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SARS-CoV-2 that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first known in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of common hepatic, renal, and cardiac diagnostic markers in hospitals in patients with severe COVID 19. In this study, 259 patients with symptoms of severe COVID-19 and a positive RT-PCR assay of nasopharyngeal samples were enrolled. Inclusion criteria are positive for COVID-19 patients at the diagnosis of an infectious disease physician. Diagnostic markers of liver, kidney, and heart were evaluated by age and gender. In this study, 48.3% of patients severe with COVID-19 were male, and 51.7% were female. The mean of markers such as LDH, Direct Bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, D-dimer was higher than normal, which was observed in men more than women. The mean of CK-MB also was higher than normal, which was observed in women more than men. The highest mean of markers was seen in the older ages. The mean of BUN was observed in the age range of 55-64 years and above 65 years above normal. But the mean of CPK, creatinine, potassium and alkaline phosphatase were normal. The results of the present study showed an increase in the level of some of the most important diagnostic markers of hepatic, renal, and cardiac in patients with COVID 19. This increase was greater in some markers, including SGOT, SGPT, Direct bilirubin, LDH, D-dimer, in men than in women, and more in older patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Hospitals as one of the most important sensitive populated areas must be located in areas within standard air quality. The aim of this study was assessing Abadan hospitals outdoor air quality affected by oil refinery using CALPUFF (California Puff) model. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the catalyst unit of Abadan oil refinery for 12 months of 2018. Upper and surface climate data, land cover map, physical properties of smokestacks and emission rate of pollutants were used as input data in CALPUFF modeling system. Results: Based on the results, the highest level of SO2-1hr occurred in January and in the other months this pollutant was higher than the standard limit. Maximum concentration of NO2-1hr was observed in January that was higher than the standard level. SO2-1hr and NO2-1hr had limited distribution in 1500 meters buffer of smokestacks. Outdoor air pollutants concentration in hospital areas were lower than the standards limit. Conclusion: Admissible level of pollutants in the hospitals ambient outdoor was due to large area of oil refinery land and limitation of pollutants propagation in average monthly. Using advanced air pollution models can be useful in awareness increasing and the vulnerability reducing of medical centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the oil industry's labor movement during the 1940s has often focused on the Tudeh's ability to act overtly and rally the masses of workers. Thus, more often than not, the importance of union underground activity and the role played by the masses of ordinary oil workers during times of political and military repression, is overlooked. This article examines how the particular setting of the oil town of Abadan influenced motivations of oil workers and the dynamics between them and the Tudeh. As the article aims to show, these elements were an essential part in the ability of the labor movement in Abadan to remain viable and reemerge in force in the early 1950s as part of the oil nationalization movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver diseases have a lot of pain and suffering for the patients and also cost a lot to cure. In this study, we tried to collect comprehensive and applied information about the incidence of these diseases in Abadan and Khorramshahr cities and provide it to the ministry of health and public opinion. Materials and Methods: Referring to the medical records department of Ayatollah Taleghani and Shahid Beheshti Hospitals in Abadan city and Valiasr Hospital in Khorramshahr city, information about patients with liver diseases from 2012 to 2017 were collected from the Hospital Information System (HIS) of the hospitals. The findings were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: In our study 62.1% of the patients were male and 37.9% were female. The highest frequency of liver diseases was in the age group of 35-44 years. The lowest incidence was in the age group of less than 1 year and 1-4 years. The most common causes were cirrhosis (319 cases), inflammatory liver disease (121 cases), other specified liver diseases (133 cases), liver failure (71 cases), secondary malignant neoplasm (52 cases), hepatitis C (53 cases), hepatitis B (25 cases), and Fatty liver (20 cases). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it was observed that the prevalence of liver diseases, especially liver cirrhosis, was the highest. As a result, people need to modify their lifestyle and consider weight loss, low-fat diet, and increased physical activity to reduce their body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The potential hazard to human health from exposure to toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust was assessed using thirty street dust samples collected from Abadan, an industrial city in Southwest Iran. The mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, V, As and Co in the street dust was: 59, 288, 113, 50, 0.5, 57, 36, 7.1 and 7.5 (mg/kg), respectively. The majority of potentially toxic metals were elevated compared to background concentrations, with the exception of Co and V. Mean enrichment factors decreased in the following order: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > As > Cr > Ni > Co > V, with a high enrichment value for Zn and Pb. Cadmium had a moderate potential ecological risk compared to other toxic metals. Correlation coefficients and principal component analysis (PCA) identified three principal groups as sources of toxic metals in Abadan street dust. Metals such as Cr, Ni, Co and V were identified to originate from natural parent materials, Zn, Cu and Pb from anthropogenic sources emitted from combustion/vehicular materials and Cd and As from other anthropogenic sources such as the Abadan refinery and petrochemical complex. The sum of 13 PAHs ranged from 400 to 11,766 (μg/kg), with a mean of 2436 (μg/kg). Approximately 68%–79% of ∑PAHs comprised of higher molecular weight PAHs (HMWPAHs 4–6 rings), revealing a combustion origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) for PAHs in Abadan street dust originated mainly from vehicular, petroleum emission and fossil fuel. The toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) of PAHs in the street dust ranges from 22 to 951 (μg/kg). High coefficients of correlation (r2 = 0.98 to 0.83, p < 0.01) among Pyrene, Benzo (a) anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo (a) pyrene, Benzo (b) fluoranthene, Benzo (k) fluoranthene, and TEQ of street dust showed that these PAHs were principal contributors to TEQ. Ecosystem risk calculations for PAHs were high since the value of RQ ∑ PAHs (MPCs) was ≥1 and RQ ∑ PAHs (NCs) was ≥800. The mean values for RQ ∑ PAHs (MPCs) and RQ ∑ PAHs (NCs) were 8 and 1151, which indicated a relatively high ecosystem risk of PAHs in street dust in Abadan. The total cancer risk was 8.64 × 10−3 for adults and 8.95 × 10−4 for children, suggesting a high potential cancer risk through both dust dermal contact and ingestion pathways. Highlights • This study assesses a comprehensive environmental risk of toxic metals and PAHs pollution in street dust. • Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, and As contamination were found to be significantly elevated in Abadan street dust. • Vicinity of Abadan oil refinery and petrochemical complexes are the major contributing source of street dust pollution. • Exposure to PAHs in street dust poses high cancer risk for Abadan residents. • Ecosystem risk assessment indicated that PAHs widely showed middle to high level ecosystem risk in street dust of Abadan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum and its refined products are globally traded commodities; they are also key elements in our energy landscape and have shaped the built environment in multiple, interconnected ways over the last century. Petroleum flows encompass the entire world. Constellations of oil actors — including corporations and nations — shape seemingly disconnected and geographically distant physical spaces over time. Together, they function as a global palimpsestic petroleumscape. Among the diverse industrial, administrative, retail and ancillary spaces that are part of this petroleumscape, this article argues, refineries have the most important "staying power." It investigates exemplary cases in four select periods of the petroleum industry: the lighting age (1860s to 1910s), the car age (1910s to 1950s), the plastic age (1950s to 1980s), and the period since the 1980s with its early attempts to go beyond oil. In the first three periods, it explores the relationship between major refineries and nearby (port) cities of Philadelphia, Dunkirk, Suez, Abadan, Rotterdam, and Tehran. It proposes that refineries due to the global networks of petroleum have managed to overcome periods of war and nationalization, of destruction and re-appropriation, while redirecting petroleum flows over time. The article then examines the current state of the refineries discussed in this article, exploring their entanglement with global events and national strategies, and their often detrimental current spatial and environmental impact. The article concludes with a reflection on the necessity to design transition strategies for cities that are based on understanding of the role that refineries have played through time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, the greatest of process type used in treatment of beverage water is conventional treatment. That it cannot remove organic matter effectively. Filtration is one of the most important treatment processes used in water treatment plant.The one of approaches, modification of conventional rapid sand filters into dual or multimedia filters. Methods: This study was results from of pilot study that with the purpose of assessment performance was using of GAC and Anthracite in dual media filter filters in Abadan water treatment plant in removal of TOC, Fe, Mn, No3-and NH4+ in Drinking Water by GAC and Anthracite in dual - media filters in Abadan water treatment plant. All parameters were measured according to sections of Standard Methods APHA et al. The t-test and regression equations were calculated. Results: Samples were collected in summer from the inlet and outlet of each pilot filter and the outlet of the filtration unit. Turbidity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Fe, Mn, NO3- and NH4+ were measured in each sample for three different low, medium, and high filtration rates. Pilot No.2 had a maximum efficiency in the removal of the parameters that removal average of turbidity, TOC, Fe, Mn, NO3-, NH4+, respectively. So, the best performance of GAC-sand filter is in EBCT=20 min during loading rate of 35 l/d. Conclusion: In general, both pilot filters performed better at low surface loading rate. More specifically, pilot scale No. 2 showed better removal of parameters and longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) in that surface loading rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the eve of July 14, 1946, an unprecedented violent outburst erupted in the oil city of Abadan in southwestern Iran between local Arab tribesmen, members of the recently founded “Arab Tribal Union,” and members of the formidable Tudeh-affiliated union, the Council of Federated Trade Unions of Iranian Workers and Toilers. Although seemingly the result of recent happenings, this incident was, in fact, the culmination of several processes which had originated at the turn of the twentieth century in Iran and particularly in Abadan. What were the causes of tension and rivalry between these two unions? Why were Arab tribesmen, the majority of whom lived in Abadan’s hinterland, organized in a trade union? How did Arab sheikhs come to be union leaders? What were the relations between the city and its hinterland and what influences did the oil industry and the Iranian authorities have on the urban and tribal communities? These are the main questions this article tries to address. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigates the concentrations of PM10-bound PAHs and their seasonal variations in three cities of Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh in Iran. The mean concentrations of PM10 in two warm and cold seasons in Ahvaz were higher and in Abadan and Assaluyeh were lower than the national standard of Iran and the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The Σ16 PAHs concentration in ambient air PM10 during the cold season in Ahvaz, Abadan and Asaluyeh was 244.6, 633, and 909 ng m− 3, respectively, and during the warm season in Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh was 242.1, 1570 and 251 ng m− 3, respectively. The high molecular weight PAHs were the most predominant components. The most abundant PAHs species were Pyr, Chr, B [ghi] P, and Flt. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration in the cold and warm seasons was dependent on industrial activities, particularly the neighboring petrochemical units of the city, vehicular exhausts, traffic and use of oil, gas, and coal in energy production. The total cancer risk values as a result of exposure to PAHs in ambient air PM10 in all three cities for children and adults and in both cold and warm seasons were between 1 × 10− 6 and 1 × 10− 4, and this indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. Therefore, considering the various sources of air pollutants and its role on people’s health, decision makers should adopt appropriate policies on air quality to reduce the ambient air PAHs and to mitigate human exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]