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Beyond hexagons, a distinctive family of pentagonal two-dimensional materials (2DMs) has emerged, featuring asymmetric geometry, exotic characteristics, and promising applications. Pentagonal tessellation of 2DMs generally leads to semiconducting bandgaps and directional electrical and optical properties. The theoretical prediction of penta-graphene and the experimental realization of materials, such as PdSe2, PdPSe, PdPS, and NiN2, have revealed a new horizon for penta-materials, showcasing high air stability and inherent auxeticity. Due to the rarity of pentagonal topology in nature, it is crucial to employ computational models and simulations to establish the stable configurations of these materials and understand their behavior in pentagonal arrangements. Consequently, the multitude of theoretically predicted penta-materials far surpasses the number of experimentally synthesized ones, numbering in the hundreds. A comprehensive catalog encapsulates recent progress, properties, and future perspectives, unlocking their full potential and paving the way for experimental realization. This review presents an extensive compilation of predicted penta-materials to date, elucidating their properties and potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, an incinerated fibrous clay in the form of calcined attapulgite (CAT) emerges as an encouraging avenue for progress in the realm of new cementitious materials, boasting good pozzolanic activity. This study aims to examine the strength and transport features of microsilica (MS) and fly ash (FA) blended concretes made of cold-bonded coarse and fine CAT lightweight aggregates. In this regard, attapulgite pure rocks were crushed, fined, and then calcined at a specific temperature to produce a pozzolanic material. Then, a dry powder composed of 80% CAT and 20% Portland cement (PC) by weight was transformed into calcined attapulgite lightweight aggregates (CATLWAs) by cold bonding pelletization process at room temperature. Then, they were cured for 28 days. Afterward, different concrete mixtures were designed in which normal aggregate was swapped out with cold-bonded coarse and fine aggregates in different percentages up to 100%. The binary and ternary cementitious blends of PC, MS, and FA were also taken into account at various contents. Concrete samples were tested at different ages to determine their transport-related performances based on the water permeability, gas penetration, and rapid chloride permeability. The strength and microstructural properties of the samples were also measured. The results revealed that with an increase in the volume friction of coarse CATLWA up to 100% and fine CATLWA up to 25% in the mixtures, a significant reduction in the strength up to 39% was observed. Additionally, transport properties especially for the sorptivity and rapid chloride permeability were deteriorating in case of 100% volume fraction of CATLWAs. However, it was observed that these adverse effects could be eliminated by introducing binary and ternary cementitious material systems in the mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria experience a continual array of environmental stresses, necessitating adaptive mechanisms crucial for their survival. Thermophilic bacteria, such as Thermus thermophilus, face constant environmental challenges, particularly high temperatures, which requires robust adaptive mechanisms for survival. Studying these extremophiles provides valuable insights into the intricate molecular and physiological processes used by extremophiles to adapt and survive in harsh environments. Through meta-analysis of microarray data, we revealed the key genes in T. thermophilus HB8 that respond to various environmental stresses. The analysis revealed 20 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 13 upregulated and seven downregulated genes, with a threshold of|log fold change| > 1 and an adjusted p-value < 0.05. Several genes identified as up-regulated in our analysis belonged to the CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) family. To validate these findings, we further evaluated the relative expression levels of TTHB188 (cas1/casA), TTHB189 (cas2/casB), TTHB190 (cas7/casC), TTHB191 (cas5/casD), TTHB192 (cas6/casE), and TTHB193 (cas1e) using RT-qPCR under H2O2 and salt stress conditions. The RT-qPCR analysis revealed significant up-regulation of transcripts, casA, casB, casC, casD, casE, and cas1e under salt stress. However, under H2O2 stress, only, casA, casB, and casC exhibited substantial increases in expression. Our findings may indicate that the CRISPR-associated proteins significantly impact the adaptive response of T. thermophilus HB8 to various environmental stresses, particularly salt stress, highlighting its significance in extremophile survival and adaptation. This research offers an important understanding of the complex strategies used by extremophiles to survive in challenging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect–plant interactions within ecological systems have captivated scientists for over several years, particularly focusing on agricultural pests and their extensive impact on plant health. Despite the article emphasis on feeding patterns, it is essential to highlight the significance of feeding patterns and types of mouthparts in insect herbivores, which are pivotal in understanding insect–plant interactions within ecological systems. In response to insect attacks, plants undergo dynamic biochemical alterations, resulting in the stimulated synthesis of both direct and indirect defense mechanisms. We elucidated the crucial need to understand insect feeding patterns and their diverse feeding mechanisms and navigated through the intricacies of chewing and piercing–sucking herbivores, shedding light on their diverse feeding mechanisms and behavioral adaptations while invading new hosts. This review reveals the direct correlation between insect feeding patterns and the resultant plant damage. From biochemical alterations in plants to the activation of defense mechanisms, including the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways, Ca2+ flux, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and other responses, are triggered when insect exposure was detected on different plants. Furthermore, the review unravels the ecological implications of these interactions, emphasizing the significance of comprehending these interactions in devising effective pest management strategies. Conclusively, this review aims to underscore the importance of understanding insect feeding patterns and their associated elicitors and effectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we use the ansatz transformation functions to investigate different analytical rational solutions by symbolic computation. For the (2+1)-dimensional Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii Schiff (CBS) model, we derive a variety of rational solutions, such as homoclinic breather solutions (HBs), M-shaped rational solutions (MSRs), periodic cross-rationals (PCRs), multi-wave solutions (MWs), and kink cross-rational solutions (KCRs). Their dynamic is shown in figures by selecting appropriate values for the pertinent parameters. The Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff model describes the interface of Riemann waves in two spatial dimensions. The Riemann wave can be used to explain a wide range of physical phenomena, including internal ocean waves, tsunamis, tidal waves, and magneto-sound waves in plasmas.In addition, two different types of interactions between kink waves and M-shaped rational solutions are studied. The proposed model plays a crucial role in elucidating the internal structure of tangible composite phenomena in several fields such as nonlinear optics, wave behaviors in deep seas, plasma physics, and two-dimensional discrete electrical lattices. In order to verify the physical properties of the established solitons, we use constant parameter values to create 3D, 2D, and contour profiles of the solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychological distress is expressed as a sign that may lead to the development of some psychological disorders. Nurses face work‐related psychological difficulties, and it is important to determine the level of psychological distress before it leads to the development of psychological problems. The aim of this study is to examine the psychological distress in nurses working in hospitals in Iraq. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was carried out with 315 volunteer nurses working in hospitals in Babylon, Iraq, between January and May 2022. Data were collected using a Sociodemographic Characteristics Form and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data analysis included descriptive statistical methods (numbers, percentages, min‐max values, mean, and standard deviation), the Mann–Whitney U test for the difference between two independent groups in the comparison of quantitative data, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test for the comparison of more than two independent groups. In case of a difference, Bonferroni correction was employed to find the group that caused the difference. Results: The mean score of the nurses in the study on the K6 was 19.26 ± 6.14 for the total scale, 6.34 ± 2.13 for the anxiety subdimension, and 13.92 ± 4.17 for the depression subdimension. There was a statistically significant difference between the nurses' mean scores on the K6 according to their age, gender, total work experience, weekly working hours, department, and the status of shift work (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Psychological distress in nurses was high. Mental health protection and improvement interventions can be performed to increase nurses' mental well‐being. Through these interventions, positive contributions can be made to nurses' health and quality of care by acting early before mental disorders develop. The design of workplace mental health protection interventions and psychological support programs for nurses is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for mobile computing, the requirement for intelligent resource management has also increased. Cloud computing lessens the energy consumption of user equipment, but it increases the latency of the system. Whereas edge computing reduces the latency along with the energy consumption, it has limited resources and cannot process bigger tasks. To resolve these issues, a Priority-based Hybrid task Partitioning and Offloading (PHyPO) scheme is introduced in this paper, which prioritizes the tasks with high time sensitivity and offloads them intelligently. It also calculates the optimal number of partitions a task can be divided into. The utility of resources is maximized along with increasing the processing capability of the model by using a hybrid architecture, consisting of mobile devices, edge servers, and cloud servers. Automated machine learning is used to identify the optimal classification models, along with tuning their hyper-parameters, which results in adaptive boosting ensemble learning-based models to reduce the time complexity of the system to O(1). The results of the proposed algorithm show a significant improvement over benchmark techniques along with achieving an accuracy of 96.1% for the optimal partitioning model and 94.3% for the optimal offloading model, with both the results being achieved in significantly less or equal time as compared to the benchmark techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) aims to address the limitations of traditional nosologies. This model organizes borderline personality disorder (BPD) along two dimensions: The distress sub-factor of negative affectivity and antagonism. Objectives: For the HiTOP model to be effectively integrated into clinical practice, its clinical utility must be established. This study aimed to assess the clinical utility and diagnostic validity of HiTOP in diagnosing BPD. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 113 inpatients with a primary diagnosis of BPD and 100 nonclinical individuals. The Structured Clinical Interview for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) Personality Disorders, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5-Screening Personality Questionnaire, Personality Inventory for DSM-5, and the Personality Assessment Inventory–Borderline Features Scale were used for BPD diagnosis and severity assessment. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on BPD-HiTOP-related and other maladaptive personality domains to identify the best predictive factors for BPD. Borderline personality disorder scales were created based on the regression algorithms. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and diagnostic efficiency statistics were used to assess the relative diagnostic efficiency of these scales. Results: Regression analyses indicated that negative affectivity and disinhibition significantly predicted BPD severity, whereas antagonism did not. The ROC analysis demonstrated that both the HiTOP-BPD algorithm (antagonism/negative affectivity) and the proposed BPD algorithm (disinhibition/negative affectivity) showed excellent accuracy. Regarding diagnostic validity, the proposed BPD algorithm exhibited higher sensitivity and specificity levels compared to the HiTOP-BPD algorithm. Conclusions: These findings support the clinical utility of the disinhibition-negative affectivity algorithm in diagnosing BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation potential of the Zagros Basin in Iraq is a critical aspect of exploration and development strategies in the province. A specific maturation mechanism and the timing of petroleum expulsion from the probable source rock interval remain unresolved. The gaps in this study are addressed through investigations of organic-rich intervals with accompanying oil expulsion processes. In this regard, forty-seven core and ditch-cutting samples were geochemically analyzed to evaluate organic matter enrichment, maturation, hydrocarbon potential, and time for source-rock-derived hydrocarbons and expulsion. The geochemical results revealed fair to very-good potential as evidenced by elevated organic carbon (TOC) content which reached up to 3.95 wt% and genetic potential (GP) of up to 8.52 mg HC/g rock. Hydrogen index (HI) values in the range of 171 to 462, along with Rock-Eval Tmax values above 430 °C, confirmed that the evaluated interval has Type II and mixed II/III kerogens. The results of basin models demonstrated that the conversion of kerogen into oil began during the upper Cretaceous, precisely between 77 and 67 Ma, while the expulsion started during the middle Miocene (22 Ma) till the present day (0 Ma). Time plots of this basin showed that the modeled vitrinite reflectance (Easy%VRo) values during the oil expulsion phase are in the range of 0.74–0.83, and the transformation ratios (%TR) are higher than 55%. These findings establish the Chia Gara Formation as the main organic-rich source rocks in this region, highlighting its significant oil generation/expulsion capabilities, which may serve as a source for future hydrocarbon exploration in the Iraqi Zagros Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the structures, morphology, and optical features of Fe2O3 nanofilms, the successive ionic layer adsorption and reactions (SILARs) technique was utilized to deposit the nanofilms onto glassy slides at varying concentrations of the precursor. Three precursor concentrations (0.025, 0.05 and 0.075) M were used. Analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) presented the crystalline structure of the Fe2O3 thin films. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological features of the films. The results demonstrate that the surfaces of the films are nonporous and that there is a good distribution for spherical nanosize particles. The number of cycles is another important parameter that has been tested and its effect on the optical properties of prepared films was evaluated. The optical properties like optical absorption and energy gaps are affected directionally by changing the concentration and cycle numbers during the preparation. The latest objective of our study is to determine the role of precursor concentrations and deposition cycles in preparing thin films that have electronic applications such as sensors and solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of NiP-TiC-SiC nanocomposite coatings were deposited to acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) substrates at varying plating periods and bath temperatures using electroless plating. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) demonstrates the production of various coating morphologies. Morphology analysis of the deposit coatings shows homogenous, compact, and nodular structured coatings free of any apparent defects in most deposition conditions, except at extra high-temperature deposition baths, some gas bubbles under the coating layers were seen. The patterns of X-ray diffraction (XRD) illustrate nickel peaks at 44.5 which relates to Ni (111). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data show that the coating's main constituents are nickel, phosphorus, and nanoparticles. According to the results of the contact angle test, the potentiodynamic polarization, and the impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests conducted in (3.5%) of NaCl by weight at (25 °C), the nanocomposite coating that was created at 90 min and 75 °C exhibited the best hydrophobic qualities and corrosion resistance. The coating formed at 30 min and 75 °C illustrates the best hardness value. The adhesion force was calculated using the ASTM D 3359 method (B). The findings demonstrate that the coating made under the following deposition conditions, 30 min at 75 °C, 30 min at 95 °C, and 90 min at 75 °C, produces the best bonding strength between the coating and ABS substrate (standard classification 5B); however, the complete gas bubble rejection process from the substrate is rendered difficult by deposition times longer than 30 min in a bath over 85 °C, which decreases the adhesion between NiP-TiC-SiC and the acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene substrate. The wear rate shows a direct relationship with the coefficient of friction rather than hardness, and the coated prepared at 90 min at 75 °C offers a lower wear rate and coefficient of friction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identified positive correlation between fiber strength and MIC value which was contradictory to several previous studies in cotton. • The genotype by trait (GT) bi-plot revealed significant associations between PH, GOT% and fiber quality traits. • Mutant lines PGMB-139 and PGMB-140 exhibited maximum GOT% and MIC value which can be used in cotton breeding programs as well as in molecular studies for understanding the role of various gene in fiber traits. Expanding the extent of genetic diversity, eroded during the process of domestication and breeding efforts, is essentially required for developing climate resilient cultivars as well as for pinning down the genetic pathways of complex traits. A total of 224 mutants were developed by exposing seed of a candidate cotton variety 'PGMB-2467ʼ with an optimized concentration of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). These mutant lines along with the wild type were phenotypically characterized by sowing trials at two sites using alpha lattice design for three successive generations, M 4 , M 5 and M 6. The variations observed in the studied traits at both extremes as compared to the wild type were largely due to genetics as was confirmed by their stable expression as well as their heritability (H2) estimates. Correlations between the traits as reported in early studies remained intact which was possibly due to the mutations induced in genes with pleiotropic effect. However, positive correlation between fiber strength (FS) and micronaire (MIC) value, contradictory to several studies, was possibly due to mutations induced in gene(s) conferring either of the traits of mutant population or genetic background of the wildtype. Principal component analysis (PCA) elucidated that first five components explained 61.2 % and 59 % of total variations at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) and National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) location, respectively. The genotype by trait (GT) bi-plot revealed significant associations between plant height (PH), ginning out turn percentage (GOT%) and fiber quality traits. Mutant lines PGMB-139 and PGMB-140 exhibited maximum GOT% and MIC value. Also, PGMB-143 and PGMB-48 were found to be the best mutant lines for fiber strength (FS), PGMB-463 for upper half mean length (UHML) and PGMB-62-1 for PH. It was concluded that EMS can be used as an alternative to physical mutagens and recombinational breeding for inducing mutations in the genome. These newly developed mutants can be used by the international cotton community for exploring their potential in improving cotton cultivars, hybrid vigor and also for unravelling the genetic mechanisms of the studied traits which would lead to initiate breeding by design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common conundrum discussed in economic research revolves around the fact that nations endowed with plentiful natural resources often exhibit a lower gross domestic product (GDP). This conundrum is commonly called the "resource curse", where most empirical studies about the effects primarily focused on developed economies. At the same time, limited data is available regarding a burgeoning oil-exporting nation like the Republic of Yemen. This research endeavor aims to investigate the relationship between oil price Changes and Yemen's economic growth. Utilizing annual data spanning from 1990 to 2019, the study employs the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to establish the long-term connection between oil price volatility and economic growth over both short and long timeframes. This study's outcomes indicate that oil price Changes have a significant positive relationship with Yemen's economic growth in both the long and short run. Oil rents show a significant negative relationship with economic growth in both the long and short run. The results of GLM, RLS, and GMM robustness checks are consistent with our model results. Based on these findings, we suggest that Yemen should diversify its economy by investing in agriculture and tourism, and focus on human capital, education, and research and development. These steps could reduce the economy's dependence on oil and enhance sustainable economic growth. These empirical insights and suggestions are particularly useful for policymakers as they help build sound external and economic policies to sustain long-term economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine whether preoperative opioid education reduces opioid consumption after spine surgery and which educational methods are the most effective. Orthopedists are the most likely to prescribe opioids among all specialists. To alleviate the prescription opioid crisis, studies have identified ways to taper narcotic dosage and use following surgery. The role of preoperative education and its varying modalities on opioid consumption following spine surgery has yet to be reported in the literature. Methods: The study group received formal education describing the use of opioids, side effects, and alternatives to pain management. Patients were to choose their preferred modality of a 2 min narrated video and two handouts to be watched and read in their individual time, attending a small class led by a physician assistant where they watched the 2 min narrated video along with reading the two handouts or receiving a one-on-one session with the treating spine surgeon. Meanwhile, the control group received standard preoperative education. Refill prescriptions were collected from patients' electronic medical record charts at the 2-week, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month postoperative follow-ups. The primary outcome measure was morphine equivalents (MME) of prescription opioids at six months following spine surgery. Results: At 2 weeks postoperatively, there were no statistically significant differences between patients who received any formal narcotic education and those who did not. At 1 and 3 months postoperatively, the video education group (p-value < 0.001), class education group (p-value < 0.001), and the one-on-one education group (p-value < 0.05) all had significant reductions in opioid consumption. At 6 months postoperatively, only the video education group (p-value < 0.001) and the class education group (p-value < 0.01) had significant reductions in opioid consumption. Conclusions: A two-fold approach with a video and handouts significantly decreases the prescription dosage at six months postoperatively and allows for early opioid cessation after undergoing spine surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidiosis is a significant disease of poultry and is usually treated using various synthetic anticoccidial drugs. However, the effectiveness of this approach has been compromised due to drug resistance. Medicinal plants are being considered as potential alternatives to these drugs. As part of ongoing research, an investigation was conducted to assess the anticoccidial potential of Linum usitatissimum seed extract (LUE) and its impact on hematological parameters in broiler chickens with experimental coccidiosis. A total of 108 broiler chicks were divided into six groups. The chicks in Groups I, II, and III were given plant extract at three different concentrations: 4%, 5%, and 6%, respectively, at one week of age. Group IV was the positive control - these chickens were treated with toltrazuril. Group V served as the negative control, meaning they were infected but not given any medication. Group VI was the normal control group. All groups, except Group VI, were orally infected with 60,000 sporulated oocysts when they were 18 days old. After 7 days of giving orally infection, six birds from each group were euthanized so that we could examine their feed conversion ratio (FCR), oocyst score, lesion score, fecal score, serum chemistry and hematology. The results showed that the L. usitatissimum extract exhibited anticoccidial activity. It improved the FCR and reduced lesion, oocyst, fecal scores and blood and serum chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitiligo, an autoimmune condition characterized by depigmented skin patches due to the loss of functional melanocytes, has been linked to dysregulation in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, particularly in IFN-g signaling. The use of JAK inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib cream, a JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, presents a promising approach for vitiligo treatment. This study aims to systematically assess the effectiveness and safety of ruxolitinib cream in patients with vitiligo. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of vitiligo. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data selection, screening, extraction, and risk of bias assessment were meticulously performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager Software, version 5.4, with significant heterogeneity addressed through appropriate methods. Our meta-analysis included 3 studies with 830 vitiligo patients. Significant improvements were observed in F-VASI, T-VASI, F-BSA, and T-BSA scores, with greater efficacy at 24 weeks compared to 12 weeks [MD –24.17, 95% CI (–31.78 to –16.56), P < 0.00001], [MD –14.12, 95% CI (–20.54 to –7.70); P < 0.0000], [MD –16.25, 95% CI (–22.20 to –10.31), P < 0.00001], [MD –9.19, 95% CI (–13.47 to –4.92); P < 0.00001]. Ruxolitinib showed increased risk ratios for F-VASI75, F-VASI90, and F-VASI50, indicating better outcomes with longer treatment durations [MD 2.9, 95% CI 1.88–4.49; P < 0.00001], [MD 4.66, 95% CI 2.09–10.39; P = 0.0002], [MD 2.53, 95% CI 1.84–3.46; P < 0.00001]. No significant differences were found in mild and moderate adverse events, while severe cases favored ruxolitinib. Placebo had a significant advantage in any adverse events, with no significant difference in drug-related adverse events. Serious adverse events did not significantly differ between groups. The findings strongly support the efficacy of ruxolitinib therapy in improving various parameters over time for treating vitiligo. However, thorough consideration of its safety profile, particularly concerning adverse events and potential side effects, is warranted. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease of the joints and their cartilage that causes rigidity and damage to the bone at their joint levels. This review discusses rheumatoid arthritis, its etiology, pathology, parthenogenesis, signs and symptoms as well as complications, diagnosis, treatment and therapy. Some patents are also discussed that contain the development of different techniques that have made a significant improvement in RA and other associated diseases. Treatment methods include the use of interleukins, tumor necrotic factor-alpha, sialoprotein and several other factors. Varieties of biomarkers are also incorporated in the diagnosis of RA. Our main focus centers on newer trends in dealing with RA. Currently, glucocorticoids (GCs) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), for reducing pain and inflammation, are primarily used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, while disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the primary medication in the initial stages to prevent specific immune responses. NSAIDs and GCs only provide relief for pain, inflammation and joint stiffness in RA, while DMARDs are the main therapy. Biological therapies include chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal-antibody, rituximab, inhibitors of tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) like etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, a recombinant inhibitor of interleukin-1, anakinra, costimulation blocker and abatacept. Experimental biological therapies include TNF-α inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, anti-interleukin-6-receptor monoclonal-antibodies (mABs), and antibodies against vital molecules involved in the survival and development of functional B-cells. These newer treatment options have improved the treatment, leading to successfully remitting their symptoms in early diagnosis. This article reviews the literature in order to study the therapeutic options for RA therapy, covering the existing gold standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • First episode major dysmood disorder (FE-MDMD) is a severe subtype of depression. • FE-MDMD is characterized by activation of the immune-inflammatory response (IRS) • Activated IRS pathways are primarily driven by Th-1 polarization and interleukin-16. • Elevated tumor necrosis factor signaling is another important pathway in FE-MDMD. • IL-16 or CD4 activation are promising novel drug targets to treat FE-MDMD. Immune-inflammatory pathways in major depressive disorder are confined to the major dysmood disorder (MDMD) phenotype (Maes et al., 2022). No studies have addressed the immune profile of first episode MDMD (FE-MDMD). This study investigated the immune profiles of 71 patients with the acute phase of first-episode major depressive disorder (FE-MDMD) and 40 healthy controls. We measured 48 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors, classical M1, alternative M2, T helper (Th)-1, Th-2, and Th-17 phenotypes, immune-inflammatory response system (IRS), compensatory immunoregulatory system (CIRS), and neuro-immunotoxicity profiles. FE-MDMD patients show significantly activated M1, M2, Th-1, IRS, CIRS, and neurotoxicity, but not Th-2 or Th-17, profiles compared to controls. FE-MDMD is accompanied by Th-1 polarization, while there are no changes in M1/M2 or IRS/CIRS ratios. The top single indicator of FE-MDMD was by far interleukin (IL)-16, followed at a distance by TRAIL, IL-2R, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-β. The severity of depression and anxiety was strongly associated with IRS (positively) and Th-2 (inversely) profiles, whereas suicidal behavior was associated with M1 activation. Around 56–60% of the variance in depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior scores was explained by IL-16, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (both positively), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (inversely). Increased neurotoxicity is mainly driven by IL-16, TNF-α, TRAIL, IL-6, and chemokine (CCL2, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL10) signaling. Antidepressant-treated patients show an increased IRS/CIRS ratio as compared with drug-naïve FE-MDMD patients. FE-MDMD is accompanied by positive regulation of the IRS mainly driven by Th-1 polarization and T cell activation (via binding of IL-16 to CD4), and TNF, chemokine, and growth factor signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB) has been a valuable intervention for managing upper abdominal cancer pain. However, the optimal approach for performing a NCPB remains a topic of debate. We conducted this study to establish the efficacy of unilateral vs bilateral percutaneous posterior approach NCPB. Methodology: This prospective, interventional study includes a cohort of individuals through chronic abdominal pain related to malignancies who were scheduled to undergo NCPB. Patients were divided into two groups, one group received the unilateral percutaneous posterior approach NCPB, and the other group received the bilateral NCPB by percutaneous posterior. Pain scores and adverse events at multiple time points post-procedure were recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare pain score and adverse events between the two groups and evaluate the impact of the chosen approach on pain management. Results: Bilateral percutaneous posterior approach provides slightly better pain relief compared to the unilateral approach in the early post-procedure period which is not statistically significant. Complication rates appear to be comparable between the two approaches, with no major safety concerns identified. Conclusion: While the bilateral approach initially offers more effective pain relief, the long-term benefits and safety profiles of both methods are comparable. Clinical decision-making should consider these findings and prioritize individualized patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms shield the bacteria from antibiotics and the body's defenses, often leading to chronic infections that are challenging to treat. This study aimed to assess the impact of sub-lethal doses of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (sAPDI) utilizing carbon dots (CDs) derived from gentamicin and imipenem on biofilm formation and the expression of genes (pelA and pslA) associated with P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. The anti-biofilm effects of sAPDI were evaluated by exposing P. aeruginosa to sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (sub-MBIC) of CDsGEN-NH2, CDsIMP-NH2, CDsGEN-IMP, and CDsIMP-GEN, combined with sub-lethal UVA light irradiation. Biofilm formation ability was assessed by crystal violet (CV) assay and enumeration method. Additionally, the impact of sAPDI on the expression of pelF and pslA genes was evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Compared to the control group, the sAPDI treatment with CDsGEN-NH2, CDsIMP-NH2, CDsGEN-IMP, and CDsIMP-GEN resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm activity of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (P < 0.0001). The CV assay method demonstrated reductions in optical density of 83.70%, 81.08%, 89.33%, and 75.71%, while the CFU counting method showed reductions of 4.03, 3.76, 4.39, and 3.21 Log10 CFU/mL. qRT-PCR analysis revealed decreased expression of the pelA and pslA genes in P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 following sAPDI treatment compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The results indicate that sAPDI using CDs derived from gentamicin and imipenem can decrease the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa and the expression of the pelA and pslA genes associated with its biofilm formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are examining a mathematical model of second-grade Casson fluid flow over a Riga surface. This analysis takes into account the effects of heat generation on a second-grade Casson fluid. Additionally, we have discussed the impacts of Soret and Dufour in the presence of thermal radiation. The study also includes an analysis of the influences of thermal and concentration slip. By considering these factors in the fluid flow, we have constructed a set of partial differential equations. Furthermore, these differential equations have been transformed into dimensionless ordinary differential equations. We have presented the influences of relevant parameters through tables and graphs. Velocity curve reveals declining behavior due to larger values of magnetic field factor. A high magnetic field coefficient means a strong magnetic field. As a result, the force acting on the charged particle increases, causing it to slow down or change direction. This change in force can cause the particle's velocity to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different elliptical dome shapes were evaluated to assess the impact of dome geometry on the stress distribution in the composite laminates of a Type-III pressure vessel with a consistent winding pattern. The study focused on three elliptical dome configurations, all sharing the same height and width, but with slope m ranging from 1.4 to 3.4, to determine the optimal conditions for minimizing stress. The composite thickness at the dome region, based on the slope m was estimated, and the in-plane stress distributions were calculated. Possible material failure was then assessed using the maximum stress criterion. The results demonstrated that the elliptical dome geometry effectively reduced the stress distribution compared to the conventional hemispherical dome. [Display omitted] • Investigates elliptical dome configurations for pressure vessel. • Analyses effect of dome geometry changes on resisting internal pressure. • Assesses stress distributions along the fibre and in-plane transverse directions. • Demonstrates effective management of stress concentrations in critical areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to investigate the cyclic performance of short and very short links made of ASTM A992 steel in eccentrically braced frames. An extensive parametric study was conducted using ABAQUS software, considering the effects of local buckling, cumulative damage under repeated loads, and steel fracture on strength and stiffness degradation. The study analyzed 114 isolated I-shaped links with various link lengths, stiffener arrangements, and a wide range of web and flange widths and thicknesses. The results showed that the shear links developed overstrength factors ranging from 1.73 to 2.53, with an average value of 2, indicating that the overstrength factor of 1.5, which is proposed by current seismic provisions, results in unconservative design predictions compared to the test results. Moreover, the rotation capacity of shear links exceeded the AISC 341-22 requirement with a large margin, and the stiffener requirements could be relaxed for very short links. The results also revealed that the link-length-ratio parameter could not represent the actual behavior differences among the shear links, and thus an effective parameter was proposed to determine the overstrength factor of shear links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is often damaged on exposure to fire causing significant loss in strength. Although the subject has been extensively investigated, the physics of fire damage is still not known exactly, especially the effect of water inside concrete that can evaporate, causing internal pressure and cracking. This paper explores the influence of some practical cases of moisture states on the performance of concrete after exposure to heating. This research focusses on the effect of three moisture states, namely, dry, saturated, and moist, on the behavior of normal and high strength concretes (NSC and HSC) at high temperatures. As the moisture states may be dependent on the size of concrete specimens, two sizes of cylinders of 150 × 300 and 100 × 200 mm were used. The moisture states were differentiated in terms of unit weight, weight loss, and relative humidity inside concrete. The relative humidity was measured at different depth of concrete cylinder to establish the variation of moisture inside concrete test specimens. The exposure temperatures were: ambient, 300 °C, and 600 °C. The condition of test specimens after heating was assessed in terms of cracks, spalling, and compressive strength. Although no effect of moisture could be observed at 300 °C, significant effect of moisture was noted at 600 °C with the almost dry conditions being the most favorable in minimizing the strength loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let ℋ {\mathcal{H}} and 풦 {\mathcal{K}} be real Hilbert spaces, let T : ℋ → 풦 {T:\mathcal{H}\to\mathcal{K}} be a continuous operator with a non-closed range, and let y ∈ ran ⁡ T ¯ ∖ ran ⁡ T {y\in\overline{\operatorname{ran}T}\setminus\operatorname{ran}T} . In the case where ℋ {\mathcal{H}} is finite-dimensional, or T is linear, or ℋ = 풦 {\mathcal{H}=\mathcal{K}} and Id - T {\operatorname{Id}-T} is nonexpansive, we show that the approximate solutions to T ⁢ x = y {Tx=y} blow up. We also show that the blow-up of approximate solutions is not necessary by constructing a continuous mapping T : L 2 ⁢ ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) → L 2 ⁢ ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) {T:L^{2}([0,1])\to L^{2}([0,1])} , a vector y ∈ ran ⁡ T ¯ ∖ ran ⁡ T {y\in\overline{\operatorname{ran}T}\setminus\operatorname{ran}T} , and a bounded sequence of approximate solutions to T ⁢ x = y {Tx=y} . Finally, if T : ℋ → 풦 {T:\mathcal{H}\to\mathcal{K}} is compact and self-adjoint, and y ∈ ran ⁡ T ¯ ∖ ran ⁡ T {y\in\overline{\operatorname{ran}T}\setminus\operatorname{ran}T} , we obtain a growth quantification result via an inequality of the form φ y ⁢ ( ∥ T ⁢ x - y ∥ ) ⋅ ∥ x ∥ ≥ C {\varphi_{y}(\|Tx-y\|)\cdot\|{x}\|\geq C} where φ y {\varphi_{y}} is a nondecreasing function and C is a positive constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of calcite formation by indigenous bacteria on the strength of sand-cement mortar before/after exposure to elevated temperatures. Bio-stimulation reduced the processes and costs of adding, growing, and culturing bacteria by stimulating indigenous bacteria with nutrients. This study showed that stimulation of indigenous bacteria could increase the strength of mortar. Indigenous bacteria induce calcite formation in mixing and curing plans of mortars. The samples were initially prepared and cured in the stimulant solution in the first group. The control samples were prepared and cured in water in the second group. All of the samples, after curing, were exposed to high temperatures up to 600 °C. Compressive strength, mass loss, and flexural strength were measured after the heating-cooling cycle. Moreover, the microstructure of the samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with EDS analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The compressive strength of the unheated stimulated sample after 28 days and heated stimulated sample at 500 °C were 50.49 and 53.42 MPa, respectively. For the control sample, these strengths were 42.91 and 42.65 MPa, respectively. The results from XRD and electron microscopy confirmed structural differences between the stimulated and control samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of children's pulmonary infections. However, there are fewer studies on RSV infections in adults. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations, para-clinical characteristics, and outcome of RSV infection among adult patients who were referred to the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex during the winter and spring of 2022–2023. Methods: From December 21, 2022, to May 20, 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study on hospitalized adults having positive RT-PCR results for RSV. We further assessed the clinical and para-clinical characteristics and outcomes of the RSV groups. Results: We screened 1375 adults with suspected acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and confirmed RSV infections in 59 of them (4.3%). Of these, 23 patients were excluded from further analysis due to outpatient management, leaving 36 hospitalized patients with confirmed RSV infection (61.01%). The mean age of the hospitalized patients was 53.28 ± 20.37 years (range: 15–83), with a slightly higher proportion of females (52.80%) compared to males (47.20%). Dyspnea, productive cough, and fever were the most common symptoms, with a mean symptom duration of 10.50 days. Ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and liver failure were common underlying conditions. Notably, biochemical and inflammatory markers such as CRP, ESR, and LDH were significantly elevated beyond the normal range. Finally, five patients (13.9%) who received intensive care treatments died. Conclusions: Although the rate of RSV infection was not high among Iranian adults, a greater proportion of patients required hospitalization (61%). There was a significant link between liver failure, an elevated INR, more than 30% bilateral pulmonary involvement, abdominal pain, longer ICU stays, and immunodeficiency cases with increased mortality from RSV infection. We suggest that RSV infection may act as a secondary factor in decompensating pre-existing liver failure, which was present in certain patients with underlying conditions, potentially leading to life-threatening consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for lightweight, high energy absorbing materials has increased, especially for high risk applications such as aerospace, transport and nuclear. This study aims at analyzing the design and behavior of biomimicking composite structures for structural applications based on the dermal armor system of pangolin under quasi-static loads. We consider two plant-based fibers, luffa and linen, as environmentally friendly substitutes for glass fibers. Using Taguchi, we quantitatively investigated the effects of five factors: fiber type, curvature radius, number of composite plies, trapezoidal scale Y1, and trapezoidal scale Y2 on TAE and SAE. Lateral compressive loads were applied to composite specimens prepared using unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin. It was observed that luffa fibers possess higher TAE and linen fibers possess higher SAE. The Taguchi method set the optimal values for the parameter levels for the prediction of TAE of 11.2431 J and SAE of 2.3677 J/g, while the actual experimental result brought the percentage of error to 5.76% for TAE and 3.94% for SAE. From the theoretical analysis of the RPP and Hollomon models, we gain insights into the energy dissipation process, such as curvature reduction and plastic hinge formation. It is hoped that this work will help to open up a wider field of bio-inspired designs for high-performance sustainable materials; in particular, the proposed framework provides clear ways of predicting the energy absorption characteristics of such structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global hunger has increased recently, returning to levels observed a decade ago. Climate change is identified as a key factor contributing to these increases and is a significant cause of severe food crises. When combined with population growth and globalization, future climate variability is expected to significantly affect global food security. This study examined the influence of climate variability, globalization, and population growth on food security (FS) in Pakistan from 1995 to 2023. Food security data was sourced from the Food and Agricultural Organization, and globalization data was obtained from the KOF Globalization Index. Datasets on climate variability, population growth, unemployment, and inflation were collected from the World Development Indicators. A two-layer principal component analysis was utilized to develop the food security index. Multivariate Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity was used to assess the impact of globalization, population growth, and climate variability on food security. All indexed components explained more than 50% of the variance, resulting in a food security eigenvalue of 3.603 with a 0.901 proportion. The findings indicated that population growth and climate variability significantly negatively affect Pakistan's food security. Furthermore, the study found that globalization notably mitigates the adverse effects of climate variability and population growth on food security. This research may help alleviate the risk of future undernourishment, reverse current trends of escalating food insecurity, and support the sustainable development goal of eliminating global hunger by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ranked set sampling scheme has an important role in different scientific areas. Comparison between the information contained in samples based on different sampling schemes has been widely discussed in the literature. It has been emphasized that the information contained in ranked set samples is more than that of simple random samples of the same size based on Fisher information, Shannon entropy, extropy, Rènyi and Kullback–Leibler information. According to this essay, the effect of imperfect rankings on uncertainty and information contained in samples is studied in terms of Tsallis entropy. Further, we inquire about monotonic properties under the imperfect and perfect rankings by means of stochastic orders. Tsallis entropy of simple random sampling is compared to the ranked set sampling and maximum ranked set sampling with unequal sample sizes schemes under both perfect and imperfect rankings. Finally, discrimination information of order α is studied between the mentioned data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the impact of multi-channel spiral twist extrusion (MCSTE) on the corrosion and degradation properties of biodegradable AZ31 (Mg-3Al-1Zn, wt.%) magnesium alloy. Square AZ31 billets were processed using route C-MCSTE (with a 180° rotation between passes) at 250°C and with a ram speed of 10 mm/min for up to 8 passes. The extrusion process was conducted via dies with twist angles of 30° and 40°. The microstructural changes and grain size distribution in the alloy were determined with a Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Electron Backscatter Diffraction. Electrochemical tests were conducted in a simulated body fluid to model the environment in which medical implants operate. The mechanical properties of the alloy were tested before and after processing using compression tests. The billets processed with a 30° twist angle demonstrated superior mechanical and corrosion resistance compared to those processed with a 40° die. A 66% reduction in grain size was found in billets processed for 4 passes using the 30°-die as compared to the as-annealed condition. Billets processed for 4 and 8 passes showed ultimate compressive strength improvements of 23% and 31%, respectively compared to the as-annealed condition. The 8-pass processed sample using the 30° twist ring die showed 76% improvement in the corrosion rate compared to the as-annealed state. Furthermore, billets processed for 4 passes showed corrosion resistance and ultimate compressive strength improvements of 108% and 23%; respectively compared to the as-annealed condition. These findings imply that the developed MCSTE process can be adopted for industrial use, especially in the manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium alloys for medical implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the impact of exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and a trifloxystrobin-based fungicide (TBF) on Daphnia magna in diverse feeding environments was assessed through the analysis of morphological and biochemical markers. The test organisms selected for analysis were Chlorella vulgaris and D. magna. First, the 48-hour median lethal concentrations (LC50) of GBH and TBF for D. magna were determined to be 253.1 mg/L and 20.7 µg/L, respectively. Secondly, the lethality, length, width, and spin length of D. magna were evaluated following exposure to sublethal pesticide concentrations, selected based on the LC50 values, in different feeding environments. Thirdly, the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase, catalase (CAT), carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase, as well as the levels of reduced glutathione, were measured in D. magna exposed to sublethal pesticide concentrations in different feeding environments. Both pesticides caused an increase in CAT activity, while GBH also caused an increase in GST activity in the unfed and mixed-fed groups. Conversely, it can be concluded that feeding with C. vulgaris reduces oxidative stress and toxic effects since there was a lesser increase in GST and CAT activities in the C. vulgaris-fed group for both pesticides, similar to the lethality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seepage control in unlined channels is critical for efficient water resource management, as excessive water loss through channel beds and walls leads to inefficiencies. Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) offers a promising solution to enhance soil stability and reduce seepage in cohesionless soils. This study investigates the application of MICP using Bacillus subtilis to mitigate water leakage in sandy soils through controlled experiments. A bacterial solution was introduced into soil samples, followed by urea and calcium chloride solutions, facilitating calcite precipitation and bioclogging. pH monitoring and calcium carbonate quantification confirmed the process. Results showed a 26% increase in calcium carbonate content in treated soil, significantly reducing permeability from 6.8 × 10−3 to 1.11 × 10−3 cm/s, as measured by a flexible wall permeameter. Soil strength increased from 234 to 1407 kPa, determined by triaxial compression tests. Validation was achieved using XRD, EDS, and SEM analyses. An interdisciplinary co-occurrence network graph from Scopus data highlighted key concepts like calcium carbonate, calcite precipitation, B. subtilis, bioclogging, and soil stabilization. MICP aligns with several UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably SDG 6 by enhancing water retention, SDG 9 by promoting sustainable construction, and SDG 13 by improving soil stability against climate-related hazards. Thus, MICP is a sustainable and effective method for constructing impermeable channels, offering significant water management benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research undertakes a bibliometric examination of the existing literature addressing the relationship between poverty and sustainability development, summarising available studies. Using relevant keywords, we identified 920 peer-reviewed articles from the Scopus database, spanning the period from 2015 to 2024. Employing the Visualisation of Similarity Viewer (VOSviewer) for this bibliometric analysis, we categorised prominent publications, noteworthy journals, and contributing institutions. Furthermore, our review uncovered a clear pattern in research, suggesting a lack of recognition regarding the impact of sustainable development on reducing poverty levels in countries of the Global South. In terms of contributions, this study delineates five primary thematic clusters that elucidate the ways in which sustainability development reduces poverty. Through the application of text-mining analysis, our research establishes connections between specific environmental terms and the recent surge in global poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China is building closer economic and geopolitical relations with oil-rich Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council countries, enthusiasm for learning and teaching Chinese is surging in the region. In Kuwait, whereas Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) education is emerging, research into this topical domain remains scarce, particularly on issues such as (1) how, beside English and Arabic, Chinese is construed as a means of employability and socio-economic mobility, and (2) what competencies and skills are thought to be essential. The present study adopted an exploratory qualitative design, collecting and analyzing document data from mainstream Kuwaiti media and narrative data through oral interviews and written surveys from 19 administrators in the foreign language centre at a Kuwaiti university. Results demonstrated that the rise of CFL education is strongly influenced by the bilateral economic cooperation between China and Kuwait. According to the participants, Kuwaiti learners invest in learning Chinese mainly based on their hopes to obtain economic benefit in the domestic job market. Administrators also exhibited limited knowledge of CFL education policies. These results provide insights for education policymakers, language instructors, and other stakeholders involved in CFL education in Kuwait. Implications and future research directions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the currently available treatment, one-third of epilepsy patients continue to experience seizures. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a potential neuromodulation approach for the non-invasive treatment of refractory epilepsy. This study aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of the efficacy and safety of tDCS in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. The following databases were searched from inception until June 2023; PubMed, Scopus, Embase, WOS, EBSCO, Cochrane Central, and Ovid MEDLINE. Pooled mean difference was calculated for change in seizure frequency (SF), and number of Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) at different follow-up intervals. We included nine parallel randomized sham-controlled trials with a total of 267 patients. Active tDCS patients had a significantly lower SF per month at 4 and 8 weeks (MD = -4.06, 95% CI [-6.01 to -2.12], p < 0.0001), and (MD = -2.66, 95% CI [-5.09 to -0.23], p = 0.03), respectively. However, weekly SF showed no statistically significant results at 4 weeks of follow-up. The IEDs were observed to significantly decline at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of follow-up. The reported adverse events were mild including mild itching and erythematous rash that resolved spontaneously. In conclusion, tDCS significantly reduced monthly SF and the number of IEDs. Future large RCTs with standard clear informed parameters are still required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days, researchers are digging deep into the Zintl family of chemicals to uncover its many useful physical characteristics. Using a first-principles approach, this study investigates novel Zintl family XZn2Si2 (X = Ca, Sr, Ba) compounds for their different properties. The structural and electrical properties are represented by PBE-GGA and TB-mBJ potentials, respectively. The equilibrium structural parameters, which change with ionic radii, are obtained by optimization. The computations of the elastic constants confirmed the mechanical stability of the compounds. Elastic moduli, melting temperature, hardness, Debye temperature and acoustic properties are widely described. The compounds' elastic anisotropy also discussed and extensively. The three compounds' metallic origin was disclosed by their band structures. Chemicals exhibiting a high degree of valence band p-d hybridization. The compounds exhibit a combination of ionic and covalent bonding. In order to study the interaction between light and matter, the optical reflectivity, optical conductivity, and absorption coefficient are computed. In contrast to other compounds, CaZn2Si2 exhibits n-type transport. Among the compounds, CaZn2Si2 has the best figure of merit and may find use in thermoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neck pain is a prevalent global health concern often accompanied by musculoskeletal symptoms. This randomized controlled trial attempted to contrast the impacts of non-thrust Maitland mobilization and Autogenic inhibition muscle energy technique on chronic mechanical neck pain associated with cervico-thoracic junction hypo-mobility. Methods: Sixty participants (24 males and 36 females, aged 18–45 years) were allocated randomly into three equally sized groups (A, B, C). Group A: Maitland mobilization plus conventional treatment, Group B: Autogenic Muscle energy technique plus conventional treatment, while; Group C solely received conventional treatment. Treatment was administered for four weeks, three times a week. Outcome measures: neck pain (The primary outcome measure) assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), disability evaluated through Neck Disability Index (NDI), active range of motion (AROM), and joint position error (JPE) as an indicator of cervical proprioception. All measures were assessed both at baseline and after four weeks of intervention. Results: Results showed significant improvements in VAS, NDI, and increased ROM across all groups post-treatment (p < 0.001). While Groups A and B demonstrated superior outcomes compared to Group C, differences between Groups A and B were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). For VAS and NDI, Cohen-d between Groups A and B was 0.31 and 0.31, and for ROM, Cohen-d was 0.37, 0.16, 0.07, 0.29, 0.36, and 0.53 for flexion, extension, right rotation, left rotation, right bending, and left bending, respectively. Furthermore, all groups experienced a significant decrease in JPE, with Groups A and B showing greater improvement than Group C (p < 0.01). Group B exhibited significantly greater improvement in reducing JPE related to specific motions compared to Group A (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cervico-thoracic junction mobilization and the Autogenic muscle energy technique offer enhanced management for mechanical neck pain by improving pain, function, ROM, and cervical proprioception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify environmental, social and governance (ESG)-focused funds that can effectively uphold ethical principles while also delivering competitive financial returns by evaluating the performance of 24 well-established exchange-traded funds (ETFs). The study also compares the performance of four widely recognized ETFs representing NASDAQ (ticker: QQQ), S&P500 (SPY), Dow Jones (DIA) and Russell 2000 (IWM) with the sample of 24 ESG funds. Design/methodology/approach: This paper utilizes four complementary measures, namely Sharpe, Sortino, Omega and Calmar ratios, to assess the risk-adjusted return performance of ETFs, with a particular emphasis on extreme downside risk. Findings: The findings indicate that ESG-focused ETFs can predominantly outperform DIA and IWM in the last five years (1 November 2018–22 March 2023). However, when compared to QQQ and SPY, only ICLN, SUSA and DSI consistently delivered competitive risk-adjusted returns. The performance of DSI and SUSA is almost equivalent to QQQ and SPY even during the last ten years. Practical implications: The paper conducts a risk-return analysis of alternative ESG investment funds, suggesting that not all ETFs are created equal and that careful selection is vital for achieving different investment objectives. It is imperative to recognize that past performance is not a reliable indicator of future outcomes, requiring consideration of other factors in the post-evaluation phase. Social implications: The study provides evidence to support the "doing well while doing good" hypothesis, indicating that competitive returns are achievable while also engaging in socially responsible investment. Originality/value: This study fills a vital gap in the literature on ESG investment by highlighting that the choice of funds stands as the primary factor responsible for the conflicting findings by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of geopolitical risk (GPR) on foreign remittances (FRs) for the top remittance-receiving countries. Design/methodology/approach: The sample includes Mexico, France, Egypt, China, the Philippines, India, Vietnam, Ukraine, Germany and Belgium for the annual period of 1998–2022 using the nonlinear panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to determine the asymmetry in the relationship. Findings: The results suggest that, in the short term, positive GPR shocks have a positive and significant impact on FRs received. On the other hand, the long-run results suggest that adverse GPR shocks negatively affect FRs received in the sampled countries. Additionally, the study confirms the asymmetric impact of GPR on top remittances received in countries. Research limitations/implications: The policymakers, migrants and recipients should consider the asymmetric nature of GPR while making decisions regarding policies and the transfer of remittances. This information can be used to create more effective policies for controlling and reducing the effects of GPR on overseas remittances, such as assisting migrant workers and developing methods to lessen the volatility of these flows. Originality/value: Acknowledging the potential fluctuations and uncertainties associated with GPR is crucial to make informed choices regarding remittance-related matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The availability of anti-amyloid therapy for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease and mild Alzheimer's dementia (AD) has underscored the need for realistic estimates of the population with AD/MCI within the healthcare system to assure adequate preparedness. We hypothesize that administrative databases can provide real-world epidemiologic estimates reflecting the population with diagnosed (known) MCI and AD. This study was conducted to estimate diagnostic incidence and prevalence of AD and all-cause MCI among the Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) and Medicare Advantage (MA) beneficiaries in the United States. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of Medicare beneficiaries (aged 65 and older) with identified diagnoses of AD/MCI based on ≥ 2 diagnostic codes ≥ 30 days apart. Incidence/prevalence estimates were reported per 10,000 person-years. Results: In FFS, AD incidence (2008–2018) decreased (138 to 104); MCI incidence increased (8 to 47), but the sum (MCI + AD) was relatively stable (146 to 151). Prevalence (2008–2017) increased for AD (318 to 354), and MCI (13 to 99). In MA (2016) epidemiological estimates were consistent with FFS. In 2017, older age, female sex and the Northeastern region were consistently associated with higher AD/MCI prevalence among FFS beneficiaries. Conclusion: In FFS, AD/MCI diagnostic prevalence increased over 10 years, especially for MCI; prevalence estimates in MA (2016) were comparable. Diagnostic prevalence in 2016 (FFS + MA) was 3.4% for AD and 0.85% for MCI. Our findings address the reality of Alzheimer's disease in clinical practice in the United States that is confronted by healthcare professionals, payors, healthcare decision-makers, patients, and caregivers, and may offer a realistic gauge for patient triage for treatment, healthcare resource allocation, and health-systems' operational prioritization. With the availability of anti-amyloid treatments, we anticipate that the population with diagnosed MCI/AD within the Medicare database may rise over time; therefore, periodic updates of incidence/prevalence estimates may provide support for timely healthcare decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucella spp. is the bacterium responsible for brucellosis, a zoonotic infection that affects humans. This disease poses significant health challenges and contributes to poverty, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence, risk factors, and clinical symptoms of human brucellosis within the general population of Multan and Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. A total of 307 blood samples were collected from patients visiting local hospitals in Multan and Muzaffargarh between August 2015 and January 2016. Demographic information, risk factors, and clinical outcomes were documented. Serum samples were initially screened for anti-Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test, and positive cases were subsequently confirmed through RT-PCR. The chi-square test assessed the link between Brucella positivity and the identified risk factors. The study recorded an overall seroprevalence of 6.8%, with 8.9% in Multan and 4.3% in Muzaffargarh. Genus-specific Brucella detection through RT-PCR confirmed that 20 out of 21 samples were positive. Significant associations with human brucellosis were found for contact with aborted animals (p = 0.032) and consumption of raw milk (p = 0.031), while factors such as age, gender, occupation, urbanicity, and geographical region did not show a significant impact on seropositivity (p > 0.05). Non-specific clinical symptoms were commonly observed among seropositive patients. The findings highlight the significance of close human interaction with infected animals, especially concerning livestock practices and dairy product consumption. The results also emphasize the importance of focusing efforts on raising awareness in risky occupations and developing control programs by healthcare authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the physicochemical properties of green graphene oxide (SGO) derived from Vitex doniana seed as a biomass graphite precursor (CVDM) were evaluated. The SGO and CVDM were characterized for textural properties, surface chemistry, thermal decomposition and methylene blue adsorption. SGO exhibits higher oxygen (28.8 wt%) and sulfur (3.3 wt%) contents than CVDM. The presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups implies the high degree of oxidation in SGO. The specific area of SGO increased from 264 m2/g (CVDM) to 314 m2/g. The maximum methylene blue capacities (Qmax) of SGO and CVDM are 177 and 175 mg/g, respectively. The dye adsorption could be described as monolayer coverage onto heterogenous adsorbent surface. SGO shows a high yield of 80% and could be a credible adsorbent for charged pollutants removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensemble learning has emerged as a potent methodology for enhancing the accuracy, stability, and robustness of machine learning models. In this paper, we introduce a novel ensemble learning approach that primarily uses nearest neighbor modeling (kNN) and genetic algorithms (GA) to build a highly efficient classification model, which we call “Extra-kNNs”. This model operates across three distinct layers. First, we employ strong randomization of both bootstrap sampling and kNN hyperparameters to build a diverse collection of kNNs in the input layer. Next, we improve their efficiency using a clustering-based transformation layer. Finally, the output layer optimizes the ensemble’s performance using a GA algorithm to build an effective ensemble model. The proposed approach addresses the limitations of kNN, including sensitivity to noise, challenges in high-dimensional data, and its relative ineffectiveness in ensemble methods compared to decision trees. We tested our method rigorously on 15 real-world datasets, comparing its performance to several individual and ensemble models. Our empirical findings demonstrate that the suggested model achieves higher accuracy and classification efficiency than state-of-the-art algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials show strong potential for antibacterial treatments by targeting various bacterial strains and bypassing resistance through mechanical cell damage. This occurs when nanoparticles interact with bacterial cell walls, compromising their structural integrity. These mechanisms highlight nanomaterials as effective tools in combating infections. Using the sol–gel method, this study synthesized Co1-xAlxFe2O4 nanoferrites (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8). This study examines the effects of substituting trivalent Al3⁺ ions on cobalt ferrite nanoparticles’ structural and electrical properties and their antibacterial activity. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of Co1-xAlₓFe₂O₄ nanoferrites in the F d 3 ¯ m space group, showing a shift towards lower 2θ angles in the (311) plane as Al3⁺ content increased. The crystal size reached 29.04 when (x = 0.0 and 0.4) and decreased to 25.29 when (x = 0.8). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified absorption band characteristic of the cubic spinel structure, while field emission-scanning electron microscopy revealed polyhedral nanoparticles clustered in nanoscale formations. Particle sizes ranged from 37.21 nm at x = 0.4 to 31.11 nm at x = 0.8. A decrease in dielectric properties with increasing frequency was consistent with the Maxwell–Wagner model and Koops’ theory, while AC conductivity increased as charge carrier mobility rose with frequency. Antibacterial tests using the Agar well diffusion method showed that Escherichia coli was the most sensitive strain, followed by Klebsiella spp., with Streptococcus spp. Displaying the highest resistance. Nanoparticles at x = 0.8 demonstrated the most potent antibacterial activity. Overall, the results highlight that cation substitution within the cubic spinel lattice significantly impacts the structural, electrical, and antibacterial properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]