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Molecular chirality has traditionally been viewed as a binary property where a molecule is classified as either chiral or achiral, yet in recent decades, mathematical methods for quantifying chirality have been explored. Here, we use toy molecular systems to systematically compare the performance of two state-of-the-art chirality measures: (1) the Continuous Chirality Measure (CCM) and (2) the Chirality Characteristic (χ). We find that both methods exhibit qualitatively similar behavior when applied to simple molecular systems such as a four-site molecule or the polymer double-helix, but we show that the CCM may be more suitable for evaluating the chirality of arbitrary molecules or abstract structures such as normal vibrational modes. We discuss a range of considerations for applying these methods to molecular systems in general, and we provide links to user-friendly codes for both methods. We aim for this paper to serve as a concise resource for scientists attempting to familiarize themselves with these chirality measures or attempting to implement chirality measures in their own work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the desirability of polymers for use in many products due to their flexibility, light weight, and durability, their status as thermal insulators has precluded their use in applications where thermal conductors are required. However, recent results suggest that the thermal conductance of polymers can be enhanced and that their heat transport behaviors may be highly sensitive to nanoscale control. Here we use non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of mechanical twist on the steady-state thermal conductance across multi-stranded polyethylene wires. We find that a highly twisted double-helical polyethylene wire can display a thermal conductance up to three times that of its untwisted form, an effect which can be attributed to a structural transition in the strands of the double helix. We also find that in thicker wires composed of many parallel strands, adding just one twist can increase its thermal conductance by over 30%. However, we find that unlike stretching a polymer wire, which causes a monotonic increase in thermal conductance, the effect of twist is highly non-monotonic, and certain amounts of twist can actually decrease the thermal conductance. Finally, we apply the Continuous Chirality Measure (CCM) in an attempt to explore the correlation between heat conductance and chirality. The CCM is found to correlate with twist as expected, but we attribute the observed heat transport behaviors to structural factors other than chirality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatibility is essential for drug delivery systems to ensure safety. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and its copolymers with glycolic acid and caprolactone, are known as safe biodegradable implants and carriers of drugs in clinical use. These polymers have been clinically used for the delivery of peptides, such as: LHRH, somatostatin and growth hormone. While the safety of PLA has been confirmed, the biocompatibility of PLA- based stereocomplexes with peptides has not been investigated. Stereocomplex is a complex formed by two molecules with opposite enantiomeric configuration. D-PLA consists of a chiral monomer thus can adopts a three dimensional structure which is a mirror image of a helix structure, therefore, complexes with insulin into a stereocomplex. In previous reports we demonstrated the formation of such stereocomplex. This study presents the safety evolution of a stereocomplex composed of the water soluble diblock copolymer of D-polylactic acid-co-polyetheylene glycol (DPLA-PEG) and Insulin, following subcutaneous administration of 17 mg sterecomoplex/mouse to Akita−/+ins2 mice. The mice were monitored for blood glucose levels and weight along the experiment, while growth necropsy and histopathology examination were done post sacrificing. Results demonstrated normal body weight gain with no pathological finding of an internal organ and no inflammatory signs at the injection site except of minimal macrophages, after 16 weeks following polymer administration. Hence, Stereocomplex of D-PLA-PEG/insulin is considered biocompatible with no adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthalene, an aromatic hydrocarbon prevalent in mothballs and deodorizers, poses significant health risks upon exposure, primarily through ingestion or dermal absorption. Herein, we report the case of a previously healthy 28-year-old male who presented with hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, and acute renal failure. The patient had a history of ingestion of mothballs, mistaking them for candy, prompting consideration of naphthalene intoxication as the clinical diagnosis, which was subsequently confirmed by laboratory findings. Given concurrent hepatic dysfunction and a diagnosis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, N-acetyl cysteine was administered instead of methylene blue. The patient's condition improved after he was managed with aggressive fluid resuscitation, noninvasive ventilation, blood transfusions, and hemodialysis. Naphthalene ingestion can result in hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, and acute kidney injury, with heightened susceptibility observed in patients with G6PD deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT) typically works well for describing dynamic correlation. Two other types of correlation, arising in the cases of degenerate (static) or quasidegenerate (nondynamic) zero-order states, represent a difficult problem for DFT. When symmetry is present, multiplet sum method (MSM) DFT [Ziegler et al., Theor. Chim. Acta 4, 877 (1977)] provides one of the earliest and simplest ways to include static correlation in DFT. MSM-DFT assumes that DFT provides a good description of single-determinant energies and uses symmetry and simple ansätze to include the effects of static correlation. This is equivalent to determining the off-diagonal matrix elements in a small configuration interaction (CI) eigenvalue problem. Our ultimate goal, however, is nondynamic correlation in cases where symmetry is inadequate for fixing the dynamic-correlation limitation of DFT. To this end, we have developed a diagrammatic approach to MSM-DFT, which does not, by itself, solve the nondynamic correlation problem in DFT but which facilitates comparison with wave function CI and so allows educated guesses of off-diagonal CI matrix elements even in the absence of symmetry. In every case, an additional exchange-only ansatz (EXAN) allows the MSM-DFT formulas to be transformed into wave function formulas. This EXAN also works for transforming time-dependent DFT into time-dependent Hartree–Fock. Although not enough to uniquely guess DFT formulas from wave function formulas, the diagrammatic approach and the EXAN provide important constraints on any guesses that might be used. We illustrate how diagrammatic MSM-DFT may be used to guess a nondynamic correlation correction for the dissociation of H2 and how diagrammatic MSM-DFT may be used to guess a nonsymmetry-based coupling element in the O2 multiplet problem, which is reasonably close to a previous symmetry-derived result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research project aims to automate the identification, labeling, and counting of teeth, as well as the classification of abnormalities and detection of caries in dental X-rays, specifically orthopantomograms (OPGs). It involves several deep neural networks and learning algorithms. The first module uses semantic segmentation with a U-net model to create masks for tooth detection, which are then refined with the YOLOv3 detector, achieving 80% accuracy. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) helps find tooth midpoints and count the total number of teeth. The second module classifies abnormalities and pathologies using transfer learning with the Inceptionv3 model, yielding moderate accuracy. Caries detection is performed with thresholding and segmentation. The third module detects three treated pathologies—root canal treatments, crowns, and implants—using Faster RCNN and Inceptionv3, showing fair accuracy. Overall, the automated approach demonstrates promising results for enhancing X-ray image interpretation and diagnosing oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Acoustic emission (AE) serves as a non‐destructive testing (NDT) technique with unique potential for assessing structural integrity and potentially predicting failures in pressure bottles. The authors have effectively demonstrated its applicability in predicting burst pressures of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) pressure bottles. In their study, five identical GFRP pressure bottles underwent pressurization cycles, and the AE data collected during these cycles was analyzed to develop a straightforward empirical relationship for predicting burst performance. This approach highlights a significant finding: impending failure can be detected with notable accuracy even when pressure levels are at 50%–60% of the maximum expected operating pressure (MEOP), with a reasonable margin of error. Notably, there exists a gap in the existing literature concerning clear methodologies for predicting burst pressures of composite pressure bottles. This methodology, however, can be extended beyond GFRP to predict the burst pressure of pressure bottles made from other material systems in real‐time. The composite pressure bottle failure is predicted at very low pressure. The prediction is at a range of 50%–75% of MEOP. To predict the burst pressure of GFRP pressure bottle an empirical formula is generated. The empirical formula is generated using Acoustic Emission parameters. Major AE parameters are determined from a set of GFRP pressure bottles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Purpose Approach and methods Findings Policy implications When collecting evidence from the field, the quality of the data determines the reliability of the analysis. When data are collected in the field by enumerators, the latter's performance needs to be monitored to avoid errant behaviour that could compromise data quality.We show how paradata on the process of data collection itself can improve enumerator performance, using a household survey in India as a case study.We conducted action research to improve data quality in the India Working Study conducted in early 2020 in Karnataka and Rajasthan. We designed indicators (flags) from the paradata to mark potential deviant enumerator behaviour in the early stages of the survey. Flagged enumerators were contacted by supervisors who provided constructive feedback. We then measured the performance of the flagged enumerators over the remainder of the survey.We were able to benchmark specific groups of enumerators facing similar field conditions, namely location and gender of respondents. This allowed us to compare enumerators to a subset of their peers, rather than the entire set of enumerators.Our feedback improved enumerator behaviour in the field: flagged enumerators subsequently spent more time on a core module of the questionnaire.In any survey, two objectives compete: completing a fixed number of interviews per day to reduce costs versus enumerators spending enough time with each respondent to collect meaningful data. To strike a balance between these competing demands, we recommend tracking three paradata indicators: count of completed interviews; average time per completed interview; and ratio of completed to initiated interviews.We recommend using paradata to improve the quality of data when surveying, thereby reducing standard errors for estimates based on the data and leading to more reliable analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Mary Main’s impact on attachment research in Israel and vice versa, focusing on her contributions: the disorganized attachment classification (D) and the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Israeli research spans Jewish and Arab populations, individuals with special needs, and trauma-affected groups, testing the Normativity, Sensitivity, and Competence hypotheses. While confirming traditional findings, some studies revealed deviations, possibly influenced by Israel’s unique sociocultural/historical context. Some studies found an overrepresentation of disorganized and ambivalent attachment classifications, possibly linked to regional conflicts. The absence of a distinction between these two classifications in certain outcomes, especially disrupted maternal communication—a precursor to D—challenges the clear-cut classifications found in Western studies. Finally, a Holocaust Project provides unique insights, identifying the absence of intergenerational transmission of an unresolved state of mind from Holocaust survivors to descendants and revealing distinctive AAI classifications, namely, Absence of Attachment Representations and Failed Mourning, all inviting further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard for establishing the efficacy and safety of cardiovascular therapies. However, current pivotal trials are expensive, lengthy, and insufficiently diverse. Emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can potentially automate and streamline clinical trial operations. This review describes opportunities to integrate AI throughout a trial's life cycle, including designing the trial, identifying eligible patients, obtaining informed consent, ascertaining physiological and clinical event outcomes, interpreting imaging, and analyzing or disseminating the results. Nevertheless, AI poses risks, including generating inaccurate results, amplifying biases against underrepresented groups, and violating patient privacy. Medical journals and regulators are developing new frameworks to evaluate AI research tools and the data they generate. Given the high-stakes role of randomized trials in medical decision making, AI must be integrated carefully and transparently to protect the validity of trial results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) are valuable for various dental procedures. However, several reports document inherent limitations and complaints about their high costs, hindering accessibility in low—and middle-income countries. This study aimed to characterize four low-cost HCSC prototypes to show their microstructure, composition, and fundamental physical properties. Four HCSC prototypes were formulated: 1- calcium silicate powder with 17.5 wt. % replacement of calcium tungstate, 2- calcium silicate powder with 17.5 wt. % replacement of zirconium oxide, 3- calcium silicate powder with 17.5 wt. % replacement of calcium tungstate and 2.5 wt. % of zirconium oxide and 4- calcium silicate powder with 10 wt. % replacement of calcium tungstate and 10 wt. % replacement of zirconium oxide. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to assess their microstructure and composition. Additionally, radiopacity, setting time, solubility, pH, and in vitro bioactivity were evaluated at different time points and contrasted with controls (Mineral trioxide aggregate –MTA Angelus- and Intermediate restorative material -IRM-). Their production cost was significantly lower than commercially available HCSCs. All prototypes exhibited a microstructure and composition comparable to MTA Angelus. All the prototypes exhibited radiopacity exceeding 3 mm of aluminum and shorter initial and final setting times than MTA Angelus. The solubility of some prototypes closely adhered to the ISO standard recommendation of 3% after 1 day, and all promoted an alkaline pH and the formation of calcium/phosphate precipitates. These promising findings suggest the potential clinical application of these prototypes. However, further research is necessary to evaluate their mechanical and biological properties for definitive clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) and three-dimensional (3D) digital technologies have significantly influenced various fields in recent years, including medicine and dentistry, as they retain depth and spatial information. This pilot study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental professionals in Gujarat regarding the effectiveness of VR and 3D digital tools in forensic dental education and research. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through an online self-administered questionnaire consisting of 20 questions circulated among dental practitioners in Gujarat, India. Out of total 161 responses, 124 were from dental professionals and 37 were received from dental postgraduate students. The findings indicated limited knowledge of these technologies among both dental professionals and postgraduate students. The VR and 3D technologies were practiced by limited specialists, such as orthodontists, prosthodontists, forensic odontologist, oral-maxillofacial radiologist, whereas other specialists were not sensitized and trained in these technologies. With the ongoing development of technologies, there is no doubt that VR and 3D technologies can greatly aid in education and research, especially in this new era; encouraging new researchers to incorporate this high-potential modality and transform current practices in India and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 posed little danger to children. Nevertheless, the South African government imposed lockdown measures that impeded children's education, play and food. Schools were closed, feeding schemes were halted and organised sports were banned. In this study of South African children's experience during the 2020–22 pandemic, we use the capabilities approach, particularly Nussbaum's ten capabilities, to assess how the lockdown measures affected their development. The one-dimensional nature of the government response was evident in its focus on physical health and safeguarding adults and the health system, at the expense of children's well-being. Children were masked and their voices were not heard. Despite being far less at risk of illness or death than adults, children and young people were disproportionately affected by government regulations. Children from low-income environments were particularly severely affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods Results Interpretation Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) was shown to be safe and efficacious in patients with large core stroke in multiple randomized controlled trials. However, the impact of reperfusion and other procedural metrics on EVT outcomes in this population has not been well‐characterized.From the SELECT2 trial, we evaluated the association between reperfusion status, first‐pass effect (near‐complete or complete reperfusion [extended thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (eTICI) 2c‐3] in 1 pass), procedure time and primary technique (aspiration vs stent‐retriever) with functional outcomes in patients receiving EVT across ASPECTS (3 vs 4 vs 5) and core estimate strata (<70 vs ≥70ml, <100 vs ≥100ml, and <150 vs ≥150ml).Of 180 patients who received thrombectomy, 144 (80%) achieved successful reperfusion (eTICI 2b‐3) and demonstrated better clinical outcomes (adjusted generalized odds ratios [aGenOR]: 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.15), compared with unsuccessful reperfusion. Results were consistent across ASPECTS and core estimate strata. Additionally, complete or near‐complete reperfusion (eTICI 2c‐3) was associated with better functional outcome (aGenOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.33–2.97) in patients achieving successful reperfusion. Functional outcome point estimates favored those with first‐pass‐effect (42 of 167 (25%), aGenOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 0.96–2.24). Longer procedure time was associated with worse modified Rankin scale (mRS) distribution (aGenOR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.96, p‐value = 0.001 for 10 minutes increment). Aspiration‐first technique was used in 43 of 154 (25%) patients and was not associated with higher reperfusion (88% vs 78%, p = 0.18) or better functional outcome (aGenOR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.50–1.10) as compared with stent‐retriever first.Successful reperfusion resulted in improved clinical outcomes in large core patients across baseline ischemic core strata. Near complete or complete reperfusion was further associated with better outcomes, whereas prolonged procedures were associated with worse outcomes. Results were consistent regardless of the technique used. ANN NEUROL 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore the moral significance of human interiority, examining how one's inner life has moral import vis-à-vis external, observable, or public behaviour. Contrary to views that problematize interiority or introspection, pitting them against truthful self-understanding, sociality, or public moral behaviour, I will draw on Augustine and Iris Murdoch as resources for reconsidering interiority's role in moral growth. First, I will show how both depict objective, 'public' moral behaviour as being fundamentally contingent upon subjective, 'personal' judgement, deliberation, and reflection. Then, I will consider three overlapping areas of interest regarding subjectivity in Augustine and Murdoch: self-examination, humility, and love. In drawing on Augustine and Murdoch as resources for an enriched account of interiority vis-à-vis moral growth, I hope to reaffirm the significance of subjectivity for 'public', objective moral behaviour while re-examining settled, conventional characterisations of subjectivity and objectivity by suggesting that our perspectives and responses to questions concerning the good are irreducibly and inextricably personal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In populations with separate sexes, genetic load due to deleterious mutations may be expressed differently in males and females. Evidence from insect models suggests that selection against mutations is stronger in males. This pattern will reduce deleterious allele frequencies at the expense of males, such that female mean fitness is greater than expected, preserving population persistence in the face of high mutation rates. While previous studies focus on reproductive success, mutation load depends on total selection in each sex, including selection for viability. We might expect minimal sex differences in viability effects in fruit flies, since male and female larvae behave similarly, yet many genes show sex-biased expression in larvae. We measured the sex-specific viability effects of nine "marker" mutations and 123 mutagenized chromosomes. We find that both types of mutations generally reduce viability in both sexes. Among marker mutations we detect instances of sex-biased effects in each direction; mutagenized chromosomes show little sex-specific mutational variance, but recessive lethals show a female bias, including in FlyBase records. We conclude that mutations regularly affect viability in a sex-specific manner, but that the strong pattern of male-biased mutational effects observed previously for reproductive success is not apparent at the pre-reproductive stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lack of knowledge of Early Intervention (EI) is a barrier to developmental delay (DD) management. We aimed to examine the feasibility of measuring pediatricians' knowledge of EI, determine the distribution of EI knowledge, and determine factors associated with increased EI knowledge. Methods: We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study with a convenience sample from a local American Academy of Pediatrics chapter to administer a survey with 10 multiple-choice questions regarding the EI referral process, evaluation process, eligibility criteria and fee structure. Our outcome variable was a composite score of these 10 multiple-choice questions, Total Knowledge Score (TKS). Our predictor variables included physician characteristics (i.e., years of experience, percentage of patients seen with private insurance, receipt of EI training in the last 5 years) and practice characteristics (i.e., medical home status). Results: Our sample consisted of a total of 194 pediatric residents/attendings. Multivariable regression demonstrated seeing ≥ 50% patients who were privately insured, increased experience, and receiving training in the last 5 years were associated with higher TKS. Discussion: We were able to quantitatively evaluate physician's knowledge of EI and demonstrated that seeing a majority of privately insured patients, having more experience, and having received formal EI training in the last 5 years were associated with higher EI knowledge. This disproportionate distribution of EI knowledge has the potential to contribute to disparities in the management of DD. This may indicate that medical institutions, where physicians see a small percent of privately insured patients, need to hire more experienced physicians, and provide routine EI training. Significance: Physician knowledge of the Early Intervention process has been described as a potential barrier to the management of children with developmental delay. Studies have demonstrated that physician knowledge of this process has the potential to impact physician referral rates and parents' willingness to carry out a physician referral to completion. Our study is the first to quantitatively evaluate physicians' knowledge of the Early Intervention process and determine the physician factors that are associated with knowledge. Additionally, we examined whether the disproportionate distribution of physician knowledge has the potential to contribute to disparities described in the literature for developmental delay management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer‐based chiral materials with exceptional optical activity can dramatically impact integrated chiral photonics due to the tunability of their optical responses coupled with ease of fabrication. Realizing these applications requires increasing the absorbance dissymmetry factor. Here, in situ, the synthesis of gold nanostars is introduced in a chiral polymer medium to produce chiral polymer‐anisotropic plasmonic nanocrystal nanocomposites. The optimized nanocomposite shows a tenfold enhancement of dissymmetry factor, gabs (up to 0.64) and a corresponding 46‐fold augmented circular dichroism (CD) value upon annealing, relative to the annealed pure chiral polymer film. Moreover, the enhancement relative to the non‐annealed polymer‐gold nanostar nanocomposite is strikingly higher: a 35‐fold increase in gabs and a 4272‐fold increase in CD. Based on computational analysis, it is concluded that the local plasmon field enhancement around the crevices and tips of nanostars is mainly responsible for the observed effect which is further supported by a signal enhancement in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Thus, this study underscores the significant role of close‐range plasmon interactions in altering the chiroptical response of nanocomposite materials and a practical pathway toward the realization of next‐generation integrated photonics and optoelectronic circuitry with photon spin control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: During the advent of laparoscopy, surgeons directly explored the abdominal cavity with a telescope-like device through a small incision. Since then, numerous technological advances have transformed minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Yet, in our wireless world, various devices crowd the surgical field, with long wires and light sources posing fall and fire risks. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the first reported human use of a novel wireless laparoscopy system or WLS (ArthroFree™, Lazurite®, Cleveland, Ohio). Methods: The utility and convenience of the WLS was assessed via two avenues: (1) by analyzing surgical outcomes from first human use and (2) by surveying healthcare professionals regarding its quality and utility. Results: Eighteen patients (mean age 44.2, 83.3% female, mean BMI 33.4) underwent operations with the WLS. Operations included gynecologic and general surgical procedures. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications, and no conversions to traditional laparoscopy or laparotomy. Mean operating time was 71.94 ± 20.41 min, and estimated blood loss was minimal. Survey results revealed varied individual experiences. Strengths included adequate illumination, improved ergonomics, and simplicity of setup and ease of operation. One respondent criticized the image resolution. Feedback indicated an overall positive impact, and 67% of respondents supported inclusion of the device at their facility. Moreover, its deployment in resource-limited settings abroad has demonstrated its efficacy in global surgery, indicating its potential in various healthcare environments. Conclusions: This is the first reported human use of a novel WLS. Clinical results supported efficiency and safety of the technology. The successful deployment of the WLS in diverse surgical environments, including resource-limited settings, highlights its potential as a universally adaptable tool in global surgery. This report represents a strong first step toward a wireless operating room with the promise of redefining surgical standards as well as bridging gaps in surgical care worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study analyzes the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in pediatric patients presenting with treatment-resistant uveitis and scleritis. Method: Retrospective Chart Review Result: Nine children diagnosed with uveitis and one with scleritis received oral tofacitinib treatment. The median age of these patients was 9 years, with bilateral involvement observed in nine of them. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis was the most identifiable cause of uveitis, with anterior uveitis (50%) being the most frequent subtype of inflammation among these children. The median duration of immunosuppressive treatment before switching to tofacitinib was 18 (16–49) months. Remission of uveitis was achieved in all but two children, who experienced recurrence – manifesting as anterior uveitis. The median duration of follow-up in these children after tofacitinib treatment was 277.5 (183–549) days. At the end of follow-up, topical steroids could be withdrawn in six children, and two children were on topical steroids once a day. None of the children developed any systemic side-effect during the follow-up period. The mean BCVA at presentation was 0.62 ± 0.55, which improved to a mean of 0.27 ± 0.325 at the final follow-up (p = 0.0014) Conclusion: Treatment of pediatric uveitis with tofacitinib can be a valuable second-line treatment option and useful alternative in low- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the World Health Organization, cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Several bioactive molecules, such as peptides, have been developed to adjuvate in cancer therapy. Previous evidence showed that the peptides KLKKNL, MLKSKR, KKYRVF, FRTKKK, and SVVAKAPVGKR, identified from a protein fraction of S. hispanica seeds, may serve as adjuvant therapy based on their physicochemical properties. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of these peptides on cancer cells through in silico and in vitro assays. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to determine the interaction of the peptides with a cancer cell membrane model. Additionally, cell viability assays were performed to assess the effect of the peptides on MCF-7, Caco2, HepG2, DU145, HeLa, and hFB cell lines, and on erythrocytes. Both in silico and in vitro evaluations reported that KLKKNL, MLKSKR, KKYRVF, FRTKKK, and SVVAKAPVGKR interacted with the cancer cell membrane, significantly decreasing their viability. Molecular dynamics of KKYRVF exhibited a stable interaction with the cancer cell membrane model (-3.2 Kcal·mol-1), and experimentally showed selective cytotoxicity on the cancer cell lines. These findings support the continuous assessment of these peptides as adjuvants in cancer treatment for their potential as ingredients in functional foods or nutraceuticals. [Display omitted] • Lung, colorectum, liver and breast cancers are the top types of cancer to cause death. • In silico and in vitro assays successfully predict the anticancer activity of peptides. • KLKKNKL, MLKSKR, KKYRVF, FRTKKK, and SVVAKAPVGKR report anticancer properties. • The five peptides reported interaction with the cancer cell membrane in silico. • The predictions were validated since the peptides decreased the cancer cells' viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars posit that lower-income undergraduates experience "cultural mismatch," which undermines their sense of belonging, promotes withdrawal from campus, and limits mobility upon graduation. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 103 undergraduates at an elite university, we examine how students' diverse trajectories to college affect how they identify as members of the community and modulate the relationship between social class and sense of belonging. While upper-income undergraduates find commonalities between themselves and college peers and integrate into the community, lower-income students offer divergent accounts. The doubly disadvantaged—lower-income undergraduates who attended local, typically distressed public high schools—felt a heightened sense of difference, drew moral boundaries, and withdrew from campus life. Alternatively, the privileged poor—lower-income undergraduates who attended boarding, day, and preparatory high schools—adopted a cosmopolitan approach focused on continued expansion of horizons and integrated into campus. Through detailing this overlooked diversity among lower-income undergraduates, our findings expand theoretical frameworks for examining sense of belonging to include boundary work that shapes students' agendas, thereby deepening our understanding of the reproduction of inequality in college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lizard species of wide distribution can show differences in morphology and many other characteristics, in particular in the scutelation. In this study, we analyzed the variation of 22 meristic characters between sexes and among populations of Sceloporus variabilis from the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico. The variables such as dorsal scales, scales around the body, ventral scales, femoral pores, interfemoral scales, and lamellae of the fourth digit of the hindlimbs were different among populations; the population of San Pablo Tetlapayac presented the highest average values in these variables. A positive and significant relationship between snout–vent length and the number of ventral scales was found only in the females of San Pablo Tetlapayac and Santa Catarina. The variations recorded in the present study indicate an effect of environmental variation in the pattern of the number of scales, and suggest that both environmental conditions, such as precipitation and temperature, and ecological conditions, such as substrate or microhabitats, may be influencing differences in the number and size of scales among populations. Further studies on physiology and ecomorphology are necessary to determine the direction of variations in scutelation between sexes and populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac tamponade (CT) has an atypical presentation in patients with underlying pulmonary hypertension (PH). Evidence regarding the impact of PH on CT in-hospital outcomes is lacking. Methods: We used the National Inpatient Sample database to identify adult hospitalizations with a diagnosis of CT between 2016 and 2020, using relevant ICD-10 diagnostic codes. Baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared in patients with and without a PH. Multivariate logistic regression analyses and case-control matching were performed, adjusting for age, race, gender, and statistically significant co-morbidities between cohorts. Results: A total of 110,285 inpatients with CT were included, of which 8,670 had PH. Patients with PH tended to be older (66 ± 15.7) and female (52.5%), had significantly higher rates of hypertension (74% vs 65%), CAD (36.9% vs. 29.6%), CKD (39% vs 23%), DM (32.1%, vs. 26.9%), chronic heart failure (19.0% vs 9.7%) and COPD (26% vs 18%)(P<0.001 for all). After multivariate logistic regression, PH was associated with higher all-cause mortality (aOR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11–1.49), higher rates of cardiogenic shock (aOR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01–1.41), ventricular arrythmias (aOR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.33–2.01), longer length of stay (11 days vs 15 days), and higher total hospitalization costs ($228,314 vs $327,429) in patients presenting with CT. Despite pericardiocentesis being associated with lower in-hospital mortality, patients with PH were less likely to undergo pericardiocentesis (aOR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69–0.86). Conclusion: PH was associated to increased in-hospital mortality and a higher rate of cardiovascular complications in an inpatient population with CT. Pericardiocentesis was associated with reduced mortality in patients with CT, regardless of whether they had PH. However, patients with PH underwent pericardiocentesis less frequently than those without PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red‐emitting nanophosphors have a multirole in improvising the next‐generation bulk/micro/nano‐level lighting devices, particularly in refining white light quality and device performance. Nonetheless, it is difficult to synthesize nanosized phosphors with good yield and paralleled high absorption efficiency both in UV and blue regions, which is critical for modern lighting. Herein, new Mg14Ge4.99+σO24‐x+δFx: Mn4+ red nanoparticles with sizes below 100 nm are designed to improve not only the luminescence but also the blue light absorption. This approach has validated the applicability of red‐emitting nanophosphors into flexible UV and blue nitride nanowire light‐emitting‐diodes (LEDs), and commercial bulk LEDs, for the first time, with boosted intensity and color superiority for a variety of lighting utilizations. For these phosphor LEDs (pc‐LEDs), optimized red nanophosphor with an external quantum efficiency of ≈44.5%, color purity of ≈100%, and thermal stability of ≈72% at 150 °C is used. The optimized nanophosphor is combined with a flexible UV‐AlGaN/GaN nanowire LED and a blue‐InGaN/GaN‐LED. The resultant devices show promising red electroluminescence without any degradation at elevated currents. Finally, several unfamiliar LED packaging is designed with yellow and red phosphors implemented on 2 sets of double LED units to reach CRI > 85. The re‐premeditated LED packages are useful for high‐definition lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the politics of famine is crucial to understanding why famines still occur. A key part of this is how famine is remembered, understood, and discussed. This paper focuses on songs popular among communities that have recently experienced deadly famine. Contemporary famines almost always manifest in armed conflict contexts, where there is limited political freedom. Here, songs and music can be an important way to debate sensitive political issues. This paper focuses on the way that songs and music shape ‘regimes of truth’ around famine, and who is shamed and held accountable for associated suffering. It is based on long‐term ethnographic research, the recordings of famine‐related songs, and collaborative analysis in Jonglei and Warrap States (South Sudan) in 2021–24. The paper shows how songs can mock soldiers for their seizing of assets during times of hunger and how they can create familial shame for famine suffering, shifting responsibility away from the real causes to family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alloying and solid‐solution formation is a powerful technique that enhances and adds properties through elemental mixing, but unfortunately, some elements simply cannot mix as their chemical nature prevents a thermodynamically stable structure. For example, the inherent nobility of platinum group metals does not favor bond formation and precludes their incorporation into higher (boron‐rich) metal borides. However, we demonstrate that when using five or more constituents, the higher mixing entropy will overcome these chemical limitations and form a stable high‐entropy alloy, demonstrating the formation of new compounds with substituents that are seemingly impossible with a traditional metal alloying approach. The high‐entropy boride (HEB) Al0.2Nb0.2Pt0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2B2 was synthesized, where platinum was forced to occupy a 12‐coordinate site, sandwiched between honeycomb borophene sheets. In addition to the unusual coordination, the boron serves as a poison panacea. Pure platinum is strongly susceptible to sulfur poisoning by adsorption, rendering a platinum catalyst ineffective. Boron is known to be resistant to sulfur poisoning. The boron sheets present in the HEB shield the platinum from sulfur while maintaining high catalytic activity. This is confirmed with the facile hydrogenation of thiol‐containing nitro compounds, where the HEB resists sulfur poisoning while retaining its high catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the experimental intensification and modeling of the extraction process of antioxidants from rice husks using different organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, and acetone, and their mixtures with water) were analyzed and discussed. The best experimental extraction conditions to recover polyphenols from rice husks were identified, and the extraction kinetic data were modeled using the mechanistic and pseudo–second‐order models. The experimental results showed that the solvent‐based extraction of polyphenols from rice husks was endothermic where the ethanol and methanol offered the best separation performance. The polyphenol extraction process using ethanol and acetone was mainly influenced by the percentage of water contained in the solvent mixture used as separation medium, whereas the extraction temperature significantly affected the polyphenol extraction with methanol. The rice husk‐based extracts obtained with methanol and ethanol showed the highest total content of polyphenols (66.72 and 60.68 of gallic acid equivalent/g of biomass) and antioxidant capacity (71.93% and 72.02% 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] inhibition). The mechanistic model offered the best performance to describe the experimental polyphenol extraction, and its results were used to discuss and analyze the mass transfer parameters associated with the intraparticle diffusion of this extraction process. These results contribute to the valorization of rice husk residues as a potential feedstock to be incorporated in the biorefinery context for obtaining value‐added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy, resource efficiency, and globalization are recognized as pivotal factors in the pursuit of environmental sustainability. This study's novelty lies in examining the impact of resource efficiency, the influence of globalization, and the adoption of renewable energy sources on energy‐related CO2 emissions in the United States spanning the years from 1990 to 2020 is the focus of this study. Additionally, this investigation leveraged a diverse range of time‐frequency‐quantile techniques, encompassing quantile‐on‐quantile regressions, wavelet coherence, cross quantile coherence, wavelet‐based quantile correlation, and quantile regression, which is an additional novel aspect of this study. The findings of this research indicate that resource efficiency, the utilization of renewable energy sources, and the forces of globalization collectively contribute to enhancing ecological sustainability by reducing energy‐related CO2 in the United States across a range of quantiles, time periods, and temporal contexts. The study posits that these findings offer a comprehensive framework that can guide policymakers in the United States toward taking tangible measures to advance ecological sustainability while curbing energy‐related CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear steroid hormone receptor family of transcription factors, plays a crucial role not only in the development of the male phenotype but also in the development and growth of prostate cancer. While AR structure and AR interactions with coregulators and chromatin have been studied in detail, improving our understanding of AR function in gene transcription regulation, the spatio-temporal organization and the role of microscopically discernible AR foci in the nucleus are still underexplored. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying AR foci formation, focusing on liquid–liquid phase separation and its role in spatially organizing ARs and their binding partners within the nucleus at transcription sites, as well as the influence of 3D-genome organization on AR-mediated gene transcription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal endophytes, symbiotic microorganisms residing within plants, are renowned for producing bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse beneficial properties. We investigated the antimicrobial potential of fungal endophytes isolated from Solanum mauritianum, an invasive weed, against clinically significant bacterial pathogens. Selected fungal endophytes (Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium sp., and Paracamarosporium leucadendri) were isolated from the plant's leaves and fruits. Their crude extracts were tested against various referenced strains, such as Mycobacterium species (M. smegmatis ATCC 607 and M. bovis ATCC 27290), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6571, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 11774, Klebsiella species (K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031 and K. oxytoca ATCC 8724), Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Resazurin Microtiter Assay was used for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration. The chemical nature of the secondary metabolites in the crude extracts produced by fungal endophytes was evaluated using high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using water and acetonitrile gradient. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) was employed for untargeted metabolomics. LC-QTOF-MS/MS identified 63 bioactive compounds across the three endophytes. P. chrysogenum had the highest activity against S. aureus and M. smegmatis (1.15 mg/mL and 0.02 mg/mL, respectively), while P. leucadendri demonstrated moderate activity against M. smegmatis (2.91 mg/mL) and E. coli (1.16 mg/mL). Fusarium sp. exhibited the broadest spectrum of antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.03 mg/mL (B. subtilis) to 10 mg/mL (M. smegmatis). P. leucadendri produced 29 metabolites, Fusarium sp. had 23 identified metabolites, and a total of 11 metabolites were identified from P. chrysogenum. The fruits of the plant, accounting for 60%, appeared to be the most abundant in the endophyte diversity when compared to the stems and leaves. This study highlights the potential of fungal endophytes from S. mauritianum as a source of novel bioactive compounds, particularly against multidrug-resistant pathogens, contributing to the ongoing efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cloud forest (CF), a hugely biodiverse ecosystem, is a hotspot of unexplored plants with potential for discovering pharmacologically active compounds. Without sufficient ethnopharmacological information, developing strategies for rationally selecting plants for experimental studies is crucial. With this goal, a CF metabolites library was created, and a ligand-based virtual screening was conducted to identify molecules with potential hypoglycemic activity. From the most promising botanical families, plants were collected, methanolic extracts were prepared, and hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through in vitro enzyme inhibition assays on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). Metabolomic analyses were performed to identify the dominant metabolites in the species with the best inhibitory activity profile, and their affinity for the molecular targets was evaluated using ensemble molecular docking. This strategy led to the identification of twelve plants (in four botanical families) with hypoglycemic activity. Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae) stood out for its DPP-IV selective inhibition versus S. glabra. A comparison of chemical profiles led to the annotation of twenty-seven metabolites over-accumulated in S. rhombifolia compared to S. glabra, among which acanthoside D and cis-tiliroside were noteworthy for their potential selective inhibition due to their specific intermolecular interactions with relevant amino acids of DPP-IV. The workflow used in this study presents a novel targeting strategy for identifying novel bioactive natural sources, which can complement the conventional selection criteria used in Natural Product Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered models of intimate partner violence/abuse (IPV/A), and public and professional perceptions, describe IPV/A as a one-sided crime perpetrated by men unilaterally. This becomes problematic when considering bidirectional IPV/A: the dominant form of relational violence according to reviews. Here we explored judgments of bidirectional IPV/A, first using an experimental design and a general public sample, and then using qualitative inquiry with prospective trainee forensic psychologists. Although participants acknowledged bidirectionality, males were infrequently labeled as “victims” and females as “perpetrators”. Participant interviews suggested gender constructions influenced their judgments. Implications for training to challenge gendered narratives and de-bias professional practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The solubilization of sodium diclofenac (Na-DFC) in a glycerol monooleate-based emulsion triggers series of structural changes. Incorporation of Na-DFC, leads to formation of a reverse hexagonal mesophase between 2 and 5 wt% Na-DFC. Between 6 and 9 wt% Na-DFC, the hexagonal symmetry gradually transitions to a disordered lamellar mesophase. These structural shifts impact the system's storage modulus, structuring enthalpy, and structural diffusivity. Despite these transitions, the driving force for Na-DFC release remains consistent, leading to hypothesize that the interfacial structure remains unchanged during Na-DFC release. The nano-structural modifications imposed by the Na-DFC load and release were assessed by small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD), spin-probe electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). The selective solubilization of Na-DFC was demonstrated by SAXD peak fittings, revealing an increase of hexagonally oriented rods at the expense of non-oriented micelles, rather than gradual micellar elongation. Computation of the EPR spectra also showcased the selective solubilization of Na-DFC at an enhanced free energy interface (γ), evidenced by step-wise variations in polarity, microviscosity, and order parameters. Additionally, NQR analysis highlighted a higher anisotropy for sodium compared to deuterium, linking the selective solubilization of Na-DFC to heterogeneous structural transformations. These findings underscore the heterogeneous nature of solubilization-release processes, driven by locally increased micellar free energy. Consequently, the loaded Na-DFC interfaces maintain a constant γ, ensuring a consistent release driving force despite the structural transitions affecting the matrix. The ability to selectively solubilize guest molecules may herald a new era in the utilization of selective molecular interfacial loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighbourhood Sustainability Assessment (NSA) is vital in navigating the complex dynamics of social, environmental, and economic factors in localised settings, especially amidst the challenges of urbanisation, resource scarcity, and climate change. NSA tools have emerged as pivotal instruments in integrating sustainability into urban development, recognising neighbourhood as fundamental units for systemic sustainability approaches. However, existing NSA methodologies tend to favour environmental aspects, prompting a call for more balanced approaches encompassing social and economic dimensions. The study underscores the need for NSA tools to evolve towards context-sensitive methodologies for broader applicability across diverse urban landscapes. Through a literature review, the study highlights the importance of integrating community perspectives, sustainability indicators, and context-specific approaches in NSA, advocating for holistic strategies to drive sustainable urban development agendas. This study presents a methodological framework for selecting neighbourhood sustainability indicators in Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram which is located in N-E India, by incorporating community perspectives and expert judgments. The methodology involves several steps: review of existing NSA frameworks to select comprehensive indicators, perception and public participation surveys to identify local indicators, engagement of experts through the Fuzzy-Delphi Method, and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for indicator prioritisation. Through these steps, 47 essential indicators were selected, covering social, economic, environmental and governance aspects. The study emphasises the importance of combining bottom-up community input with top-down-expert knowledge for comprehensive and reliable sustainability assessments. Challenges such as energy and water resource deficiencies are highlighted, underscoring the need for balanced approaches to neighbourhood sustainability planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peptidoglycan pathway represents one of the most successful antibacterial targets with the last critical step being the flipping of carrier lipid, undecaprenyl phosphate (C55-P), across the membrane to reenter the pathway. This translocation of C55-P is facilitated by DedA and DUF368 domain-containing family membrane proteins via unknown mechanisms. Here, we employ native mass spectrometry to investigate the interactions of UptA, a member of the DedA family of membrane protein from Bacillus subtilis, with C55-P, membrane phospholipids, and cell wall-targeting antibiotics. Our results show that UptA, expressed and purified in Escherichia coli, forms monomer-dimer equilibria, and binds to C55-P in a pH-dependent fashion. Specifically, we show that UptA interacts more favorably with C55-P over shorter-chain analogs and membrane phospholipids. Moreover, we demonstrate that lipopeptide antibiotics, amphomycin and aspartocin D, can directly inhibit UptA function by out-competing the substrate for the protein binding, in addition to their propensity to form complex with free C55-P. Overall, this study shows that UptA-mediated translocation of C55-P is potentially mediated by pH and anionic phospholipids and provides insights for future development of antibiotics targeting carrier lipid recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐photon detectors (SPDs) are crucial in applications ranging from space, biological imaging to quantum communication and information processing. The SPDs that operate at room temperature are of particular interest to broader application space as the energy overhead introduced by cryogenic cooling can be avoided. Although silicon‐based single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are well‐matured and operate at room temperature, the bandgap limitation restricts their operation at telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm) and beyond. InGaAs‐based SPADs, on the other hand, are sensitive to 1550 nm photons but suffer from relatively lower efficiency, high dark count rate, afterpulsing probability, and pose hazards to the environment from the fabrication process. In this work, the properties of nanomaterials that can be leveraged to address these challenges are demonstrated and a room‐temperature single‐photon detector capable of operating at 1550 nm is realized. This is achieved by coupling a low bandgap (≈ 350 meV) absorber (black phosphorus) to a sensitive van der Waals probe that is capable of detecting discrete electron fluctuation. The device is optimized for operation at 1550 nm and demonstrates an overall quantum efficiency of 21.4% (estimated as 42.8% for polarized light), and a minimum dark count of ≈ 720 Hz at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial infectious diseases have been a fatal problem worldwide. In the present finding, "Giant Calotrope" leaf extract mediated zinc and cobalt oxide nanoparticles (ZnO and Co3O4 NPs) were synthesized within the ratios of precursor salt to leaf extract as 1:1 (50:50), 1:2 (50:100, and 1:3 (50:150) mL using 0.5 M of precursor salts. The NPs were characterized using thermal gravimetry coupled with differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy with high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM‐HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and ultraviolet‐visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. TGA/DTA showed that both ZnO and Co3O4 NPs were stable beginning from 500 °C to 800 °C and XRD data proves the size of ZnO and Co3O4 NPs to be 29.40, 25.86, 37.01, 22.5, 14.0, and 23.3 nm for the 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios, respectively. SEM coupled with TEM‐HRTEM, SAED confirms the spherical shape of Co3O4 and ZnO NPs. FTIR shows the presence of saturated and unsaturated biomolecules in the leaf of a giant calotrope. The bandgap energy of ZnO NPs was 3.46, 3.49, and 3.44 eV, and for the Co3O4 NPs, 4.60, 4.80, and 4.44 eV for the 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios, respectively. The antimicrobial applications of ZnO and Co3O4 NPs were investigated against Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Fusarime oxysporum. Among the 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios of ZnO and Co3O4 NPs, the 1:2 provides 11, 13, 10.5, and 11 mm zones of inhibition against S. pyogenes and E. coli, respectively. Similarly, the 1:2 ratios of ZnO and Co3O4 NPs showed 11 and 17 mm inhibition zones against F. oxysporum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparse Ramanujan Sequences (SRS) are periodic series derived from Ramanujan Sums (RS). RS is an exponential summation used to derive infinite series expansions for arithmetic functions, whose application pervades different fields of study from classical mathematics to digital signal processing. SRS has properties similar to RS such as periodicity and orthogonality. SRS transforms allow the sparse representation of signals, hence they have many potential applications, such as denoising and compression. The application of SRS transform to reduce the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is proposed in this paper. The Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) and Bit Error Rate (BER) are used to assess the PAPR reduction performance of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed SRS transform-based OFDM system significantly reduces PAPR and BER with reduced computational complexity in comparison with the existing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based fiber optic sensors, coated with alternating layers of metal and semiconductor sulfide materials, for detecting methanol adulteration of ethanol. Gold, silver, and copper are chosen as the metal layers for the excitation of SPR, with cadmium sulfide (CdS)/zinc sulfide (ZnS) as the semiconductor sulfide materials. Sensors with varying thicknesses of metal layers, i.e. 40 nm, 45 nm and 50 nm, are considered while the thickness of the material varies from 0nm (only the metal layer) to 3 nm in 0.5 nm increments. The sensor with a 40 nm gold layer and 3 nm CdS layer showed a maximum sensitivity of 1.47 nm/vol.% of methanol adulteration in ethanol. Apart from sensitivity, the figure of merit (FOM) and detection accuracy (DA) of all the sensors are computed and compared. Multiple machine learning approaches, such as logistic regression (LR), K-nearest neighbours (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT), with the stratified K-fold cross-validation method of train/test split, are used for the detection of methanol adulteration of ethanol using the sensor outputs. The CV splits and the hyperparameters are tuned to achieve maximum performance for the models. DT achieves an accuracy of 91% of prediction with 87.1% of F1_score at max_depth=5 and CV=7, when trained with the outputs of all the sensors, and KNN shows 92% accuracy of prediction with 86.6% F1_Score at n_neighbours= 15 and CV=10 for the selected sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces a fractional high-order sliding mode control (FHOSMC) method that utilises an inverse integral fractional order, 0 < β < 1 , as the high order on the FHOSMC reaching law, exhibiting a novel contribution in the related field of study. The application of the proposed approach into a bioreactor system via diffeomorphism operations demonstrates a notable improvement in the management of the bioreactor dynamics versus classic controllers. The numerical findings highlight an improved precision in tracking reference signals and an enhanced plant stability compared to proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller implementations within challenging disturbance scenarios. The FHOSMC effectively maintains the biomass concentration at desired levels, reducing the wear of the system as well as implementation expenses. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis of the convergence within time indicates substantial potential for further enhancements. Subsequent studies might focus on extending this control approach to bioreactor systems that integrate sensor technologies and the formulation of adaptive algorithms for real-time adjustments of β -type fractional-orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the role of travel-related motivations and preferences for activities (such as learning about local culture, relaxation and entertainment, status and social recognition, escape and curiosity, and experience) in the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and the preference for luxury tourism versus cultural tourism. A sample of 1342 Israeli community members was analyzed. The methodology utilized parallel mediation analyses to assess how different forms of narcissism (extraverted, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) were associated with the desire for luxury tourism over cultural tourism, as mediated by various travel-related motivations. The results indicated that narcissistic personality traits were generally associated with a preference for luxury tourism, primarily through indirect associations via travel motivations such as relaxation and entertainment, status and social recognition, and experience. The conclusion highlights the implications for understanding how specific travel-related motivations influence tourism preferences among individuals with varying levels of narcissistic traits, suggesting that tourism management strategies could benefit from a nuanced approach to personality in marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Whole gut transit scintigraphy (WGTS) can detect delayed colonic transit (CT), different types of CT delays, and assess upper GI tract transit. Aim: To delineate the frequency of different types of CT patterns in patients with chronic constipation (CC), determine the relationship between these CT patterns and upper GI tract transit abnormalities, and assess how symptoms relate to different colonic transit patterns. Methods: Retrospective review of patients who had WGTS for CC. Patients completed a modified PAGI-SYM questionnaire to assess symptoms. Patients ingested a standard solid (Tc-99m egg sandwich)–liquid (In-111 water) meal to assess solid meal gastric emptying (GE), liquid GE, small bowel transit (SBT), and geometric center of colonic activity at 24, 48, and 72h. Results: One hundred and eighty six patients underwent WGTS. Main symptoms were constipation (41%), nausea (24%), and bloating (22%). CT assessment showed 32% of patients had normal transit, 31% colonic inertia (CI), 28% functional rectosigmoid obstruction (FRS0), and 9% generalized slow colonic transit (GSCT). GE was delayed in 36%; more commonly in CI and FRSO. SBT was delayed in 19%; more commonly in GSCT and CI. Patients with CI had less bowel movements per week whereas patients with normal CT had more bm/week. Conclusions: In this series of patients with symptomatic constipation, WGTS assessment showed delayed colonic transit in 68% of patients, with 31% having colonic inertia, 28% a functional rectosigmoid obstruction pattern, and 9% generalized delay in colonic transit. Abnormalities in GE and SBT were present in 36 and 19%. WGTS is helpful to document delayed colonic transit (CT), assess the pattern of the delay in CT, and determine if there are upper GI transit abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food security has become a major global concern, particularly in urban areas where households are struggling to address the issue of basic necessities mainly food that crucially dictates human health. Overcoming these challenges will require effective management mechanisms to inform policy interventions and enhance resilience at both local and global levels. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the coping strategies (CS) pursued by urban households in the Southern Ethiopia. Furthermore, the focus is on how households to cope with food insecurity and how using these strategies varies within households. Methods: A household survey questionnaire was conducted using a cross‐sectional design, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data. A total of 310 household heads were targeted for the required data acquisition with: The coping strategy index (CSI) to capture how people perceive and cope with food insecurity that threatens human health. Results: The results indicate that households used the top seven CS to address the problem of food insecurity: limiting the size of portions at mealtimes (83.9%), depending on less expensive or seasonal foods (68.1%), reducing adult consumption (66.1%), reducing the amount of food consumed (65.8%), purchasing food on credit (60.3%), renting household assets (54.8%), and migrating household members for wage labor (53.5%). Conclusion: Moreover, the finding shows that the frequency of CS used by urban households in response to food insecurity is rated differently as never, rarely, sometimes, and more than 4 times per week. Therefore, targeted support programs for vulnerable groups should be implemented to ensure they receive adequate food during times of food insecurity wherein the victims' health status is imperatively to be bettered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-ion-imprinted polymers (MIIPs) are materials with a wide range of applications mainly focused on environmental recovery, mining, technology, sensors, etc. MIIPs can incorporate ions such as heavy metals, transition metals, rare earth elements, radionuclides, and other types of ions. The chemical structures of MIIPs can be designed for different purposes and with certain morphologies, such as gels, crystals, or powders, and the surface area and porosity are also considered. All these properties provide the material with several desirable characteristics, like high selectivity, high specificity, adequate efficiency, good stability, the possibility of reusability, and strategy technology adaptation. In this review, we show the multitude of challenges of multi-ion imprinted polymer chemical synthesis based on the different and interesting methods reported previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening mammography is a part of routine well-woman care. It is important to understand how receipt of a false-positive mammography result may influence a woman's decision regarding whether and when to return for routine screening. This cohort study evaluates the association between screening mammography results and the probability of subsequent screening. Visual Abstract. Association Between False-Positive Results and Return to Screening Mammography in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Cohort: Screening mammography is a part of routine well-woman care. It is important to understand how receipt of a false-positive mammography result may influence a woman's decision regarding whether and when to return for routine screening. This cohort study evaluates the association between screening mammography results and the probability of subsequent screening. Background: False-positive results on screening mammography may affect women's willingness to return for future screening. Objective: To evaluate the association between screening mammography results and the probability of subsequent screening. Design: Cohort study. Setting: 177 facilities participating in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC). Patients: 3 529 825 screening mammograms (3 184 482 true negatives and 345 343 false positives) performed from 2005 to 2017 among 1 053 672 women aged 40 to 73 years without a breast cancer diagnosis. Measurements: Mammography results (true-negative result or false-positive recall with a recommendation for immediate additional imaging only, short-interval follow-up, or biopsy) from 1 or 2 screening mammograms. Absolute differences in the probability of returning for screening within 9 to 30 months of false-positive versus true-negative screening results were estimated, adjusting for race, ethnicity, age, time since last mammogram, BCSC registry, and clustering within women and facilities. Results: Women were more likely to return after a true-negative result (76.9% [95% CI, 75.1% to 78.6%]) than after a false-positive recall for additional imaging only (adjusted absolute difference, −1.9 percentage points [CI, −3.1 to −0.7 percentage points]), short-interval follow-up (−15.9 percentage points [CI, −19.7 to −12.0 percentage points]), or biopsy (−10.0 percentage points [CI, −14.2 to −5.9 percentage points]). Asian and Hispanic/Latinx women had the largest decreases in the probability of returning after a false positive with a recommendation for short-interval follow-up (−20 to −25 percentage points) or biopsy (−13 to −14 percentage points) versus a true negative. Among women with 2 screening mammograms within 5 years, a false-positive result on the second was associated with a decreased probability of returning for a third regardless of the first screening result. Limitation: Women could receive care at non-BCSC facilities. Conclusion: Women were less likely to return to screening after false-positive mammography results, especially with recommendations for short-interval follow-up or biopsy, raising concerns about continued participation in routine screening among these women at increased breast cancer risk. Primary Funding Source: National Cancer Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aims: The single simple question (SSQ), "What percentage of normal (0%–100%) do you feel regarding your disease?" has proven feasible and valid in assessing myasthenia gravis and a heterogeneous spectrum of neuropathies. This study explores the utility of the SSQ in axonal polyneuropathies (PNPs), encompassing diabetic neuropathy, and evaluates its responsiveness to scale changes. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 150 patients with axonal PNP responding to the SSQ was performed. Patients underwent clinical and electrophysiological evaluations, and were evaluated by clinical and disability scales, including the Medical Research Council sum score, modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy score (mTCNS), Overall Neuropathy Limitation Scale, and Rasch‐built Overall Disability Scale (RODS). Results: The SSQ total scores correlated moderately with both the RODS score (r =.59, p <.001) and the mTCNS symptom score (r = −.43, p <.001), maintaining significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Longitudinally, after adjusting for multiple comparisons, the change in mTCNS symptom score retained statistical significance (adjusted p =.048). The SSQ did not show any association with electrophysiological parameters or sensory symptoms, other than a lower score in those with pain (100% with SSQ <40%, 85% with SSQ 40%–70%, and 34% with SSQ >70%). Discussion: The SSQ is a feasible, valid scale that may be utilized to assess and follow patients with length‐dependent axonal PNPs. Given that the SSQ is not strongly associated with clinical and disability scales or electrophysiological findings, additional investigations are required for a comprehensive assessment of PNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although undergraduates from all class backgrounds work while attending college, little is known about how students approach finding work and the benefits they reap from different on-campus roles. Drawing on interviews with 110 undergraduates at Harvard University, we show that in the absence of clear institutional expectations surrounding on-campus work opportunities, students draw on class-based strategies to determine which jobs are "right for them." Upper-income students pursued "life of the mind" jobs that permitted them access to institutional resources and networks. Alternatively, lower-income students pursued more transactional "work for pay" positions that yielded fewer institutional benefits and connections. The consequences of these differential strategies were amplified during COVID-19 campus closures as work-for-pay positions were eliminated while life of the mind continued remotely. Through documenting heterogeneity in work experiences, we reveal a class-segregated labor market on campus and extend previous analyses of how university practices exacerbate class differences and reproduce inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otomycosis is a commonly encountered otological disorder in otorhinolaryngology practice. It has several predisposing factors such as habitual use of cotton buds, water in the ear, hot humid atmospheric condition or high temperature. Diagnosis of otomycosis frequently relies on the patient's history, otoscopic examination and ascertained clinical features and therefore posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Data on otomycosis in Tanzania are scarce. A hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a private hospital from January to June 2022 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All the clinically diagnosed cases were enrolled in the study with typical symptoms and characteristic fungal debris in the external auditory canal. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. A total of 250 patients were recruited in this study. Majority were females, 153(81.2%) while males were 97(38.8%). Otomycosis was found to be predominantly unilateral in 203 (81.2%) patients. The commonest presenting complaint was ear itching (94.0%) followed by earache (78.6%), hearing loss (75.6%), ear fullness (74.4%), ear discharge (61.2%) and ringing sensation (14.0%). Based on the type of fungal debris on Otoendoscopy, whitish debris was more predominant in 191 (76.4%) patients followed by yellowish debris, 37 (14.8%), blackish debris, 15 (6.0%) and mixed (whitish-black) debris in 7 (2.8%) patients. The commonest risk factor was earbud use (40.8%) and the least one was comorbid conditions (4.4%). Females were more affected by otomycosis. The commonest otological complaint was ear itching while the least one was ringing sensation. Unilateral presentation of otomycosis predominated and the left ear was more affected. The commonest type of fungal debris was whitish debris and the least one was the mixed type (whitish-black). The commonest risk factor for otomycosis was earbud use and the least was comorbid conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a threat to public health. Shorter regimens have been proposed as potentially valuable treatments for multidrug or rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB). We undertook a systematic review and network meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of shorter MDR/RR-TB regimens. Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Center for Clinical Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, US Food and Drug Administration, and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry for primary articles published from 2013 to July 2023. Favorable (cured and treatment completed) and unfavorable (treatment failure, death, loss to follow-up, and culture conversion) outcomes were assessed as the main efficacy outcomes, while adverse events were assessed as the safety outcomes. The network meta-analysis was performed using R Studio version 4.3.1 and the Netmeta package. The study protocol adhered to the PRISMA-NMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023434050). Result: We included 11 eligible studies (4 randomized control trials and 7 cohorts) that enrolled 3,548 patients with MDR/RR-TB. Treatment with a 6-month combination of BdqLzdLfxZTrd/Eto/H had two times more favorable outcomes [RR 2.2 (95% CI 1.22, 4.13), P = 0.0094], followed by a 9–11 month combination of km/CmMfx/LfxPtoCfzZEHh [RR1.67 (95% CI 1.45, 1.92), P < 0.001] and a 6-month BdqPaLzdMfx [RR 1.64 (95% CI 1.24, 2.16), P < 0.0005] compared to the standard longer regimens. Treatment with 6 months of BdqPaLzdMfx [RR 0.33 (95% CI 0.2, 0.55), P < 0.0001] had a low risk of severe adverse events, followed by 6 months of BdqPaLzd [RR 0.36 (95% CI 0.22, 0.59), P ≤ 0.001] and BdqPaLzdCfz [RR 0.54 (95% CI 0.37, 0.80), P < 0.0001] than standard of care. Conclusion: Treatment of patients with RR/MDR-TB using shorter regimens of 6 months BdqLzdLfxZTrd/Eto/H, 9–11 months km/CmMfx/LfxPtoCfzZEHh, and 6 months BdqPaLzdMfx provides significantly higher cure and treatment completion rates compared to the standard longer MDR/RR-TB. However, 6BdqPaLzdMfx, 6BdqPaLzd, and 6BdqPaLzdCfz short regimens are significantly associated with decreased severity of adverse events. The findings are in support of the current WHO-recommended 6-month shorter regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]