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This study investigated the influence of different loading levels, cutting and mixing times on total mixed ration (TMR) homogeneity delivered along the feeding alley of dairy cows. The TMR homogeneity along the alley was investigated according to three mixing wagon loads (40, 70 and 100% of the nominal capacity), three cutting times (4, 5 and 6 min) and three mixing times (4, 5 and 6 min). The diet (70:30 forage/concentrate ratio) was supplied by a two-screws vertical mixing wagon (maximum nominal capacity, 21 m3). A preliminary variance analysis of chemical parameters was performed on samples collected in the mixing wagon: samples of released TMR were taken at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the feeding alley (50 m long). The chemical parameters of the diet revealed no significant effects on the homogeneity of the samples for cutting time (p>.05). Mixing wagon loading affected crude protein (CP) (p <.05) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content (p <.01), while mixing time influenced dry matter (DM) of the diet (p <.05). The loading level of the mixing wagon affected the difference of the collected samples from the formulated diet for ash content. The 70% of the nominal capacity load of the mixing wagon showed the lower difference values between expected and chemically determined NDF (p <.01), CP (p <.05) and ether extract (EE) (p <.05) content in the diet. The DM and NDF differences along the alley, affected by mixing times (p <.05), showed a poor uniformity of ingredients during distribution, although samples uniformity at wagon level. The efficiency of a two-screw vertical mixing wagon on total mixed ratio uniformity was evaluated on diet samples delivered along the feeding alley. Three loading levels, three cutting and three mixing times were considered for the mixing wagon. Mixing wagon loading affected CP and NDF content; mixing time influenced DM and NDF content at the delivery points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether maternal low ω6:ω3 ratio diet and offspring SW supplementation can improve offspring immunity and performance by elucidating the effects on piglet serum proteome. A total of 16 sows were given either a standard (CR, 13:1) or low ω6:ω3 ratio diet (LR, 4:1) during pregnancy and lactation and their male weaned piglets were supplemented with SW powder (4 g/kg, SW) or not (CT) in a 21-day post-weaning (PW) diet. Four PW piglet groups were then identified based on dam and piglet treatment, namely CRCT, CRSW, LRCT, and LRSW (n = 10 each). Piglet serum collected at weaning and d21 PW were analysed (n = 5 each) using TMT-based quantitative proteomics and validated by appropriate assays. The differentially abundant proteins (n = 122) displayed positive effects of maternal LR diet on anti-inflammatory properties and innate immune stimulation. Progeny SW diet activated the innate immunity and enhance the host defence during inflammation. These data demonstrate the value of decreasing ω6:ω3 ratio in maternal diet and SW supplementation in PW piglet's diet to boost their immunity and anti-inflammation properties. This novel proteomic study in post-weaned piglets addresses the interplay between maternal and offspring nutritional interventions in a context of rapid and dynamic alterations in piglet metabolic status around weaning. Decreasing ω6:ω3 ratio in maternal diet and SW supplementation in PW piglet's diet can boost their immunity and anti-inflammation properties. This study also provides new insights into piglet serum proteome regulation during post-weaning, a critical development period in swine. [Display omitted] • Maternal low ω6:ω3 ratio (4:1) and offspring seaweed supplementation affected the serum proteome in post-weaned piglets. • Transferrin was altered in comparison between two maternal dietary treatments and between weaning versus day 21 post-weaning. • Serum acute phase proteins and apolipoproteins were altered between weaning versus day 21 post-weaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates how long-term dietary low ω6:ω3 ratio in sows and offspring's seaweed (SW) intake affects piglet intestinal function and growth through modifying ileum proteome. Sows were assigned to either control diet (CR, ω6:ω3 ratio = 13:1) or treatment diet (LR, ω6:ω3 = 4:1) during gestation and lactation (n = 8 each). The male weaned offspring were received a basal diet with or without SW powder supplementation (4 g/kg) for 21 days, denoted as SW and CT groups, respectively. In total, four groups of weaned piglets were formed following maternal and offspring's diets combination, represented by CRCT, CRSW, LRCT, and LRSW (n = 10 each). Piglet ileum tissue was collected on day 22 post-weaning and analysed using TMT-based quantitative proteomics. The differentially abundant proteins (n = 300) showed the influence of maternal LR diet on protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle regulation. In contrast, the SW diet lowered the inflammation severity and promoted ileal tissue development in CRSW piglets but reduced the fat absorption capacity in LRSW piglets. These results uncovered the mechanism behind the anti-inflammation and intestinal-boosting effects of maternal LR diet in piglets supplemented with SW. [Display omitted] • Long-term maternal dietary low ω6:ω3 ratio (LR) and weaned pig seaweed (SW) supplementation modified their ileal proteome • LR diet positively regulates protein synthesis but induces uncontrolled proliferation of offspring's cell cycle regulators. • SW diet promoted ileal epithelial growth in CRSW piglets but decreased the fat absorptive capacity in LRSW piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is a further characterization of the electrical conductivity (EC) signal of goat milk, acquired on-line by EC sensors, to identify new indexes representative of the EC variations that can be observed during milking, when considering not healthy (NH) glands. Two foremilk gland samples from 42 Saanen goats, were collected for three consecutive weeks and for three different lactation stages (LS: 0-60 Days In Milking (DIM); 61-120 DIM; 121-180 DIM), for a total amount of 1512 samples. Bacteriological analyses and somatic cells counts (SCC) were used to define the health status of the glands. With negative bacteriological analyses and SCC < 1,000,000 cells/mL, glands were classified as healthy. When bacteriological analyses were positive or showed a SCC > 1,000,000 cells/mL, glands were classified as NH. For each milk EC signal, acquired on-line and for each gland considered, the Fourier frequency spectrum of the signal was calculated and three representative frequency peaks were identified. To evaluate data acquired a MIXED procedure was used considering the HS, LS and LS x HS as explanatory variables in the statistical model.Results showed that the studied frequency peaks had a significant relationship with the gland's health status. Results also explained how the milk EC signals' pattern change in case of NH glands. In fact, it is characterized by slower fluctuations (due to the lower frequencies of the peaks) and by an irregular trend (due to the higher amplitudes of all the main frequency peaks). Therefore, these frequency peaks could be used as new indexes to improve the performances of algorithms based on multivariate models which evaluate the health status of dairy goats through the use of gland milk EC sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of a species-specific probiotic (Lactobacillus animalis SB310, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SB137 and Bacillus coagulans SB117 in a 30:35:35 ratio, respectively; 1.8 × 1010 CFU/g of powder) on gut microbial balance, immune response and growth performance of Holstein female calves during the first month of life. Twenty-two calves were divided into two experimental groups from 2 to 28 days of life: control (C), fed with milk replacer and concentrate as a basal diet, and treatment (T), fed C diet plus 1 g/calf/day of probiotic powder for the first month of age. Faecal and blood samples were individually collected and analysed weekly. Individual faecal score was recorded daily and general health score was calculated at the end of the trial. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by skin test at 7 and 28 days of life. Milk replacer and concentrate intake were recorded daily, while body weight and biometrical parameters were recorded at 2, 8, 14, 21 and 28 days of life, thus average daily gain and feed conversion rate were calculated. During the first week of treatment, lower blood eosinophil percentage (0.05% vs. 0.22%; P≤0.01) was found in T group, while basophils were higher in T than C group at the end of the trial (0.21% vs. 0.16%; P≤0.05). Higher faecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB)/E. coli ratio on day 28 of life (3.73 log CFU/g vs. 2.02 log CFU/g; P≤0.05) and lower incidence of diarrhoea were found in the treated group (63.30% vs. 70.71%; P=0.05). Body weight (48.92 kg vs. 46.92 kg; P≤0.05), total concentrate intake (14.77 kg vs. 12.56 kg on dry matter basis; P≤0.05), and heart girth (81.16 cm vs. 78.49 cm; P≤0.05) were significantly higher in T group. The administration of the probiotic during the first month of life improved gut microbiota and increased the growth performance and some biometric parameters of calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the characteristic proteomic pattern of plasma from sows supplemented with low dietary ω6:ω3 fatty acids (FAs) ratio during gestation and lactation. Two dietary treatments (n = 8 each) comprised either a control ratio of ω6:ω3 FAs (CR, 13:1 during gestation and 10:1 during lactation) or a low ratio (LR, 4:1 during gestation and lactation) by adding soybean oil or linseed oil, respectively. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics was applied on plasma (n = 5 each) at day 108 of gestation (G108) and at the end of lactation (L-End), and a total of 379 proteins and 202 master proteins were identified. Out of these, four differentially abundant proteins between LR and CR samples at G108 may relate to serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Differentially abundant proteins in L-End versus G108 (12 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated) were positively correlated with the events that regulate plasma lipoproteins, stimulus- and defence-responses. These findings demonstrate the benefit of increased dietary ω3 FAs in modifying proteins involved in protective mechanisms against increased stresses in key life cycle phases in pigs. In addition, proteome changes from late gestation to late lactation disclosed the underlying mechanism of pigs in response to reproduction-related stimuli. This study aimed to provide a proteomics insight into the beneficial effects of maternal diet supplementation with a low ω6:ω3 fatty acids ratio, based on previously reported performance and zootechnical data. The results suggest that a low dietary ω6:ω3 fatty acids ratio could enhance the cellular defence mechanisms against increased stresses and in particular to oxidative stress in sows during gestation and lactation, as reflected in proteomic changes of haptoglobin (HP), alpha-1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1) and serum amyloid P-component (APCS). Furthermore, significantly changed proteome profiles in sow plasma between late gestation and lactation phases have been revealed for the first time. This finding identified the adaptation mechanisms of sows to changing physiological events during reproduction. [Display omitted] • Maternal low dietary ω6:ω3 fatty acid ratio during gestation and lactation affected acute-phase proteins in sow plasma. • Plasma protein profile significantly changed between later stages of gestation and lactation. • Haptoglobin (HP) was identified in the comparisons between two dietary treatments and two stages of reproduction. • The key Gene Ontology terms involved were acute-phase response and high-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper proposes an experimental methodology for the analysis of the lubrication regime and wear that occur between vanes and pressure ring in variable displacement vane pumps. The knowledge of the lubrication regime is essential for the improvement of the performance of high pressure vane pumps by reducing wear, increasing the volumetric efficiency and decreasing maintenance costs. Tests using pressure rings of different materials were carried out in order to identify the best material in terms of wear and friction. The proposed methodology is based on Archard's law and takes advantage of wear experimental measurements, an empirical model for the estimation of contact pressure forces and hardness standard tests. The results of the analysis state that low wear and reduced friction can be obtained if elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication between vanes and pressure ring is established. Results have been also verified by an analytical elasto-hydrodynamic model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of ingested selenium (Se) yeast in laying hens and its effects on performance, eggshell quality, and tissue Se distribution. Forty-eight ISA brown laying hens were divided into 3 treatment groups: Group C, fed a basal diet containing 0.11 mg Se/kg of feed; Group SS, fed a basal diet plus 0.4 mg/kg of feed of Se from sodium selenite; and Group SY, fed a basal diet plus 0.4 mg/kg of feed of Se from selenium yeast. Feed intake, egg mass ratio, and production performance were not affected by Se supplementation, regardless of the Se source. Egg weight (+3.61% and +2.95%), eggshell weight (+4.26% and +5.38%), and eggshell surface (+2.43% and +1.96%) were higher (P<0.05) in SS and SY than C, whereas breaking strength was increased in SY (P<0.01). Breast muscle, liver and skin Se levels were higher in SY than in C, while kidney Se content was higher in SS hens. Eggs from SY had higher Se levels than SS. Blood metabolites were not affected in SS or SY groups than C. A higher Se level was detected in eggs and breast muscle of SY hens (P<0.05). Seleniumenriched eggs and edible tissues from organic Se sources in poultry diet could improve antioxidant status in humans and reduce possible Se deficiency-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The selection of promising specific species of lactic acid bacteria with potential probiotic characteristics is of particular interest in producing multi species-specific probiotic adjuncts in veal calves rearing. The aim of the present work was to select and evaluate in vitro the functional activity of lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium longum and Bacillus coagulans strains isolated from veal calves in order to assess their potential use as multi species-specific probiotics for veal calves. For this purpose, bacterial strains isolated from faeces collected from 40 healthy 50-day-calves, were identified by RiboPrinter and 16s rRNA gene sequence. The most frequent strains belonged to the species B. longum, Streptococcus bovis, Lactobacillus animalis and Streptococcus macedonicus. Among these, 7 strains were chosen for testing their probiotic characteristics in vitro. Three strains, namely L. animalis SB310, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SB137 and B. coagulans SB117 showed varying individual but promising capabilities to survive in the gastrointestinal tract, to adhere, to produce antimicrobial compounds. These three selected species-specific bacteria demonstrated in vitro, both singularly and mixed, the functional properties needed for their use as potential probiotics in veal calves. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Simple Summary: Feeding maternal animals divergent ratios of omega-6 (ω6) and omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids can change not only their health, physiological condition, and performance but also do the same for their offspring. In swine production, various ω6:ω3 ratios have been tested, but the search for an optimal proportion in the sow diet is still in progress. For piglets, weaning oxidative stress has been alleviated by supplementing with abundant sources of bioactive compounds. In this case, brown seaweed, a rich source of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants, can be a good candidate, but its supplementation in piglet diet is limited. This study explores the hypothesis that feeding a low ω6:ω3 ratio diet to sows during gestation and lactation, together with the supplementation of Ascophyllum nodosum for piglets during the post-weaning period, could benefit piglets' performance and oxidative status more than the respective single treatment provided to the mother or the piglet. Results showed that the low dietary ω6:ω3 ratio (4:1) and seaweed supplement did not affect the post-weaning piglets' growth rate and oxidative status. However, a low ω6:ω3 ratio diet alone improved weaning survival rate, suckling piglets' weight gain, and total ω3 fatty acids in colostrum and milk. The ratio of omega-6 (ω6) to omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the diet contributes to animal health and performance modulations because they have mostly opposite physiological functions. Increasing ω3 PUFAs content in the maternal diet can stimulate antioxidative capacity in sow and piglets; however, the optimal ratio of ω6 and ω3 PUFAs in the sow diet is still under discussion. Rich sources of bioactive constituents such as brown seaweed are an excellent supplementation to promote animal health and antioxidant status. However, the knowledge of the effects of this compound, specifically in post-weaning piglets, is still limited. Moreover, the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 PUFAs ratio in sow diet and seaweed supplementation in post-weaning piglets' diet has never been studied. This research aims to assess the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in sow diets and seaweed supplementation in piglet diets on their growth and oxidative status. We also assessed the impact of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in the maternal diet on reproduction, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and plasma leptin concentration. Two sow diets (n = 8 each) contained either a control ratio (CR, 13:1 during gestation, starting from day 28 (G28) and 10:1 during lactation) or a low ratio (LR, 4:1 from G28 until the end of lactation (L-End)) of ω6:ω3 FA by adding soybean oil or linseed oil, respectively. Reproductive performance was evaluated. Colostrum and milk at lactation day 7 (L7) and L-End were collected to analyze FA profile. Plasma was collected at G28, G79, G108, L7, L14, and L-End for determination of leptin and oxidative status. At weaning, 20 male piglets were selected per sow group to form 4 diet treatments (n = 10 each), which were supplemented with or without 4 g/kg seaweed. Recording of growth performance and collection of blood were performed at days 0, 7, 15, and 21 of post-weaning for oxidative status. LR diet increased (p < 0.05) the survival rate of piglets at weaning, and individual and litter weight gains. Colostrum and milk at L7 and L-End had lower (p < 0.05) ω6:ω3 ratio in LR sows. Interaction between dietary treatments on sows and piglets was revealed for all examined growth parameters at most time points (p < 0.05). LR diet did not affect plasma leptin levels and oxidative status. These findings suggest that the seaweed supplement during post-weaning could not improve growth rate and oxidative status of piglets born from mothers receiving a low dietary ω6:ω3 ratio (4:1) during gestation and lactation. However, this low ratio was beneficial for weaning survival rate, sucking piglets' weight gain, and ω3 enrichment in colostrum and milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new perspective in controlling cellular pathways, the aim of the trial was to investigate the expression of miRNA implicated in adipogenesis and metabolic and endocrine functions in periparturient dairy goat fed saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Hepatic and adipose tissue samples were obtained from twenty-three second-parity twins-diagnosed alpine dairy goats were fed either calcium stearate (ST, n:7), fish oil (FO, n:8) or a control diet without any fat supplement (C, n:8). Dietary treatments lasted from one week before (30g/head/d of fatty acids) to three weeks after kidding (50g/head/d of fatty acids). ST provided 26% C16:0 and 69.4% C18:0 while FO provided 10.4% EPA and 7.8% DHA. The expression of miR-26b and 155 (adipose infiltration of immune cells), miR-99a, 145 and 221 (inflammation and lipolysis) and miR-143 and 378 (pro-adipogenic function) was performed by RT-PCR on hepatic and adipose biopsies collected on day -7 and 7 and 21 from kidding. Data were statistically analyzed by MIXED and GLM procedures of SAS. No diet effect was found for all the miRNA considered, but a significant effect of time for miR-155 (P= 0.028) and a tendency for miR-221 (P=0.083) were found with increased values from -7 to +21d. In particular, significant higher miR-155 expression (P<0.01) from -7 to 7d (-0.17 and 0.27, respectively) proved an inflammatory status in the first week after kidding in all the groups. Obtained results for both miRNA-155 and miRNA-221 over the time copes with our previous findings on metabolic, productive parameters and mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammatory response (Farina et al., 2016). These outcomes consolidate the hypothesis that lipogenesis takes place in dairy goat in the two weeks around calving, but it is reduced when compared to dairy cow (Khan et al., 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry matter (DM) intake in dairy cow is a central point to meet nutritional requirements and optimal performance, reducing the incidence of metabolic diseases (Ingvartsen, 2006). DM content of some forages, such as silages, can undergo huge variations during storing, affecting the total daily DM consumed. Reference laboratory method for DM assessment is time-consuming and cannot be applied to daily changes in diet composition. Currently, new promising real-time technologies are available to monitor the DM content of feeds (Nelson and Trabelsi, 2004). The aim of the study was to test and calibrate a portable microwave sensor (MS) for DM content in corn silage samples. Twentytwo samples were collected from the whole front of a corn silage trench, including the top and near the side walls, in order to collect as much as DM content variability as possible within the samples. MS readings were performed with 3 different methods for each samples: 1) directly on the silage front, 2) with the MS over the collected sample and 3) with MS placed under the sample. After the first MS reading, a correspondent silage sample was obtained by a silage corer for readings 2 and 3 and for the laboratory DM content assessment by drying in a 60°C forced air-oven to a constant weight. A linear regression analysis was performed (JMP, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 2015) on data obtained from a plot of MS readings against DM content. Results evidence as the best MS reading method is represented by the probe burdening on the sample (R2=0.75) with respect to the other methods. The obtained results outlined as, with a correct reading method, MS could be valuable tool to determine DM content of corn silage directly at farm level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes mediate near and long-distance intercellular communication by transferring their molecular cargo to recipient cells, altering their biological response. Milk exosomes (MEx) are internalized by immune cells and exert immunomodulatory functions in vitro. Porcine MEx can accumulate in the small intestine, rich in macrophages. No information is available on the immunomodulatory ability of porcine MEx on porcine monocytes, which are known precursors of gut macrophages. Therefore, this study aims at (1) assessing the in vitro uptake of porcine MEx by porcine monocytes (CD14+), and (2) evaluating the in vitro impact of porcine MEx on porcine monocytes immune functions. MEx were purified by ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. The monocytes’ internalization of PKH26-labeled MEx was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Monocytes were incubated with increasing exosome concentrations and their apoptosis and viability were measured. Lastly, the ability of MEx to modulate the cells’ immune activities was evaluated by measuring monocytes’ phagocytosis, the capacity of killing bacteria, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. MEx were internalized by porcine monocytes in vitro. They also decreased their chemotaxis and phagocytosis, and increased ROS production. Altogether, this study provides insights into the role that MEx might play in pigs’ immunity by demonstrating that MEx are internalized by porcine monocytes in vitro and exert immunomodulatory effects on inflammatory functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrolysed yeast from Kluyveromyces fragilis (HK) on growth performance, diarrhoea incidence, plasma antioxidant efficiency and immune status, and faecal microbiota of weaned piglets. A total of 100 weaned piglets with BW (7.03 ± 0.14 kg) and age (25 ± 1 days) were randomly allotted to 4 groups with 5 replicates in a 21-day experiment. Piglets were fed with basal diet (NC), NC + 2 g/kg zinc oxide (PC), NC + 7.5 g/kg HK (HK1), or NC + 10 g/kg HK (HK2). Blood and faecal samples were collected on day 21. Significant differences were pointed out in the PC and HK2 piglets compared to the NC group as to the diarrhoea incidence from day 0 to 21 (p < 0.001; p = 0.032), the activity of plasma superoxide dismutase (p = 0.019; p = 0.003) and the concentration of plasma malondialdehyde (p = 0.042; p = 0.010). Moreover, significant differences were pointed out in the HK2 piglets compared to the NC group as to the content of plasma immunoglobulin A (p = 0.005), the Ace index and Chao1 index (p = 0.023; p = 0.018,) and the relative abundance of Campylobacterota and Escherichia-Shigella (p = 0.023; p = 0.032). In conclusion, dietary HK at 10 g/kg alleviated diarrhoea incidence of piglets that might be attribute to the improved plasma antioxidant efficiency and immune status and the regulated faecal microbial community, and could be alternative to the high dose ZnO. Dietary HK improved plasma antioxidant and immune status and reduced the diarrhoea incidence in weaned piglets. The dosage of 10 g/kg HK showed better effect than that of 7.5 g/kg. The supplementation of 10 g/kg HK to post-weaning diet may be an alternative to the high-dose ZnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN–DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3), play a vital role in nutrient metabolism, inflammatory response, and gene regulation. microRNAs (miRNA), which can potentially degrade targeted messenger RNAs (mRNA) and/or inhibit their translation, might play a relevant role in PUFA-related changes in gene expression. Although differential expression analyses can provide a comprehensive picture of gene expression variation, they are unable to disentangle when in the mRNA life cycle the regulation of expression is taking place, including any putative functional miRNA-driven repression. To capture this, we used an exon–intron split analysis (EISA) approach to account for posttranscriptional changes in response to extreme values of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples of male and female piglets from sows fed with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 13:1 (SOY) or 4:1 (LIN), were analyzed in a bidirectional contrast (LIN vs. SOY, SOY vs. LIN). Our results allowed the identification of genes showing strong posttranscriptional downregulation signals putatively targeted by significantly upregulated miRNA. Moreover, we identified genes primarily involved in the regulation of lipid-related metabolism and immune response, which may be associated with the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of the n-6 and n-3 PUFA, respectively. EISA allowed us to uncover regulatory networks complementing canonical differential expression analyses, thus providing a more comprehensive view of muscle metabolic changes in response to PUFA concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In horses, a healthy state of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is of utmost importance to support animals' health and performance. Several factors combine to influence the equilibrium of the GIT, including the composition of the diet, feeding management, the use of therapeutic antimicrobials, as well as biotic and abiotic stressors. Such factors can lead to an imbalance of the intestinal microbial populations and their functions and, subsequently, to reduced nutrient digestion, finally impacting the overall health of the animals. Several feed additives are used to support gut health; in horse nutrition, yeast is one of the additives most used as a supplement in the diet. Different studies showed that the addition of yeast to horse diets is able to enhance the nutrient digestibility of feeds by modulating intestinal microbial populations. Specifically, yeasts seem to act mainly upon fibrolytic and amylolytic bacteria, although, at the present moment, their role is still debated. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an updated overview of the effects of yeast administration on nutrient digestibility and the intestinal microbial population, and to furnish an overview of yeast application in the field. To support the overall health of horses, it is essential to maintain an optimal gut health (GH) status, which encompasses several physiological and functional aspects, including the balance and functionality of intestinal microbial populations and, accordingly, the effective digestion and absorption of nutrients. Numerous biotic and abiotic stressors can lead to an imbalance of GH, such as the quality of forages and the composition of diet, e.g., the inclusion of high energy-dense feeds to meet the energy requirements of performance horses. To support the digestive function and the intestinal microbial populations, the diet can be supplemented with feed additives, such as probiotic yeasts, that promote the ability of cellulolytic bacteria in the hindgut to digest the available fiber fractions, finally increasing feed efficiency. Among the different yeasts available, S. cerevisiae is the most used in horses' nutrition; however, results of digestibility trials, as well as data on intestinal and fecal microbial populations, are sometimes contradictory. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of S. cerevisiae on in vivo and in vitro digestibility, providing an updated overview of its effects on the intestinal and fecal microbial population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Yeast and yeast-derived products are largely employed in animal nutrition to support animals' health and to improve their performance. Thanks to their components, including mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, vitamins, and other compounds, yeasts have numerous beneficial effects. Among yeast-derived products, hydrolyzed yeasts and yeast cultures have received less attention, but, although the results are somewhat conflicting, in most of the cases, the available literature shows improved performance and health in poultry. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of hydrolyzed-yeast and yeast-culture employment in poultry nutrition, exploring their effects on the production performance, immune response, oxidative status, gut health, and nutrient digestibility. A brief description of the main yeast bioactive compounds is also provided. Yeasts are single-cell eukaryotic microorganisms that are largely employed in animal nutrition for their beneficial effects, which are owed to their cellular components and bioactive compounds, among which are mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and others. While the employment of live yeast cells as probiotics in poultry nutrition has already been largely reviewed, less information is available on yeast-derived products, such as hydrolyzed yeast (HY) and yeast culture (YC). The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the available body of literature on HY and YC and their effects on poultry. A brief description of the main components of the yeast cell that is considered to be responsible for the beneficial effects on animals' health is also provided. HY and YC appear to have beneficial effects on the poultry growth and production performance, as well as on the immune response and gut health. Most of the beneficial effects of HY and YC have been attributed to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogen colonization. However, there are still many areas to be investigated to better understand and disentangle the effects and mechanisms of action of HY and YC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Primiparous sows are usually associated with poor lactation performance and low weaning weight piglets. Live yeast (LY) supplementation in gestation and lactation diets have been shown to improve sow health status, milk composition, and growth performance of suckling piglets. However, little is known about the carryover effects of LY supplementation during gestation and lactation on primiparous sows and their offspring. In the present study, LY supplementation significantly increased the serum concentrations of IgA and IgG of sows at farrowing and weaning stages, and of piglets at post-weaning on day 14 and 28. These results suggest that LY addition in the diets of gestating and lactating primiparous sows might improve the maternal and progeny health by increasing the immunity of sows and their offspring. The present study determined the effects of live yeast (LY) supplementation during middle–late gestation and the lactation period in primiparous sows on reproductive parameters, lactation performance, and immunity, and also explores the carryover effects in their offspring. On day (d) 60 of gestation, 16 crossbred primiparous sows were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (with or without supplementation of 425 mg/kg of live yeast; LYT and CT, respectively) homogeneous for body weight (BW) and backfat thickness. Experimental diets were applied from day 60 of gestation to the end of lactation. At weaning, 60 piglets with an average BW of each treatment were selected based on their source litter and assigned to two groups corresponding to the original treatments received by their mothers. Each group had five replicates of six piglets each and was fed a basal diet for 42 days. The results showed that LY supplementation significantly increased the serum IgA and IgG concentrations of sows at farrowing and weaning stages, and of piglets on day 14 and 28 post weaning. No significant differences were found in reproductive and lactation performance, while minor effects were observed on antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, live yeast addition during middle–late gestation and the whole lactation period resulted in enhanced immunity of primiparous sows and their offspring, therefore, improving maternal and progeny health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios in swine diets can potentially impose a higher risk of inflammatory and metabolic diseases in swine. A low ratio between the two omega PUFAs has beneficial effects on sows' and piglets' production performance and immunity status. At present, there are few studies on how sow nutrition directly affects the protein and fat deposition in suckling piglets. Two groups of sows were fed diets with high or low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratios of 13:1 (SOY) and 4:1 (LIN), respectively, during gestation and lactation. Longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue from newborn piglets, nourished only with sow's milk, were subjected to fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to proteomics assays based on nano-liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS). Fatty acid profiles on both muscle and adipose tissues resembled the magnitude of the differences between fatty acid across diets. Proteomic analysis revealed overabundance of 4 muscle and 11 adipose tissue proteins in SOY compared to LIN in both piglet tissues. The detected overabundance of haptoglobin, an acute-phase protein, and the stimulation of protein-coding genes and proteins related to the innate immune response and acute inflammatory response could be associated with the pro-inflammatory role of n-6 PUFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants engineered with genes encoding for the antigenic proteins of various microorganisms have shown to correctly express the proteins that elicit the production of antibodies in mammalian hosts. In livestock, plant-based vaccines could represent an innovative strategy for oral vaccination, especially to prevent infection by enteric pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate tobacco plants as a seedspecific expression system for the production of the flgK flagellar hook-associated protein from a wild type Salmonella typhimurium strain, as a model of an edible vaccine. The flgK gene is the principal component of bacterial flagella and is recognised as virulence factor by the innate immune system. It was isolated from the Salmonella typhimurium strain by PCR. The encoding sequence of flgK was transferred into a pBI binary vector, under control of soybean basic 7S globulin promoter for the seed-specific. Plant transformation was carried out using recombinant EHA 105 Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A transgenic population was obtained made up of independently kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants, which had a similar morphological appearance to the wild-type plants. Molecular analyses of seeds confirmed the integration of the gene and the average expression level of flgK was estimated to be about 0.6 mg per gram of seeds, corresponding to 0.33% of the total amount of soluble protein in tobacco seeds. This study showed that the foreign flgK gene could be stably incorporated into the tobacco plant genome by transcription through the nuclear apparatus of the plant, and that these genes are inherited by the next generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the in vitro effects on caprine monocytes of two ω-3 PUFAs, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on lipid droplet formation, an emerging process of fundamental importance in innate immunity regulation. The mRNA abundance of PAT protein family (PLIN1, PLIN2 and PLIN3), involved in the formation and trafficking of the droplets, was also assessed. The effects of EPA and DHA on monocyte apoptosis were studied as well. The number of lipid droplets per cell was found to be dependent on both type and concentration of fatty acid. ω-3 PUFAs upregulated PLIN3 and PLIN2 gene expression, as well as apoptosis rate. The present findings suggest that PUFA might modify innate immune functions of goat monocytes by interfering with the formation of lipid droplets and by upregulating proteins belonging to PAT protein family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of nucleotides administration on growth performance and immune response in post-weaning piglets. Twenty-eight male weaned piglets, homogeneous for age and weight were randomly allocated to two experimental treatments. Treated group (T) was daily orally administered 0.8 g/head of a mixture of nucleotides suspended in 2.1 mL water solution; while control group (C) received 2.1 mL saline solution. Body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were individually recorded weekly, while feed intake (FI), and gain:feed (G:F) were recorded and calculated on pen basis. Faecal score was evaluated every seven days. On day 0, 9, 18 and 27 blood samples were collected to determine IgA, IgG and haptoglobin concentration. At day 28 all piglets were sacrificed, and tissue samples of ileal Peyer's patches were collected for the evaluation of IL1α, IL1β, IL6, IL10, TNFα, TLR2, TLR4 and PPARγ gene expression. Nucleotides supplementation significantly increased BW (17.37 vs. 19.00 kg/pig; p = <.01), ADG (.351 vs..400 kg/d; p <.01), and FI (3.96 vs. 4.39 kg/d; p <.01), but not G:F (.61 vs..64; p =.29). Faecal consistency was not different between the experimental groups and no occurrence of diarrhoea was reported. IgA and IgG content in blood was not influenced by the treatment, as well as gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in Peyer's patches. The present trial shows that nucleotide administration is able to improve growth performance of post-weaning piglets, with no effects on inflammatory response and the expression of immune-related genes. Nucleotides administration increased BW, ADG and FI. Nucleotides did not affect inflammatory and immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate as a proof of concept, a quantitative relationship between atmospheric particulate matter (PM10), atmospheric heavy metals (Pb, Ni and Cd) and Pb, Ni and Cd concentrations accumulated on bees reared in a beehive in the urban territory in Milan. For this purpose, a beehive called the Honey Factory, located in the Triennale museum area in Milano, was considered in the trial from May to October 2015. Every two days, bees found dead in the beehive were collected and the concentration of lead, cadmium and nickel on the bees bodies were evaluated through atomic absorption analysis. In the same period, data about atmospheric dust, Lead, Cadmium and Nickel, were daily downloaded by the ARPA website. The comparison between atmospheric and animal data has revealed a tight relation. Linear regressions for animals and atmosphere were calculated: when the concentration of atmospheric lead exceeded the value of 4 ng/m3, bees 'carried' about 0.7 mg/kg of lead. When the lead atmospheric concentration was higher than 15 ng/m3, lead on the bee's body was more than 0.9 mg/kg (y = 0.1006x + 0.573, R2 = 0.98). A similar relationship was detected for Nickel. This study showed that heavy metals accumulated on honeybees depend on the atmospheric concentrations measured during the month before animal sampling and that PM10 pollution level seems to contribute to Pb and Ni levels detected on the animals. Bees are environmental quality indicators. Pb, Ni, Cd (HM) were detected on bees and in the air. HM on bees depend on the atmospheric concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cells developed several mechanisms, including the transcription factor Nuclear Factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to counteract oxidative stress (Lee and Johnson, 2004). The aim of the study was to evaluate the activation of Nrf2 in transgenic mice fed saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids and the anti-inflammatory effect of oestrogens on organism. Forty-eight ARE CRE OMO reporter mice were divided into 3 groups, consisting of 16 animals, based on presence/absence of oestrogens (ovariectomized or sham female, OVX - SH; male, MA). Each group was further split in 4 subgroups of 4 animals each and fed different diets (7.5% lard, 7.5% tuna oil, 20.0 % lard and 20.0% tuna oil). Two times a week animals were anaesthetized and injected intraperitoneally with 100μL luciferin 15 min before the imaging session. Using the Living Image Software, photon emission was mapped for selected body areas. On day 70, animals were sacrificed after a challenge with Sodium Arsenite. Specific organs were dissected and immediately subjected to ex vivo imaging session. MIXED and GLM procedures of SAS software were used for statistical analysis. Dietary treatments did not affect body weight and feed intake as well as Nrf2 expression in both pre- and post-challenge phases, with the exception of the abdominal region (P=0.031 pre-challenge); in this area, during the pre-challenge phase, OVX showed lower Nrf2 activation (P<0.001). Ex vivo results outlined a significant effect of the challenge on all the considered organs (P<0.001), while OVX subjects had higher Nrf2 expression on urinary bladder and kidney (P<0.05) and high fat diet increased Nrf2 in urinary bladder (P<0.05). The present trial shows how supplementation of saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet do not exert significant effects on oxidative stress in mice, but confirms the protective role of oestrogens under physiological condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates potential areas for research and development in the feed sectors in Italy and Serbia. A questionnaire was submitted to 113 feed companies, 37% of these answered. Frequency statistics, data graphs and Simple Correspondence Analysis was obtained. Results indicated that 7% of responders in Italy and 47% of Serbia have not planned any budged for research and development in the last 3 years. The industrial processes were the main focus for Italy, while new product developments for Serbia. For both countries will be essential in the near future increase in product quality, search for new markets and reduction of energy consumption. Additionally, it was observed that company dimension is linked to the area/focus of innovation, irrespective of the type of feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) found mostly in fish oil. They have been commonly used as dietary integrators in human and animal nutrition, modulating the immune system, mostly by exerting anti-inflammatory activities as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies. The precise mechanisms of action at the background of EPA and DHA immunomodulatory activity are still not fully elucidated. Moreover, no information on their effects on porcine monocytes immune response is available yet. To cover this gap, the study aimed to evaluate DHA and EPA's in vit ro impact on porcine monocytes (CD14 +) defensive functions. Briefly, monocytes were isolated from the blood of twenty-six healthy pigs, using a magnetic-activated cell sorting technique (MACS). Monocytes were first treated with increasing concentrations of DHA and EPA (25, 50, 100 and 200 µM) and apoptosis and viability were measured to assess potential cytotoxic effects. Once determined EPA and DHA subtoxic working concentrations (25, 50 and 100 µM), their effects on chemotaxis, phagocytosis and total, intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated. DHA and EPA only decreased porcine monocytes viability at the highest concentration (200 µM), but their apoptosis was unaffected. DHA (100 µM) decreased the cells' chemotaxis, while EPA (25 µM) increased their intracellular ROS production after 60 min under non-inflammatory or resting conditions and at 90 min under pro-inflammatory conditions (PMA challenge). EPA (50 µM) decreased monocytes' intracellular ROS levels only under resting conditions at 30 min. No effects were observed on porcine monocytes phagocytic capacity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DHA and EPA can exert differential in vitro immunomodulatory effects in pigs, by dampening monocytes chemotaxis and potentiating their oxidative burst, respectively. Thus, our results suggest these n-3 PUFA might exert both anti-inflammatory and/or immune-enhancing effects in pigs. • n-3 PUFA have shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in livestock. • DHA and EPA decreased porcine monocytes viability at the highest concentration. • DHA inhibited the chemotactic activity of porcine monocytes. • EPA mainly increased monocytes intracellular ROS production. • DHA and EPA exert differential in vitro immunomodulatory effects in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intramammary infection affects quality and quantity of milk. Having as final target the improving of animal health' monitoring, this research studied the gland milk electrical conductivity (EC) signal in order to identify a possible parameter more representative of the EC variations that can be observed, during a milking, when not healthy (NH) glands are considered. Two foremilk gland samples, from 40 Saanen goats, were acquired for three weeks and lactation stages (LS: 0-60 Days In Milking; 61-120 DIM; =>120 DIM), for a total amount of 1440 samples. Bacteriological analyses and somatic cells counts (SCC) were used to define glands health status. In case of negative bacteriological analyses and SCC <1,000,000 cells/mL, glands were classified as healthy; alternatively, when bacteriological analyses were positive or SCC higher than 1,000,000 cells/mL, for two or more consecutive days, glands were classified as NH. A spectral analysis, to calculate the frequency spectrum and the bandwidth length of the milk EC signal, was performed. To validate data acquired, A MIXED procedure was used considering the HS, LS and the LS x HS as explanatory variables of the statistical model. Results showed that spectral analysis allows characterizing the milk EC variations thorough the bandwidth length parameter. This parameter has a significant relationship with the gland health status and it provides more accurate information than other traits, like the statistical variance of the signal. Therefore, it could be useful to improve the performances of multivariate models/algorithms that detect dairy goat health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional cage systems will be replaced by housing systems that allow hens to move freely. These systems may improve hens' welfare, but they lead to some disadvantages: disease, bone fractures, cannibalism, piling and lower egg production. New selection criteria for existing commercial strains should be identified considering individual data about laying performance and the behavior of hens. Many recording systems have been developed to collect these data. However, the management of double nest occupations remains critical for the correct egg-to-hen assignment. To limit such events, most systems adopt specific trap devices and additional mechanical components. Others, instead, only prevent these occurrences by narrowing the nest, without any detection and management. The aim of this study was to develop and test a nest usage "sensor", based on imaging analysis, that is able to automatically detect a double nest occupation. Results showed that the developed sensor correctly identified the double nest occupation occurrences. Therefore, the imaging analysis resulted in being a useful solution that could simplify the nest construction for this type of recording system, allowing the collection of more precise and accurate data, since double nest occupations would be managed and the normal laying behavior of hens would not be discouraged by the presence of the trap devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lactobacillus animalis SB310 and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SB137, isolated from the gut of veal calves, were investigated in terms of antimicrobial activity for a possible application as bioprotective agents in vacuum-packed raw meat. In the first trial, cultures of single strains and their mixture obtained adding the two strains before the incubation, their cell-free supernatants and buffered cell-free supernatants were tested in vitro against a wide range of spoilage or potentially pathogenic bacteria. In the second trial different mixtures were evaluated for the same tests (L. animalis: L. paracasei rates = 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1 and 1:1 obtained mixing the two cultures grown separately). An evident inhibitory activity exerted by the single Lactobacillus strains and the mixtures was observed for all the target bacteria tested. In almost all the cases, the inhibition halos produced by the mixtures were significantly higher than those produced by the single strains, especially if L. paracasei subsp. paracasei SB317 was predominant in the mixture. Among the target bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida were clearly the most susceptible; a high variability in Enterobacteriaceae was detected, depending on the species. Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli O157:H7 resulted as the less susceptible strains. A very limited activity of the cell-free supernatants was found for all the 12 strains tested, compared with the action of viable Lactobacilli, highlighting that the antimicrobial action originated from a combination of bacterial competition and the production of extracellular compounds. The absence of effects by the buffered cell-free supernatants suggests that these compounds are organic acids. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of these strains when applied to raw meat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Intramammary infection affects the quality and quantity of dairy goat milk. Health status (HS) and milk quality can be monitored by electrical conductivity (EC). The aim of the study was to determine the detection potential of EC when measured on-line on a daily basis and compared with readings from previous milkings. Milk yields (MYs) were investigated with the same approach. To evaluate these relative traits, a multivariate model based on fuzzy logic technology - which provided interesting results in cows - was used. Two foremilk samples from 8 healthy Saanen goats were measured daily over the course of six months. Bacteriological tests and somatic cells counts were used to define the HS. On-line EC measurements for each gland and MYs were also considered. Predicted deviations of EC and MY were calculated using a moving-average model and entered in the fuzzy logic model. The reported accuracy has a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 69%. Conclusions show that fuzzy logic is an interesting approach for dairy goats, since it offered better accuracy than other methods previously published. Nevertheless, specificity was lower than in dairy cows, probably due to the lack of a significant decrease of MY in diseased glands. Still, results show that the detection of the HS characteristics with EC is improved, when measured on-line, daily and compared with the readings from previous milkings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a nutrient-rich biofluid that contains several biocomponents with distinctive functions, including extracellular vesicles (EV). Milk EV have been associated with the regulation of the newborn's immune system and to influence essential cellular development. The EV proteome comprises the protein constituents and cargo; changes in these compartments could impact their role mediating communication. The ratio of dietary ω-6 to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is known to affect health and inflammation, and to induce changes in milk fatty acid composition, but no reports have included the milk EV fraction so far. We isolated EV from milk samples obtained on days 0, 7, and 14 after parturition from sows receiving either a standard diet or a test diet enriched in ω-3 (ω6:ω3 = 4:1). Small milk-derived EV were isolated using ultracentrifugation coupled with size exclusion chromatography, and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blotting. Using a TMT-based high-resolution quantitative approach, the proteomics analysis revealed variations in the milk EV proteome within the diet groups with differences in the abundance of spondin-2 and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein. Future studies are encouraged to explore further dietary effects on milk EV composition and their relation to the offspring's development. Milk EV are known as key players mediating the regulation of the infant's immune system and growth. The EV proteome comprises the protein constituents and protein cargo, and any changes in this system could impact their role in intercellular communication. This study aimed at evaluating how different ω-6:ω-3 ratios in the maternal diet could translate to the milk EV proteome. This is relevant for basic research, but also has applied aspects in animal nutrition and health and may provide new perspectives for feeding additives. [Display omitted] • Increasing the sow's dietary content of ω-3 fatty acids affected the proteome of extracellular vesicles in mature milk. • Spondin-2 and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein were downregulated in the low omega-6:omega-3 ratio diets. • The dietary treatment left the proteome of colostrum extracellular vesicles unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mastitis in small ruminants has a major effect in reducing both yield and quality of milk leading to strong economic losses. In addition, mastitis is one the most frequently cited reason for culling. In dairy cows electrical conductivity (EC) of milk has been introduced as an indicator trait for mastitis. When the measurement of electrical conductivity (EC) of milk is based on time-series analysis of historical data, comparing values from different quarters within milking, satisfactory results in mastitis detection can be achieved. On the contrary, mastitis detection models based on EC measurement of milk within milking are not available in literature for dairy goats. Aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of milk EC, measured within milking from halves of each udder, to predict mastitis status in dairy goats at farm level. For this purpose, a group of 8 Saanen goats was involved in a 225-day study. Two foremilk samples were daily collected during morning milking from halves of each udder for a total of 4 samples per animal/day. Results of bacteriological analyses were used to distinguish between healthy (absence of mastitis agents) and infected (presence of contagious or environmental mastitis agents) udder halves. EC was measured in milk from halves of each udder during every morning milking at 1-s intervals using four experimental milking units equipped with conductimetric sensors. The average of the 20 highest EC values (X 20) and the variation of the 20 highest EC values () within milking were calculated for each udder halves. In addition 4 EC traits based on X 20 and were computed: the highest half udder X 20 value within goat and milking (Max_X 20), the highest half udder value within goat and milking (), the inter-udder halves ratio between the udder halves X 20 values within goat and milking (IHR_X 20), and the inter-udder halves ratio between udder halves value within goat and milking (). Values for the traits were calculated for every milking throughout the whole lactation. Proc Mixed of SAS® 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2008) was performed to test for significant differences in EC traits between healthy and infected udder halves and between healthy (absence of infected udder halves) and infected (presence of at least one infected udder half) goats. Results highlighted that the average of the 20 highest electrical conductivity half udder values recorded within milking in early lactation and the highest half udder X 20 value within goat and milking in mid lactation could be potentially used in monitoring udder health of dairy goats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Long-chain n −3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to be essential during peri-natal growth and development of mammals. The study was conducted to determine whether the inclusion of fish oil in dairy goats diet during late gestation and early lactation would increase the proportion of n −3 PUFAs in colostral and mature milk. From 3 weeks before kidding throughout 42 days of lactation, 14 dairy goats were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 1.1% fish oil (FO). Dietary treatment did not affect main components of colostrum, but lowered percentages of fat and lactose in mature milk. In colostrum, FO supplementation lowered the proportions of C18:0, C18:2, C18:3 and elevated those of C16:1 and very long-chain n −3 PUFAs, mainly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA. In mature milk, FO supplementation lowered the proportion of C18:0 and raised C16:1 and n −3 PUFAs (C18:3, EPA and DHA). Estimated transfer efficiencies for EPA and DHA into mature milk were 14 and 7%, respectively. Results suggest that goat''s colostrum and milk can be enriched in n −3 PUFAs by maternal dietary fish oil supplementation during late gestation and early lactation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exosomes are membranous vesicles of endocytic origin, recently been considered as major players in cell-cell communication. Milk is highly complex, and diverse biocomponents provide adequate nutrition, transfer immunity, and promote adequate neonate development. Milk exosomes are suggested to have a key role in these processes, yet to be further explored, and the alteration of the exosomes' cargo in different stages of lactation stages is important for understanding the factors relevant in nursing and also for improving milk replacer products both for humans and animals. We isolated exosomes from porcine milk in different lactation stages and analyzed their content using a TMT-based high-resolution quantitative proteomic approach. Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation coupled with size exclusion chromatography to enrich milk-derived exosomes in samples obtained at day 0, 7, and 14 after parturition, and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blotting. Quantitative proteomics analysis revealed different proteome profiles for colostrum exosomes and milk exosomes. The functional analysis highlighted pathways related to the regulation of homeostasis to be upregulated in colostrum exosomes, and pathways such as endothelial cell development and lipid metabolism to be upregulated in mature milk exosomes. This study endorses the importance of exosomes as active biocomponents of milk and provides knowledge for future studies exploring their role in the regulation of immunity and growth of the newborn. The identified functional proteome and protein-protein interaction networks identified in our study help to elucidate the role of milk exosomes in different lactation periods. The results generated herein are of relevance for the basic understanding of their impact on the infant's development but also for bringing forward the manufacturing of milk replacers. [Display omitted] • Exosomes were isolated from porcine milk at day 0 (colostrum), 7, and 14 post-partum. • The proteomes in exosomes from porcine colostrum and mature milk differ. • Proteins in milk exosomes may play a key role in health during the early stage of life and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Since the European Union's (EU) antibiotic ban in 2006, interest in natural feed additives has largely increased. Natural feed additives are used to prevent diseases and promote growth in chickens, supporting animal health and modulating the development of the gut microflora during stressful situations. In the present study, a bioactive compound from plants belonging to the class of phytobiotics was assessed for its effects on production performance, antiradical activity and gut microflora in broiler chickens. The obtained results show how the tested compound is able to exert beneficial effects on the antiradical activity and gut microbial ecology of birds, even though the chickens' performance was unaffected. Phytobiotics are usually tested in feed and throughout the production cycle. However, it could be beneficial to evaluate their effects when administered only during critical moments, such as changes in feeding phases. The aim of the trial was to investigate the effect of a commercial plant extract (PE; IQV-10-P01, InQpharm Animal Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) on growth performance, blood antiradical activity and cecal microbiome when administered in drinking water to broiler chickens during the post-hatching phase and at each change of diet. In the experiment, 480 1-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to two groups in a 50-day trial. Broilers received drinking water (C) or drinking water plus PE (T) at a rate of 2 mL/L on days 0 to 4, 10–11 and 20–21. PE did not affect performance and water intake, while total antiradical activity was improved (p < 0.05). A greater abundance of lactic acid bacteria (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) was found in the T group and the result was confirmed at a lower taxonomic level with higher Lactobacillaceae abundance (FDR < 0.05). Our findings suggest that PE administration during critical moments of the production cycle of broiler chickens may exert beneficial effects at a systemic level and on gut microbial ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is an increasing demand for information on the nutraceutical properties of food. Due to its bioactive components and high digestibility, goat milk is an excellent functional food. Dietary fat supplementation can further enrich the value of goat milk by modifying its acidic profile. Nevertheless, animal health can also benefit from lipids supplied with rations. In this review, the relationships between dietary fats and goat health status are summarized. Particular attention is paid to describing the effects of specific fatty acids on lipid metabolism and immune functionality. Fat supplementation has long been used in dairy ruminant nutrition to increase the fat content of milk and supply energy during particularly challenging production phases. Throughout the years, advances have been made in the knowledge of metabolic pathways and technological treatments of dietary fatty acids (FAs), resulting in safer and more widely available lipid supplements. There is an awareness of the positive nutraceutical effects of the addition of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to fat supplementation, which provides consumers with healthier animal products through manipulation of their characteristics. If it is true that benefits to human health can be derived from the consumption of animal products rich in bioactive fatty acids (FAs), then it is reasonable to think that the same effect can occur in the animals to which the supplements are administered. Therefore, recent advances in fat supplementation of dairy goats with reference to the effect on health status have been summarized. In vivo trials and in vitro analysis on cultured cells, as well as histological and transcriptomic analyses of hepatic and adipose tissue, have been reviewed in order to assess documented relationships between specific FAs, lipid metabolism, and immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]