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Objective: The aim of this study was to detect and compare the effects of ShotBlocker and Buzzy methods on pain, fear, and parental satisfaction during intramuscular injection. Method: This study was an experimental randomized controlled trial. The sample included 90 children at the ages of 6 and 12 who applied to the pediatric emergency department of a university hospital and received intramuscular injections. The participants were randomly assigned to ShotBlocker (n=30), Buzzy (n=30), and control (n=30) groups. Child Information Form, Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, Children's Fear Scale, and Parental Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to collect the data. Results: ShotBlocker and Buzzy groups had significantly lower pain and fear and higher parental satisfaction scores than the control group following injections (p=0.0001). The lowest pain and fear scores and the highest parental satisfaction scores were observed in the Buzzy group (p=0.0001). Conclusions: Both ShotBlocker and Buzzy methods are effective in reducing pain and fear of children during intramuscular injections and increasing satisfaction of their parents. However, when compared to the ShotBlocker method, Buzzy method is more effective in reducing intramuscular injection-related pain and fear and should be preferred primarily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to develop an Insulin Treatment Self-management Scale; both Child Form and Parent Form for children ages 8-18 with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Children with type 1 diabetes and their parents participated in the study. Development of a methodologically designed scale was conducted to investigate insulin treatment self-management of children with type 1 diabetes. Results: A total of 331 children and their parents were recruited. Children and parents completed the data collection tools by themselves. The final scale had two subscales; one was related to cognitive and behavioural expressions regarding insulin treatment (self-efficacy) and the other to emotional aspects of self-maagement of insulin treatment (emotional impacts). The scale was shown to be valid and reliable. Conclusion: This study was a valid and reliable scale for measuring insulin treatment self-management in children with type 1 diabetes. Thus can be used to assess insulin treatment self-management in children with type 1 diabetes and their parents as well as a tool for effective nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Adults spend most of their lives practising their profession. Youngsters may not be able to choose their professions by their desire and willpower. The study was planned to identify freshmen's hopelessness levels and the affecting factors in Turkey. Method: This descriptive study was conducted on 271 students, who were willing to participate in the study and were accessible during the research. Participant Information Form and Beck Hopelessness Scale were administered for data collection. Results: Mean age of participants were 19,58±1,40 (17-29);81,2% (n=220) was female and 18,8% (n=51) was male. Cronbach's Alpha of Beck Hopelessness Scale was 0,83 for the study population. The mean total score provided from Beck Hopelessness Scale was 3,50±3,55 (0-20). Hopelessness score of the male participants was higher than that of the female participants (p<0,05). Total mean score of Beck Hopelessness Scale was significantly different between divisions and students who didn't choose divisions voluntarily (p<0,001). Mean scores were higher in low income even though no significantly difference between family income and total hopelessness score (p>0,05). Conclusion: It's thought that to be helpful to establishing much more effective counselling systems according to based on students' interests and skills and, to improving scholarship opportunities for students of low income families would be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]