusion: Daclatasvir with sofosbuvir is an effective treatment for hepatitis C genotype 3 infections as it achieved high sustained virology response rate in patients of advance liver disease or cirrhotic patients. Without addition of ribavirin this treatment is effective when given for 24 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To enhance the solubility and dissolution profile of simvastatin (SIM) via co-crystallization with varying levels of citric acid using various techniques. Method: Simvastatin-citric acid (SIM-CA) co-crystals were prepared using dry grinding, slurry, liquidassisted grinding, and solvent evaporation techniques, and their various properties were compared. A total of twelve formulations (CC01 to CC12) were prepared. Optimized formulations were selected on the basis of dissolution profiles. Flow properties were evaluated using micromeritic analysis, yielding angle of repose, Carr's index and Hausner's ratio. Zeta sizer was employed to evaluate particle size distribution, while surface morphology was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Melting temperature, stability and physical interaction of simvastatin-citric acid co-crystals were determined by thermal analysis and FTIR. The crystalline nature of the co-crystals was evaluated by powder x-ray diffraction analysis, while solubility and dissolution studies were performed to determine in vitro drug release behavior. Results: Micromeritic analysis revealed good flow properties of SIM-CA co-crystals. Results of Zeta sizer analysis showed that the particle sizes of the co-crystals were in the nanometer range, while SEM revealed that the co-crystals had regular cubical shape. Thermal stability studies with TGA and DSC showed that the co-crystals were stable at temperatures exceeding 400 oC. FTIR results revealed minor shifts in 2956 and 1706 cm-1 peaks. Co-crystal formation was confirmed by PXRD data. The drug release profiles of the optimized formulations (CC02, CC07 and CC11) were 11.36 - 94.46, 12.36 - 95.46 and 13.36 - 96.46 %, respectively. There was significant improvement in solubilities of the optimum formulations, with values of 310.18, 427.21 and 522.02 % for CC02, CC07 and CC11, respectively. Conclusion: Citric acid improves the solubility and dissolution profile of the poorly water-soluble drug, simvastatin, which suggests that co-crystallization can potentially enhance the bioavailability of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving sustainable development while mitigating environmental degradation is a pressing global challenge. Economic development, accompanied by industrialization, fossil fuel consumption, and unsustainable use of natural resources, is widely identified in the literature as a leading cause of environmental degradation. Green energy transition (GET) and economic complexity—the shift towards more advanced and knowledge‐driven manufacturing, can be crucial strategies in reducing ecological degradation and helping countries achieve climate change mitigation targets. Green finance can play an important role in environmental sustainability, while geopolitical risk can impede countries' climate mitigation efforts. In this context, this study investigates the impact of GET, economic complexity, green finance, and geopolitical risk on the ecological footprint in OECD countries from 1995 to 2021. These four critical factors are integrated into the same environmental policy framework due to their potential to influence environmental sustainability in OECD economies. The study employed the Method of Moments Quantile Regression to provide robust estimates across different quantiles. The empirical outcomes unveiled that GET significantly reduces the ecological footprint across all quantiles. The economic complexity posed a significant and negative impact across all quantiles except at the lower quantile (τ = 0.10). Green finance also poses a negative impact, indicating its effectiveness in promoting environmental sustainability. However, geopolitical risk exacerbates the ecological footprint. The control variables, GDP and urbanization, are found to increase the ecological footprint. In terms of policy implications, this study suggests that policymakers should focus on increasing the share of green energy, fostering economic complexity and green finance, and mitigating geopolitical tensions to reduce the ecological footprint and achieve environmental sustainability in OECD nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the ongoing low‐carbon transition, the phenomenon of population aging is receiving increasing attention. Nevertheless, the relationship between population aging and environmental quality has not been conclusively established, and existing studies have yet to delve into the mechanism of the effect of population aging on energy and environmental quality. This paper utilizes the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces and regions from 2000 to 2019 and constructs the benchmark model, the nonlinear mediating effect, and the nonlinear moderating effect models to explore the nonlinear association between population aging and energy footprint, respectively. Additionally, we develop a comprehensive aging index employing principal component analysis (PCA) and measure the energy footprint by carbon sink approach. The results show that population aging has a nonlinear effect on the energy footprint with an inverted “U” shape and there is an inflection point on the curve of value 0.453. We also verify that population aging indirectly affects the energy footprint through its nonlinear impact on labor productivity, with an instantaneous mediating effect of 3.0902. Furthermore, the high‐quality economic development has a nonlinear moderating impact on the inverted “U”‐shape between population aging and energy footprint. As the level of high‐quality economic development increases, the shape of the inverted “U” curve flattens out, and the inflection point shifts to the left. Among the five sub‐indicators of high‐quality economic development, green development has the most significant effect on the inverted “U” curve of population aging and energy footprint. These noteworthy findings offer valuable insights for formulating effective strategies to enhance the favorable effects of aging on environmental quality from multifaceted perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial development and geopolitical risks can significantly affect sustainable development. However, the roles of these factors in sustainable development are rarely investigated. Thus, this study takes into account the role of geopolitical risk while exploring the effects of financial development, natural resource rents, and eco-innovation on sustainable development in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. To this end, yearly data from 1990 to 2019 is analyzed using advanced econometric tests. The Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) results indicate that financial development and eco-innovation are significantly and positively related to sustainable development. Natural resource rents have a detrimental impact on sustainable development which confirms the presence of the resource curse hypothesis in OECD countries. Furthermore, the results revealed that controlling geopolitical risk is useful in fostering sustainable development. Lastly, the panel Granger causality test unveiled one-way causality from financial development, eco-innovation, natural resource rents, and geopolitical risk to sustainable development. Moreover, causalities are found from geopolitical risk to financial development, eco-innovation and natural resources. These findings suggest that OECD countries should prioritize financial development and eco-innovation policies for sustainable development while mitigating the negative effects of natural resource rents. The geopolitical risk can harm sustainable development, so policymakers should promote international cooperation and risk-sharing. • Explored financial development, resource rents, and sustainable development nexus. • The role of geopolitical risk in sustainable development is also assessed. • Financial development fosters while resource rents impede sustainable development. • Controlling geopolitical risk is beneficial for sustainable development. • Policies are directed to reduce the geopolitical risk for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of policy making, place and prestige of think tanks is acknowledged for their contribution in policy analysis and recommendations. Governments around the world consider the reports and recommendations of leading global think tanks when developing their policies. However, in spite of there being a comprehensive list of typologies and functions of think tanks, much less is known about these 'machineries of knowledge' and what enables them 'to know what they know, and the key sources of variation among them'. Drawing on the theory of epistemic knowledge, this study aims to provide insights about how knowledge is produced inside these machineries of knowledge by looking at source citations' pattern of reports produced by the top 50 global think tanks. For this purpose, a total of 365 research reports on one country, i.e. Pakistan, published between 2007 and 2016 were retrieved. A total of 17,801 references were extracted and analyzed. The study finds that there is great variation across think tanks in the use of diverse information sources and the use also varies considerably over time even for the same organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Predicting California bearing ratio of HARHA-treated expansive soils using Gaussian process regression" published in Scientific Reports. The correction addresses the omission of the Acknowledgements section in the original version of the article. The researchers express their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University for funding their work. The original article has been corrected. The authors of the article are Mahmood Ahmad, Mohammad A. Al-Zubi, Ewa Kubińska-Jabcoń, Ali Majdi, Ramez A. Al-Mansob, Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri, Enas Ali, Jamil Abdulrabb Naji, Ashraf Y. Elnaggar, and Bakht Zamin. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigates the impact of renewable energy transition, abundance of natural resources, financial globalization, and economic growth on the ecological footprint (EF) in G-11 countries under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. In addition, this study further analyzes the moderating role of financial globalization in the nexus between renewable energy transition and EF. To do this, the study used the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lags (CS-ARDL) for the short-run and long-run estimations, which allow heterogeneity in the slope parameters and dependency across countries. The results indicate that renewable transition and financial globalization are significantly and negatively related to ecological footprint, while natural resource rent positively impacts EF. Moreover, the findings further reveal that financial globalization impedes EF through the channel of renewable energy transition, and the robustness test also validates these findings. Our results confirm the presence of the EKC hypothesis for G-11 countries. In light of these findings, the study suggests that G-11 countries should adopt policies that enhance financial globalization along with renewable energy transition and redesign policies for sustainable utilization of natural resources in order to attain sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Acknowledgements section now reads: "The researchers would like to acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University for funding this work." Correction to: I Scientific Reports i https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40903-1, published online 21 August 2023 The Acknowledgements section in the original version of this Article was omitted. [Extracted from the article]

Present study deals with development of polymeric systems for rabeprazole sodium to accomplish a lingering therapeutic outcome. Carboxymethyl arabinoxylan exhibited variety of ideal characteristics for polymeric drug carrier. Free radical polymerization was successfully employed to prepare pH responsive polymeric network of carboxymethyl arabinoxylan with acrylic acid. FTIR, SEM, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction verified the graft copolymerization. Graft copolymers revealed highly pH responsive swelling, consequently drug release at intestinal pH. In vivo evaluation indicated improvement in relative bioavailability by exhibiting increase in Cmax of polymeric system and same oral dose of rabeprazole sodium were 103.71 ± 16.081 and 61.263 ± 5.37 ng/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) hybrid nanogels for solubility enhancement of lipophilic drug, dexibuprofen. HPβCD hybrid nanogels were designed by chemical cross‐linking of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin with 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) via free radical polymerization. Loading efficiency, solubilization, zetasizer, FESEM Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and in vitro drug release analysis were performed for characterization of hybrid nanogels. Efficient solubilization of dexibuprofen has been observed by HPβCD hybrid nanogels. FTIR, TGA, and DSC studies confirmed the formation of new hybrid nanogels and complexation of dexibuprofen with nanogels. XRD analysis revealed loss of dexibuprofen crystallinity in hybrid nanogels. Highly porous and amorphous nanogels showed a significant dexibuprofen release in aqueous medium. In toxicity studies, no significant changes in behavioral, physiological, biochemical, or histopathological parameters of animals endorsed that developed formulations are nontoxic and biocompatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An oral route of administration is a most acceptable route for a patient, so we designed chemically cross‐linked polyethylene glycol‐co‐poly(methacrylic acid) oral hydrogels (PEGMA 4000) by free radical polymerization method for pH‐responsive colon target delivery of oxaliplatin (OXP). Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) was cross‐linked chemically with methacrylic acid (MAA) in distilled water. Ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) and N, N‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) were used as initiator and cross‐linker respectively. OXP was loaded in prepared hydrogels. FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, and XRD were conducted for characterization of developed hydrogels which endorsed the formation of new polymeric network. The pH‐sensitive behavior of hydrogels was observed by swelling dynamics and equilibrium swelling ratio at low (1.2) and higher pH (7.4). Toxicity study was also conducted on rabbits to evaluate toxicity and biocompatibility of developed carrier system to biological system. Hydrogels with higher PEG 4000 concentration showed maximum swelling and higher drug loading at 7.4 pH. Toxicity study confirmed the developed hydrogels as non‐toxic and biocompatible for biological system. Resultantly, these hydrogels can become an excellent candidates for colon targeting of OXP to treat colorectal cancer with no toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research work was conducted for enhancing solubility of rosuvastatin calcium. A highly stable, biocompatible, and nontoxic β-cyclodextrin-g-poly(methacrylic acid) graft polymeric network was developed. Formulations proved entrapment efficacy (%) in between 82.30 ± 0.25 and 89.00 ± 0.25 and gel fraction between 90.34 ± 1.012 and 95.25 ± 1.331. Formulation HM2 had shown optimum swelling and drug release, i.e., 85.74% at pH 6.8. The best-fit model was first-order kinetics with anomalous diffusion as release mechanism. Likewise, solubility enhancement, i.e., 9.59-folds was determined at pH 6.8. It was concluded that hydrogel microparticles are the promising tools for improving solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of sodium alginate‐graft‐poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels (SA‐g‐pAA hydrogels) were synthesized with sodium alginate (SA) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous solution, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross‐linker and ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as an initiator. Hydrogels were evaluated for thermal stability (TGA & DSC), revealing their higher strength toward thermal variation as compared to individual components. SEM micrographs show smooth and solid outer surface with a lack of porosity on it. FTIR results revealed the grafting reaction of AA on SA. Hydrogels were then evaluated for pH responsive behavior by equilibrium swelling ratio and swelling dynamics at low and high pH. Furthermore, these cross‐linked networks were also tested for the release of Loxoprofen sodium hydrate (LSH). Drug was loaded by diffusion method and showed pH‐dependent drug release characteristics. Korsmeyer–Peppas model is the best fit model to explain drug release from the cross‐linked network. Maximum swelling, drug loading, and release has been observed at pH 7.4. It is concluded that highly stable SA and AA based polymeric matrixes are developed. These polymeric matrixes have potential to be used as a carrier for controlled delivery of LSH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, successful efforts have been performed for solubility enhancement of acyclovir. pH‐sensitive β‐Cyclodextrin‐g‐poly methacrylic acid (MAA) hydrogel microparticles were developed. β‐Cyclodextrin, MAA, N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide were used as polymer, monomer, and cross‐linker, respectively. Nine different formulations (BM‐1 to BM‐9) were prepared by aqueous free radical polymerization. Developed microparticles were characterized for FTIR, Differential Scanning Calorimetry/Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, PXRD, energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, optical microscopy, zeta sizer, percent equilibrium swelling (%ES), solubility studies, and in vitro drug release studies. Higher swelling results (83.68%) were obtained at pH 7.4 in less than 3 h. Porous surfaces with drug were seen in TEM images. Maximum release was observed at pH 7.4 (89.51%). Solubility enhancement was 7.38‐fold in water as compared to pure acyclovir. Thermal stability of grafted microparticles was increased up to 440.13°C. A potential approach for solubility enhancement was successfully developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to develop naturally derived polymer-based hydrogels with high mechanical strength and a controlled delivery of drug for extended period of time. Here, we report the fabrication of chemically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol-graft-poly(acrylic acid)/sodium alginate hydrogel as a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN). For the preparation of SIPN hydrogels, SA and PVA were cross-linked with AA monomer in the presence of co-monomer EGDMA through free-radical polymerization reaction, using APS as an initiator. Loxoprofen sodium was loaded as a model drug. FTIR, XRD, TGA, and DSC were performed for the characterization of copolymer. Surface morphology was studied by SEM. Swelling studies were carried out at low and higher pH to evaluate pH-dependent swelling of formed SIPN hydrogels. FTIR, XRD, TGA, and DSC studies confirmed the formation of a new copolymer. Developed SIPN hydrogels showed maximum swelling, drug loading, and drug release at pH 7.4 while low at pH 1.2. Moreover, formulations with higher AA contents showed maximum swelling at 7.4 pH. High drug loading and higher drug release have been observed at pH 7.4. In vitro release profile of loxoprofen sodium was found dependent on pH, concentration of monomers, and cross-linking agent. Gel% and yield% for the prepared SIPN hydrogels were determined and found that gel% or yield% is directly proportional to the concentration of polymers, i.e., SA and PVA, due to their behavior as macromolecule radicals for monomer. The results from FTIR analysis showed that both SA and PVA react with the acrylic acid monomer during the polymerization process and result into the formation of SIPN. The formation of semi-IPN structure significantly improved the surface morphology of SIPN hydrogels as evident by SEM, which corresponds to their improved swelling ability and mechanical strength. Drug release mechanism from the formed SIPN was explained by kinetic modeling and found that first-order, Higuchi model, and Korsmeyer–Peppas model are the best fit models to explain drug release from hydrogels. Conclusively, prepared hydrogels were highly pH-responsive and showed good mechanical strength and time-dependent drug release. SIPN hydrogels could be a potential carrier network for controlled delivery of loxoprofen sodium for extended period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The present research work deals with the development of pH‐responsive hydrogel by free radical polymerization in aqueous media to protect the rabeprazole sodium from acidic environment of stomach. Swelling behavior of hydrogels that was observed in buffer of various pH indicated highly pH‐dependent swelling of hydrogels. Characterization of pH‐responsive hydrogels by FTIR, SEM, and thermal analysis revealed that hydrogel has porous structure, favors swelling, drug loading, and drug release at a specific site in gastrointestinal tract and thermally more stable than parent polymer. In comparison with simple drug solution and hydrogel formulations, pharmacokinetic parameters of hydrogels formulations showed a significant difference in Cmax values of (CMC‐g‐AA) CA and the same oral dose of rabeprazole sodium was 87.28 ± 12.671 and 61.263 ± 5.37 ng/mL, respectively, Tmax of graft copolymer matrices CA (4.43 h) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than drug solution (1 h) and area under curves (AUCs) for CA (952.25 ± 191 ng⋅h/mL) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the drug solution (83.67 ± 8.28 ng⋅h/mL) indicated the effect of dosage form would last for longer duration. Thus, in vitro and in vivo drug release studies of hydrogels proved their controlled release behavior with preferential delivery into alkaline pH environment and for a prolonged period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: In this communication, we developed a thermally stable, biocompatible, and colonically degradable hydrogel‐based device [pectin‐co‐poly(MAA)] for oral delivery of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) to treat colon cancer with minimal upper gastrointestinal invasion. Toward this end, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) cross‐linked hydrogels of pectin were synthesized. Methacrylic acid (MAA) was grafted to impart pH‐responsive character, whereas benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was applied for simultaneous grafting and cross‐linking polymerization. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared , thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffractometry. Scanning electron microscopic photographs were taken to analyze the surface morphology. Swelling behavior was analyzed to assess better performance of biodegradable hydrogels for optimized loading and release of the drug targeted to the colon. Gel fraction, swelling ratio, diffusion coefficient, drug loading, and cumulative release increased with an increase of pectin ratio and decreased with an increase of MAA and EGDMA ratio. Strategically, hydrogels with higher amounts of pectin were prepared for complete degradation in the colon. Our investigations indicate that pectin‐co‐poly(MAA) hydrogel is a suitable delivery system developed for oral delivery of the drug targeted to the colon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixtures of polymer (chondroitin sulfate) and monomer (AMPS) in the presence of co-monomer (MBA) were employed for the production of hydrogels, with adjustable properties, following free radical copolymerization. The hydrogel’s structural properties were assessed by FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM and XRD which confirmed the development and stability of synthesized structure. The results from FTIR analysis showed that CS react with the AMPS monomer during the polymerization process and confirmed the grafting of AMPS chains onto CS backbone. The surface morphology of CS-co-poly(AMPS) hydrogels, as evident by SEM, corresponds to their improved swelling ability due to high porosity. Thermal analysis showed that crosslinking formed a stable hydrogel network which is thermally more stable than its basic ingredients. The effects of pH revealed an increasing trend in swelling with increasing concentration of either CS or AMPS. In addition, different modalities for drug loading were studied with respect to drug homogeneous distribution; loxoprofen sodium was employed as model drug and was loaded by swelling-diffusion method. I n vitro drug release profiles and kinetics were assessed to confirm their reproducibility and reliability. Higuchi model is the best fit model to explain drug release from formed gels indicating diffusion-controlled release. Similarly, Korsmeyer–Peppas model yields remarkably good adjustments where release kinetics involves a combination of diffusion in hydrated matrix and polymer relaxation. Conclusively, CS-co-poly(AMPS) hydrogels could be a potential alternate to conventional dosage forms for controlled delivery of loxoprofen sodium for extended period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs is one of the most emerging issue associated with these drugs to form a suitable dosage form that will provide desired pharmacological response. Their low solubility causes elimination of most of the drug from body as such, and desired therapeutic levels are not achieved. Polymers are major players in these formulations, e.g., chitosan, polyvinyl pyrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, β-cyclodextrin, etc. β-Cyclodextrin is one of the most efficient polymer among all of these to work as a carrier for these drugs to enhance solubility. In the present work, microparticles were prepared by different techniques to enhance solubility of rosuvastatin calcium. Microparticles were evaluated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis, dissolution studies, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stability studies to confirm enhancement in solubility. Different in vitro kinetic models such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas were applied to determine the release behavior of drug from prepared formulations. Results were statistically analyzed by the one-way ANOVA test, and the p value was determined to check significant results. Results of PXRD had shown that drug nature was changed from crystalline to amorphous, and FTIR and thermal analysis confirmed that the complex was formed between drug and β-cyclodextrin. SEM images had shown that microparticles had small size loaded with drug. Results had shown that formulation F3 prepared by solid dispersion of drug and β-cyclodextrin in 1:3 had achieved maximum release of drug 97% within 45 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid, precise, accurate high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and subsequently validated for determination of valsartan in rabbit plasma. The method was developed employing mixture of mobile phase consisting of 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (45:55), pH was adjusted to 2.7 using 50% orthophosphoric acid and pumped thorough chromatographic system at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. An isocratic elution mode was carried out at HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, 1200 series, USA) fitted with variable wavelength detector and data processing software ChemStation. For sample analysis, 20µl sample was injected and eluate was monitored at 225nm wavelength. Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed in rabbits after the oral administration of valsartan loaded PVA-copoly(AA) hydrogels. The mean Cmax of valsartan was 408.439ng/ml, Tmax was 12h and half life (t1/2) was 8.812h. The extraction procedure was simple with good response even at very low drug concentration, thereby making this method suitable for pharmacokinetic application. It is concluded that developed method is simple, fast, cost effective, and reproducible for the analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters in the rabbit plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]