Search

The existing scholarship has developed six main explanations to account for the success of the Chinese Revolution, which has been anomalous for major paradigms derived from cross-national comparisons. Methodologically, we use a social geographical approach to test these existing explanations systematically by constructing and analyzing a unique dataset of Communist growth in 93 counties in the three most contested provinces during its most pivotal period of ascendence. Theoretically, we advance and test an alternative perspective, based on the groundwork of Tocqueville and Fei Xiaotong, that integrates the state-centric theory, elite theory, and cultural analysis. Our perspective emphasizes the interplay between state centralization and local elite structure, which leads to intensified state extraction and local elite fracturing, thus creating favorable conditions for revolution. The quantitative analysis strongly supports the importance of the Japanese invasion but provides limited support for many other conventional explanations. The analysis largely confirms the Tocqueville-Fei perspective on state centralization, elite fracturing, cultural change, and revolution. The findings are buttressed by a detailed case study of Lianshui County. The study unveils a common structural challenge that a modernizing state faces in an agrarian status society, to recreate its political legitimacy while disrupting local elite structure. It also sheds historical light on the evolution of state-society relationship through the Chinese Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay employs the land register of a late nineteenth-century Hindi census conducted in the princely state of Marwar (Rajasthan) to examine the durability of the tax-free (sasan) land grant regime over the course of three centuries. It evaluates the privilege sasan grants inured on their holders until the mid-twentieth century, when a series of a structural land reforms all but overnight changed the ways in which grant holders and their kin interacted with land and state authorities. The essay reads processes of land grant donation and maintenance across a wide social, economic, and ecological spectrum. In so doing, it challenges historiographical assumptions of religion as a fundamental grant donation motive in the region, as well as the idea that land relations were primarily defined by revenue extraction in early modern and colonial north India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John 18:15–16 mentions an unknown disciple of Jesus who "was known to the high priest" giving him access to the events in Caiaphas's courtyard. A minority of scholars maintain the identity of this disciple is consistent with John, the son of Zebedee, whom they also maintain was the author of the Fourth Gospel. To support this position, the commonplace fiction of Galilean fishermen belonging to an aspiring "middle-class" is asserted. This article reviews the arguments and suggests that a more robust representation of class stratification in the ancient world demonstrates the implausibility of such a scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term globalization has often been identified with economic reforms, structural adjustment programme, new world trade order, opening up domestic market and global communication village. Present paper deals with the impact of globalization on different aspects of agrarian society of NCR India. The impact was measured on eight different areas that are employment structure, agriculture, culture, global village, economic condition, affective aspects and crime rate, education and the government efforts. The researcher prepared the "Global Impact Schedule" to measure the impact. The Purposive Random Stratified Sampling was used and the farmers were categorized into four groups i.e. marginal, small, big and landless. The findings of the study suggested that nearly 40 per cent farmers found the impact of globalization on agrarian society as positive, nearly 44 percent as negative while, nearly 11 percent found impact as neutral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is a land of thousands of peasant farm families. The country is predominantly an agrarian society. A major portion of its population depends on agriculture, known as peasants. Peasant society owns a traditional power structure and some specific social organization that influence the production system and livelihood of that class of people. Faction grouping and political change also influence farm household activities. This study was undertaken to focus on the peasant faction grouping and power structure at the village Heshakhal under Nangolkot Upazila of Comilla district. The major focus of the study was to comprehend the change occurring in social organizations within the peasant society, on faction grouping and also the changing power structure of the village.The study reveals how in last forty years a major change occurred in the traditional power structure of the village. In the last century, the villages were divided into three Samaj. Linkage with formal administrative unit was flexible. Salish system was the major feature of conflict resolution, especially in managing social conflict. At present the village is separated into several Samajs. The role of Samaj is decreasing day by day. Influence and role of national level political parties are also playing a strong role in leadership in the village, which was not seen thirty years ago.A major change was also seen in the social organization of the village. In the village, peasant families that once depended on agriculture are how trying to engage their manpower in non-farm activities. Marriage system has changed, due to intermarriage system among the Swandupi and deshi community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]